437:. An appraisal of their excavation work at Eddisbury by Mason and Pope in 2016 describes the Varleys as being "at the very forefront of the field in 1930s Britain" and "fairly exemplary for their time ... cutting-edge even", employing "a fairly methodical approach" to excavation. Their methods were transitional between 19th-century archaeology and more-modern techniques; they began using a "wall-chasing" approach that resembles the "chase-and-clear" methods of the late 19th century, but later progressed to excavating a general area, an approach similar to modern methods that was novel at the time. They backfilled all their trenches at the end of each season of work. Varley's interpretation of the results, however, paid too much attention to historical events, leading to inaccuracies. An appraisal of his Old Oswestry ceramic finds by Elaine Morris in 1996 concluded that his team's dating of pottery was incorrect.
164:
97:
319:, which was carried out during the summers of 1936, 1937 and 1938. The investigation was hampered by part of the area being under cultivation with crops. Four major and seven minor trenches were dug, with investigations focusing on two potential entrances, a junction between parts of the earthworks, and the area known as Merrick's Hill, where buildings were visible at the surface. His interpretation of the excavation's results involved a complex construction history in several phases from c. 400–250 BC to the
499:
346:
271:, were carried out under the "Bickerton Camp Scheme", which recruited an assortment of volunteers including unemployed Liverpudlians, school children and members of the Liverpool Ramblers' Association. The investigation concentrated on the hillfort's inturned entrance, where post-holes were found, suggested to be gateposts. Trenches were also cut through the double ramparts. The inner ramparts were found to consist of sand and carbonised oak timbers protected by a stone cap and
195:
299:
365:, West Yorkshire, over six seasons in 1939, 1946–47, 1969–70 and 1972. This work included trenches cutting through the fort's ramparts, as well as studies of its entrances and the interior. Varley's death meant that his results were never published in full, but some of his finds, together with a model of the hillfort, are on permanent display at Huddersfield's
285:. An outer revetment protected the outer ramparts, which had an internal line of turf, suggesting the possibility of multiple phases of construction. Varley described Maiden Castle as a promontory camp; he initially concluded that it dated from around 0–50 AD and had subsequently been strengthened in around 50 AD when
491:(1964), although intended as an updated replacement for the 1940 book, broadened its focus to review the whole of the UK and in particular his hillfort excavations in other counties. It was described as "wide ranging, highly intricate, specialist, and often controversial" in a generally critical contemporary review by
449:(1958) with his former colleague from the University College of the Gold Coast, H. P. White. Although primarily aimed at secondary-school education in West Africa, contemporary reviews suggested that it was suitable for a broader audience. It included fieldwork by the authors. Robert W. Steel, in a review for
294:
moves the dates earlier still. A contemporary review of his 1937 paper on the excavation describes it as "a valuable review of the problems of the life of
Britain in the few centuries before the Roman conquest." Modern archaeologists Richard Mason and Rachel Pope describe his reports on Maiden Castle
225:
where any of the wood had survived. An earlier partial investigation of the site had been carried out in 1898–1900, but Varley was the first to investigate the outer palisade and the larger area it enclosed. He classified the site as a palisade-barrow, similar to the Dutch examples at Calais Wold and
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in 1937, but the Second World War and Varley's move to Ghana delayed publication of the results; the full report did not appear until 1950 and has significant problems, including lacking illustrations of his finds. Mason and Pope speculate that many of Varley's site records might have been lost
509:
Varley's archaeological interests were not exclusively prehistoric. During his time in Ghana, he published a survey of the country's castles and forts, constructed by
European colonists between the 15th and 18th centuries; it was the first paper to appear in the journal of the Gold Coast &
521:
His first wife was the archaeologist Joan Varley. She worked under Varley in several of his excavations during the 1930s and in particular was named by him as one of the directors of the excavation at
Eddisbury; one modern reappraisal of this work credits her as the co-director with him. She
266:
was his first on a hillfort, and the first to be carried out by an archaeologist on any hillfort in the county. He started to excavate in 1932, aided by a group of his students from the
University of Liverpool, but the main excavations of 1934 and 1935, supervised by Varley with
1491:. Vol. XXII. Nos. 3-4. December, 1935. Vol. XXIII. Nos. 1-2. May, 1936. Vol. XXIII. Nos. 3-4. December, 1936. Vol. XXIV. Nos. 1-2. June, 1937 by J. P. Droop, A. M. Blackman; Index of Figure-Types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware") Part I. Part II. Part III by F. Oswald",
306:
Varley declared the
Bickerton Camp Scheme "a success, scientifically and socially", and he continued to employ volunteers under the scheme – mainly unemployed Liverpool dock workers – in his excavation of the much larger and more complex
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in April 1938, but any plans to excavate other
Cheshire hillforts were presumably interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War. All of the finds from his excavations of Maiden Castle and Eddisbury were long believed lost.
323:
period, with subsequent occupation extending into the post-medieval period. Some of his finds at
Eddisbury, together with a model of his excavations, were displayed in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities of the
486:
praises the book's originality and describes it as "a model study of its type" that serves as "a brilliant introduction" to studies of the period. The book's blocks and types were destroyed by German bombing. His later work,
135:(1916–2001). Owen and Tom Jones, later her husband, participated in several of Varley's excavations during the 1930s. After his National Service, Varley left the university in January 1946. He worked in Ghana (then the
455:, describes it as "a most useful survey" and "an example both of what observant geographers can write and of what the publishers that are alive to the educational needs of Africa today can produce." The reviewer for
428:
Varley's work at
Eddisbury, and elsewhere, was supervised by a group including both men and women, among whom was his first wife, Joan Varley. This was typical of excavations of the time, including those done by the
289:
expansion began to threaten the area. By 1940, he had revised these dates substantially earlier, concluding that the hillfort was built in the 2nd century BC and had been strengthened in the 1st century BC; modern
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553:, East Yorkshire, where Varley died early in 1976. His large collection of papers and artefacts were handled after his death by Adrian Havercroft, an archaeologist and family friend.
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during the 1930s. Varley never finished the excavation and his full report failed to appear in his lifetime, being published by Gwilym Hughes in 1996, twenty years after his death.
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Richard Mason, Rachel Pope. "The Lost
Archive of Eddisbury: Rediscovering Finds and Records from the 1936–1938 Varley Excavations" (chapter 4), pp. 29–36
909:
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124:(1877–1969). In any early paper he acknowledged the influence of a 1917 paper on "valleyward movement" of population by Fleure and W. E. Whitehouse.
537:, Wales, having been evacuated there in 1940. When the couple moved to Ghana after the war, Mary Varley managed the University Photographic Unit in
461:
praises Varley's "unusual approach to the physical basis" as "both stimulating and unconventional." L. Gray Cowan, in a broadly positive review for
2132:
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573:), and was the inaugural president of the Gold Coast Geographical Association, founded in 1955 to promote the study of West African geography.
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482:, contains then-unpublished material on Eddisbury hillfort as well as Varley's reappraisal of his earlier Maiden Castle work. A reviewer for
1283:
401:
2306:
Richard Mason, Rachel Pope. Rescuing a scheduled monument: Recent work at
Merrick's Hill, Eddisbury Hillfort (chapter 11), pp. 201–16
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191:, with a large recumbent stone between two standing pillars – carrying out surveying and assisting with the preliminary excavation.
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139:) from 1947 to 1956, where he was professor of geography at the newly founded University College of the Gold Coast (now the
1335:
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81:
569:. He served as secretary of the Monuments and Relics Commission of the Gold Coast in 1951 (subsequently part of the
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657:
163:
152:
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588:
W. J. Varley (1976), "A summary of the excavations at Castle Hill, Almondbury 1939–1972", in D. W. Harding (ed.),
354:
105:
73:
2076:
541:, and she also took photographs to illustrate Varley's work. On their return to England, they briefly lived in
96:
380:, in 1939 and 1940 with Bryan H. St J. O'Neil, who also independently excavated three other hillforts in the
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2012:
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495:, and was criticised by Victoria B. Morgan and Paul E. Morgan in their 2004 book on the topic.
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with a mound ringed by oak posts and enclosed in a palisade. Bleasdale was then the only known
2321:
2281:
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2255:
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176:
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2126:
1674:"Castle Hill: The Most conspicuous landmark in Huddersfield with over 4,000 years of history"
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Other examples have subsequently been discovered, including two circles at a site known as "
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He later married Mary Varley (1910–2006), a teacher, photographer and artist from near
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77:
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One of his early independent excavations was carried out between 1933 and 1935 at the
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Journal of Chester and North Wales Architectural, Archaeological and Historic Society
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University College of Wales, Aberystwyth: Reports submitted to the Court of Governors
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Dan Garner has suggested that Varley might have started a preliminary excavation at
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Garner notes that several urns containing bones were discovered in a sand-pit near
670:
505:, one of the Ghanaian forts that W. J. Varley surveyed and Mary Varley photographed
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121:
65:
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Dan Garner. "The historical study of the Cheshire Hillforts" (chapter 2), pp. 7–21
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during the war and that the 1950 paper might have been based partly on memory.
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526:. During the 1930s, Varley coached the University of Liverpool rowing eights.
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38:
1820:, Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool
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210:
2317:
50 Gems of Shropshire: The History & Heritage of the Most Iconic Places
997:
513:
He was interested in disseminating archaeological knowledge to the public.
238:, which still has a permanent exhibit on the site and the two excavations.
17:
2303:
Dan Garner. "Excavations at Eddisbury Hillfort" (chapter 10), pp. 139–200
773:
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1870:
1159:"Early Iron Age pottery from Castle Hill, Almondbury, West Yorkshire"
1239:
467:, criticises the over-generalised nature of the book's conclusions.
1224:
Harold J. E. Peake (1945), "The Earliest Structure at Stonehenge",
911:
Castle Hill, Almondbury: A Brief Guide to the Excavations 1939–1972
538:
497:
369:, which also holds many of his records from the Castle Hill site.
344:
297:
193:
162:
95:
80:. He was also a pioneer of geographical research and education in
2050:
Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society
2048:
W. J. Varley (1952), "The castles and forts of the Gold Coast",
1125:
Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society
1123:
W. J. Varley (1952), "The castles and forts of the Gold Coast",
608:
Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society
606:
W. J. Varley (1952), "The castles and forts of the Gold Coast",
282:
116:. He attended the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (now
2403:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
2025:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
1306:"Prehistoric circle dated to same summer as Seahenge neighbour"
1185:"Trial excavations at the Old Kieg Stone Circle, Aberdeenshire"
636:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
785:
Excavated by Thomas Kelsall and Shadrach Jackson; reported by
590:
Hillforts: Later Prehistoric Earthworks in Britain and Ireland
2257:
A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany
2161:
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2074:
E. J. L. (1943), "Conference on the Future of Archaeology",
567:
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1699:, Friends of Tolson and Ravensknowle Museum of Huddersfield
470:
He also wrote two books on the prehistory of the county of
120:) in the mid-1920s, where he was taught by the geographer,
1776:
Salon: Society of Antiquaries of London Online Newsletter
1279:"Bleasdale Circle enclosed Bronze Age urnfield (1011678)"
862:
Salon: Society of Antiquaries of London Online Newsletter
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as showing "fairly meticulous archaeological reasoning".
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Alice Garnett (1970), "Herbert John Fleure, 1877–1969",
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For example, the Bleasdale Circle and Eddisbury hillfort
533:, West Yorkshire, whom he met while she was teaching at
2395:"Excavations of the castle ditch, Eddisbury, 1935–1938"
628:"Excavations of the castle ditch, Eddisbury, 1935–1938"
84:
where he worked from 1947 to 1956, and was involved in
1696:
100 Items About the Museum and Huddersfield – 1 to 10
1190:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
2274:
Dan Garner; et al. (2016), Jill Collens (ed.),
1354:
1352:
984:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
828:
Aethelfrith of Northumbria and the Battle of Chester
45:, particularly known for his excavations of English
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275:(retaining walls), which Varley compared with the
131:in the 1930s, where his notable students included
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1772:"Old Oswestry Hillfort Landscape Safe (For Now)"
903:
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833:Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society
2334:W. J. Varley (1938), "The Bleasdale circle",
2128:Varley, William Jones (d 1976), archaeologist
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1331:Scheduled Ancient Monument - Bleasdale Circle
677:W. J. Varley (1938), "The Bleasdale circle",
198:Maiden Castle on the summit of Bickerton Hill
8:
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852:
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1802:Mason & Pope, pp. 203–4, 215 in Garner
1334:, Lancashire County Council, archived from
1974:by W. J. Varley, J. W. Jackson (review)",
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592:, Academic Press, pp. 119–31, 402–7,
353:Varley excavated the Iron Age hillfort at
2449:Academic staff of the University of Ghana
996:
246:In the early 1930s, at the suggestion of
2444:Academics of the University of Liverpool
1894:by W. J. Varley, H. P. White (review)",
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1847:by W. J. Varley, H. P. White (review)",
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2219:"Gold Coast Geographical Association",
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820:
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392:His later publications include work on
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1489:Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology
2366:"The hill-forts of the Welsh Marches"
1739:, Shropshire Council, 14 January 2019
1653:Research records (formerly PastScape)
650:"The hill-forts of the Welsh Marches"
250:, Varley turned his attention to the
147:. Around 1960 he took up a post with
7:
2113:Mason & Pope, p. 204, in Garner
2101:Mason & Pope, p. 201, in Garner
1863:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094626
1523:Mason & Pope, p. 215, in Garner
1057:Mason & Pope, p. 203, in Garner
732:W. J. Varley; J. W. Jackson (1940),
127:Varley lectured in geography at the
27:British geographer and archaeologist
2454:Academics of the University of Hull
2001:J. J. Bagley, p. v., in Varley 1964
1719:Mason & Pope, p. 36, in Garner
1598:Mason & Pope, p. 29, in Garner
281:method of construction, typical of
1284:National Heritage List for England
876:"William Jones Varley - 1904-1976"
723:W. J. Varley; H. P. White (1958),
25:
2200:Ghana Museums and Monuments Board
1585:Garner, pp. 13–14, 16, in Garner
957:"Early man in the Cheshire Plain"
571:Ghana Museums and Monuments Board
2439:Alumni of Aberystwyth University
1737:Discovering Shropshire's History
1163:Yorkshire Archaeological Journal
1028:, Thurrock Local History Society
825:Bryan Sitch (21 November 2013),
563:Society of Antiquaries of London
561:He was an elected fellow of the
2277:Hillforts of the Cheshire Ridge
549:. By 1961, they had settled in
2387:10.1080/00665983.1948.10853932
1926:by W. J. Varley, H. P. White;
671:10.1080/00665983.1948.10853932
522:specialised in the history of
104:Varley was born in 1904, near
1:
1611:Garner, pp. 18–19, in Garner
1568:(4): 196–97, September 1937,
510:Togoland Historical Society.
445:Varley co-wrote the textbook
187:, Scotland – an example of a
171:In 1932, Varley worked under
153:Hull Teacher Training College
2419:, Cheshire Community Council
1957:Garner, pp. 9–12, in Garner
1930:by E. A. Boateng (review)",
1672:Jeremy Clark (Summer 2010),
1561:The British Museum Quarterly
1453:Garner, pp. 8–11, in Garner
1304:Maev Kennedy (3 July 2014),
882:. 2 May 2022. Archived from
736:, Cheshire Community Council
718:, Cheshire Community Council
441:Writing and educational work
424:Methods and modern appraisal
2280:, Archaeopress Publishing,
582:Research papers and reports
2490:
2417:Cheshire Before the Romans
2374:The Archaeological Journal
2015:Cheshire Before the Romans
801:by quarry workers in 1851.
716:Cheshire Before the Romans
658:The Archaeological Journal
489:Cheshire Before the Romans
217:, now considered to be an
37:(1904–1976) was a British
2350:10.1017/S0003581500007034
2260:, Yale University Press,
2017:by W. J. Varley (review)"
1843:Robert W. Steel (1959), "
1631:Garner, p. 16, in Garner
1545:Garner, p. 13, in Garner
1474:Garner, p. 20, in Garner
1414:Garner, p. 12, in Garner
693:10.1017/S0003581500007034
557:Societies and fellowships
478:(1940), co-authored with
2474:People from Huddersfield
2077:The Geographical Journal
2011:T. G. E. Powell (1964),
1438:Garner, p. 8, in Garner
1361:Bleasdale Circle Leaflet
2337:The Antiquaries Journal
2320:, Amberley Publishing,
1886:L. Gray Cowan (1960), "
1733:"Old Oswestry Hillfort"
1391:Varley 1938, pp. 166–67
1045:Varley 1938, pp. 167–68
680:The Antiquaries Journal
408:crannogs, Giants Hill,
133:Margaret Jones née Owen
129:University of Liverpool
100:Castle Hill, Almondbury
86:historical conservation
2434:English archaeologists
1924:The Geography of Ghana
1892:The Geography of Ghana
1845:The Geography of Ghana
1649:"Castle Hill (49129)"
1465:Varley 1964, pp. 94–98
998:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0009
725:The Geography of Ghana
506:
447:The Geography of Ghana
412:, and Woodhall Manor,
350:
303:
242:The Cheshire hillforts
199:
189:recumbent stone circle
168:
118:Aberystwyth University
101:
2415:W. J. Varley (1964),
2393:W. J. Varley (1950),
2364:W. J. Varley (1948),
2314:John Shipley (2018),
2163:: 16, May–June 1976,
2133:The National Archives
1681:The Yorkshire Journal
1105:, East Riding Museums
1025:Margaret Ursula Jones
955:W. J. Varley (1932),
908:W. J. Varley (1973),
880:Sandstone Ridge Trust
714:W. J. Varley (1964),
648:W. J. Varley (1948),
626:W. J. Varley (1950),
577:Selected publications
501:
374:Old Oswestry hillfort
349:Old Oswestry hillfort
348:
301:
197:
166:
99:
66:Old Oswestry hillfort
2469:People from Beverley
1972:Prehistoric Cheshire
1928:A Geography of Ghana
1888:A Geography of Ghana
1788:Varley 1948, Table I
1373:Wyre Borough Council
1157:J. A. Gilks (1992),
1083:Varley 1950, pp. 1–2
787:William Boyd Dawkins
742:Notes and references
734:Prehistoric Cheshire
480:John Wilfrid Jackson
476:Prehistoric Cheshire
258:. His excavation of
92:Education and career
31:William Jones Varley
1897:Geographical Review
1778:(425), 9 April 2019
1400:Varley 1938, p. 156
1264:Varley 1938, p. 154
1102:Mary Varley Archive
464:Geographical Review
334:Kelsborrow hillfort
179:Stone Circle, near
141:University of Ghana
1890:by E. A. Boateng;
1817:Eddisbury Hillfort
1487:H. J. F. (1937), "
1426:Varley 1964, p. 95
886:on 3 February 2023
799:Eddisbury hillfort
543:Kingston upon Hull
507:
372:He also excavated
351:
309:Eddisbury hillfort
304:
302:Eddisbury hillfort
292:radiocarbon dating
200:
169:
102:
58:Eddisbury hillfort
2327:978-1-4456-7820-7
2287:978-1-78491-467-7
2267:978-0-300-11406-5
1536:Varley 1950, p. 1
937:, 21 October 1925
864:(254), 9 May 2011
727:, Longmans, Green
599:978-0-12-324750-6
388:Later excavations
143:), then based at
16:(Redirected from
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1318:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1275:Historic England
1271:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1181:V. Gordon Childe
1177:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1141:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1081:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1000:
978:
972:
971:
961:
952:
946:
945:
944:
942:
929:
923:
922:
921:
919:
905:
896:
895:
893:
891:
872:
866:
865:
858:"Help requested"
854:
843:
842:
841:
839:
822:
802:
795:
789:
783:
777:
770:
764:
761:
755:
752:
737:
728:
719:
703:
673:
654:
644:
632:
622:
602:
207:Bleasdale Circle
173:V. Gordon Childe
167:Bleasdale Circle
21:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2397:
2392:
2368:
2363:
2333:
2328:
2313:
2288:
2273:
2268:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1970:M. D. (1941), "
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1850:African Affairs
1842:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1558:"Exhibitions",
1557:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1338:on 13 June 2011
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1240:10.2307/2793365
1223:
1222:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1082:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1013:
980:
979:
975:
959:
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
907:
906:
899:
889:
887:
874:
873:
869:
856:
855:
846:
837:
835:
824:
823:
816:
806:
805:
796:
792:
784:
780:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
731:
722:
713:
676:
652:
647:
630:
625:
605:
600:
587:
579:
559:
524:Delamere Forest
519:
493:T. G. E. Powell
452:African Affairs
443:
426:
390:
343:
341:Other hillforts
248:C. F. C. Hawkes
244:
161:
94:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2390:
2361:
2344:(2): 154–171,
2331:
2326:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2271:
2266:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2211:
2185:
2173:
2144:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2066:
2035:
2003:
1994:
1962:
1950:
1914:
1875:
1830:
1807:
1790:
1781:
1758:
1756:Shipley, p. 24
1749:
1724:
1709:
1686:
1664:
1636:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1578:
1550:
1538:
1529:
1511:
1479:
1467:
1458:
1443:
1428:
1419:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1348:
1321:
1296:
1266:
1252:
1209:
1200:
1172:
1142:
1115:
1085:
1063:
1047:
1038:
1011:
973:
947:
924:
897:
867:
844:
813:
812:
811:
810:
804:
803:
790:
778:
765:
756:
746:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
729:
720:
710:
709:
705:
704:
687:(2): 154–171,
674:
645:
623:
603:
598:
584:
583:
578:
575:
558:
555:
547:East Yorkshire
518:
515:
442:
439:
425:
422:
418:East Yorkshire
400:in Wales, and
389:
386:
342:
339:
326:British Museum
313:Eddisbury Hill
278:murus gallicus
264:Bickerton Hill
243:
240:
160:
157:
114:West Yorkshire
93:
90:
82:colonial Ghana
78:West Yorkshire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2486:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2229:: 278, 1956,
2228:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1369:Harris Museum
1363:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
985:
977:
974:
969:
965:
958:
951:
948:
936:
935:
928:
925:
913:
912:
904:
902:
898:
885:
881:
877:
871:
868:
863:
859:
853:
851:
849:
845:
834:
830:
829:
821:
819:
815:
808:
807:
800:
794:
791:
788:
782:
779:
775:
769:
766:
760:
757:
754:Actually 1916
751:
748:
741:
735:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
711:
707:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
651:
646:
642:
638:
637:
629:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
601:
595:
591:
586:
585:
581:
580:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:Coleg Harlech
532:
527:
525:
517:Personal life
516:
514:
511:
504:
503:Elmina Castle
500:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
440:
438:
436:
432:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
385:
383:
382:Welsh Marches
379:
375:
370:
368:
367:Tolson Museum
364:
360:
356:
347:
340:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
296:
293:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
265:
261:
260:Maiden Castle
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
232:Harris Museum
229:
224:
223:timber circle
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
196:
192:
190:
186:
185:Aberdeenshire
182:
178:
174:
165:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:Maiden Castle
51:
48:
44:
43:archaeologist
40:
36:
32:
19:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2378:
2372:
2341:
2335:
2316:
2276:
2256:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2203:, retrieved
2195:What is GMMB
2194:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2156:
2155:"Obituary",
2136:, retrieved
2127:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1822:, retrieved
1816:
1810:
1803:
1784:
1775:
1752:
1741:, retrieved
1736:
1727:
1720:
1701:, retrieved
1695:
1689:
1680:
1667:
1656:, retrieved
1652:
1639:
1632:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1439:
1422:
1415:
1396:
1387:
1376:, retrieved
1360:
1340:, retrieved
1336:the original
1330:
1324:
1313:, retrieved
1310:The Guardian
1309:
1299:
1288:, retrieved
1282:
1269:
1231:
1225:
1207:Burl, p. 105
1203:
1194:
1188:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1107:, retrieved
1101:
1058:
1041:
1030:, retrieved
1024:
988:
982:
976:
967:
963:
950:
939:, retrieved
933:
927:
916:, retrieved
910:
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
879:
870:
861:
836:, retrieved
827:
793:
781:
768:
759:
750:
733:
724:
715:
684:
678:
662:
656:
640:
634:
611:
607:
589:
560:
528:
520:
512:
508:
488:
483:
475:
469:
462:
456:
450:
446:
444:
427:
391:
371:
363:Huddersfield
352:
331:
305:
276:
245:
201:
170:
126:
122:H. J. Fleure
103:
52:, including
30:
29:
2464:1904 births
2459:1976 deaths
2252:Aubrey Burl
2056:(1): 1–17,
1922:R. W. C., "
1183:(1932–33),
1131:(1): 1–17,
1022:John Webb,
991:: 253–278,
914:, p. 6
614:(1): 1–17,
355:Castle Hill
321:Anglo-Saxon
269:J. P. Droop
159:Excavations
149:Cyril Bibby
106:Castle Hill
74:Castle Hill
18:Bill Varley
2428:Categories
1940:: 141–42,
1904:: 145–46,
890:3 February
809:References
406:Holderness
398:Mynydd Isa
394:Wat's Dyke
378:Shropshire
359:Almondbury
273:revetments
215:Lancashire
204:Bronze Age
137:Gold Coast
110:Almondbury
70:Shropshire
39:geographer
2381:: 41–66,
2358:162348914
2222:Geography
2084:: 91–93,
1977:Geography
1933:Geography
1857:: 88–89,
1494:Geography
1234:: 74–78,
701:162348914
665:: 41–66,
484:Geography
458:Geography
252:hillforts
228:Langedijk
211:Bleasdale
50:hillforts
2254:(2005),
2235:40564084
2062:41406421
2032:: 243–44
1990:40562118
1946:40565133
1683:(2): 4–9
1647:(2004),
1507:40560448
1137:41406421
1007:73303585
774:Seahenge
620:41406421
565:and the
551:Beverley
472:Cheshire
433:and the
431:Wheelers
414:Beverley
402:Barmston
317:Delamere
256:Cheshire
219:urnfield
177:Old Kieg
145:Achimota
62:Cheshire
47:Iron Age
2245:Sources
2169:3031921
2090:1790146
1984:: 147,
1574:4422015
1501:: 319,
1248:2793365
1197:: 37–53
1169:: 17–23
970:: 50–65
531:Halifax
361:, near
236:Preston
209:, near
175:at the
88:there.
2410:: 1–68
2356:
2324:
2284:
2264:
2233:
2205:23 May
2182:et al.
2167:
2159:(14),
2138:21 May
2115:et al.
2103:et al.
2088:
2060:
1988:
1959:et al.
1944:
1910:212354
1908:
1871:718064
1869:
1824:21 May
1804:et al.
1743:21 May
1721:et al.
1703:27 May
1658:27 May
1633:et al.
1572:
1547:et al.
1505:
1476:et al.
1455:et al.
1440:et al.
1416:et al.
1378:24 May
1342:24 May
1315:24 May
1290:24 May
1246:
1135:
1109:21 May
1032:21 May
1005:
941:23 May
918:23 May
838:21 May
699:
643:: 1–68
618:
596:
435:Bersus
181:Alford
72:, and
2398:(PDF)
2369:(PDF)
2354:S2CID
2231:JSTOR
2165:JSTOR
2086:JSTOR
2058:JSTOR
2020:(PDF)
1986:JSTOR
1942:JSTOR
1906:JSTOR
1867:JSTOR
1677:(PDF)
1613:et al
1600:et al
1587:et al
1570:JSTOR
1525:et al
1503:JSTOR
1365:(PDF)
1244:JSTOR
1133:JSTOR
1059:et al
1003:S2CID
960:(PDF)
708:Books
697:S2CID
653:(PDF)
631:(PDF)
616:JSTOR
539:Accra
410:Swine
315:near
311:, on
287:Roman
2322:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2207:2019
2157:RAIN
2140:2019
1826:2019
1745:2019
1705:2019
1660:2019
1380:2019
1344:2019
1317:2019
1292:2019
1111:2019
1034:2019
943:2019
920:2019
892:2023
840:2019
594:ISBN
404:and
283:Gaul
56:and
41:and
2408:102
2383:doi
2379:105
2346:doi
2082:102
2030:116
1859:doi
1236:doi
1227:Man
993:doi
689:doi
667:doi
663:105
641:102
416:in
396:at
262:on
254:of
151:at
76:in
68:in
60:in
35:FSA
2430::
2406:,
2400:,
2377:,
2371:,
2352:,
2342:18
2340:,
2227:41
2225:,
2198:,
2147:^
2131:,
2080:,
2052:,
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