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In the days leading up to ovulation the cervix responds to oestrogen by producing mucus capable of sustaining sperm survival. This mucus leaves the vagina as the woman is in an upright position. The mucus is observed through the sensation at the vulva and by looking at any cervical secretions. Daily
175:
Evidence of effectiveness is not very clear. Typical use of this method is associated with a pregnancy rate of 1 to 22%. A World Health
Organization study found that 15% is caused by a conscious departure from method rules. The percentage of people who stop using the method after a year is 1–24%.
243:
come from the mid-19th century. The topic was not systematically studied, however, for almost another century. In 1948, Erik
Odeblad was studying mycoplasms in the female genital tract. During the course of his studies, he noticed that cervical mucus changed in a predictable pattern through the
227:
charting of these observations will reveal either an unchanging pattern indicating infertility or a changing pattern of sensation and discharge indicating fertility. Both of these patterns follow the hormonal patterns which control sperm survival and conception.
210:
Most commonly, spermatozoa live only one to three days in the presence of fertile mucus, with survival up to five days being rare. The possibility of pregnancy from sperm survival longer than five days has been compared to "the chances of winning a huge
167:. It does not rely on the presence of ovulation, rather it identifies patterns of potential fertility and obvious infertility within the cycle, whatever its length. Effectiveness, however, is not very clear.
176:
Perfect use has been estimated to result in pregnancy in 0.5–3%. Some studies of perfect use excluded those who could not detect secretions that represented fertility.
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A ten-year study of 45,280 subfertile couples in China found that 32.1% of women were able to achieve pregnancy and live birth through the use of
Billings.
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Cervical mucus enabling healthy sperm cells to navigate the genital tract is necessary for fertility.
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Teaching the
Billings Ovulation Method, Dr E. L. Billings AM, MB BS, DCH (London), 2001.
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250:(1918–2007) was involved with the development of the Billings ovulation method.
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The
Performance of Fertility Awareness-based Method Apps Marketed to Avoid Pregnancy
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Low cost, no prerequisites for use, no side effects, can aid pregnancy achievement
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Bulletin of the
Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia
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387:(4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League. p. 88.
977:
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A woman ovulates at only one time during her cycle, and an unfertilised
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Bulletin of
Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia
472:"THE QUEST - leading to the discovery of the Billings Ovulation Method"
282:"Fertility awareness-based methods: another option for family planning"
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course of a woman's cycle. He continued his study of the cervix.
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Fertility
Awareness-based Method Apps for the Billings Method
500:
235:
The first recorded observations of the relationship between
324:
Hatcher, Robert
Anthony; M.D, Anita L. Nelson (2007).
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Menstruation will occur about 2 weeks after ovulation.
359:
Population and
Society: An Introduction to Demography
438:"The Discovery of Different Types of Cervical Mucus"
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Accurate teaching and daily charting are essential.
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356:Poston, Dudley L. Jr.; Bouvier, Leon F. (2010).
286:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
684:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
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532:
8:
408:China Successfully Launching Billings Method
163:use their vaginal mucus to determine their
1326:
1128:
1034:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
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978:
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362:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
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383:Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996).
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7:
1039:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
1024:Comparison of birth control methods
1401:Male contraceptives in development
385:The Art of Natural Family Planning
25:
204:can survive for only 12–24 hours.
503:of the Billings Ovulation Method
280:Pallone, SR; Bergus, GR (2009).
1044:Oral contraceptive formulations
831:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
1:
330:. Ardent Media. p. 345.
852:Menstrual hygiene management
803:Premenstrual water retention
777:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
742:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
299:10.3122/jabfm.2009.02.080038
106:Advantages and disadvantages
1351:Fertility awareness methods
1438:
482:(1): 18–28. Archived from
413:December 30, 2006, at the
56:Failure rates (first year)
1346:Calendar (rhythm) methods
747:Metropathia haemorrhagica
657:Billings Ovulation Method
448:(3): 3–35. Archived from
157:Billings ovulation method
30:Billings ovulation method
18:Billings Ovulation Method
962:Sustainable menstruation
942:Menstruation celebration
327:Contraceptive Technology
1261:Emergency Contraception
904:In culture and religion
1181:Multi-month injections
1124:Hormonal contraception
1088:Levonorgestrel implant
1054:Long-acting reversible
732:Irregular menstruation
689:Lactational amenorrhea
652:Calendar-based methods
621:Basal body temperature
436:Odeblad, Erik (1994).
239:mucus and survival of
196:
189:
1309:Vaginal pH modulation
1286:Low-dose mifepristone
1186:Progestogen-only pill
1080:Contraceptive implant
932:Menstrual suppression
894:Menstrual Hygiene Day
826:Premenstrual syndrome
195:
187:
159:is a method in which
1341:Breastfeeding method
1251:Contraceptive sponge
1135:estrogen–progestogen
1084:Etonogestrel implant
470:Billings, J (2002).
417:: Dr. Shao-Zhen Qian
188:An observation chart
1422:Fertility awareness
1376:Non-penetrative sex
1368:vaginal intercourse
1333:vaginal intercourse
1153:Contraceptive patch
1148:Extended cycle Pill
1065:Intrauterine device
1029:Male contraceptives
867:Cloth menstrual pad
836:Menstrual psychosis
798:Menstrual synchrony
647:Fertility awareness
1276:Ulipristal acetate
1264:(Post-intercourse)
1158:Monthly injections
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190:
51:developed in 1950s
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555:Events and phases
394:978-0-926412-13-2
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122:Period advantages
16:(Redirected from
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1173:Progestogen-only
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1002:
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947:Menstruation hut
927:Menstrual stigma
887:Period underwear
857:Feminine hygiene
793:Folliculogenesis
737:Menometrorrhagia
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567:Follicular phase
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1231:External condom
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937:Menstrual taboo
922:Menstrual leave
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808:Sexual activity
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772:Polymenorrhagia
757:Oligoamenorrhea
717:Cryptomenorrhea
693:
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662:Creighton Model
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548:Menstrual cycle
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415:Wayback Machine
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786:Related events
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767:Oligoovulation
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495:External links
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486:on 2007-02-19.
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1099:Sterilization
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1056:contraception
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1009:Birth control
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882:Menstrual pad
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877:Menstrual cup
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862:Menstrual pad
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631:Mittelschmerz
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505:
502:
501:Official site
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452:on 2005-12-20
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369:9781139489386
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337:9781597080019
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292:(2): 147–57.
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248:John Billings
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98:Clinic review
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82:Reversibility
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63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
19:
1394:Experimental
1241:Cervical cap
1209:Ormeloxifene
1191:Vaginal ring
1163:Vaginal ring
1069:Hormonal IUD
752:Metrorrhagia
722:Dysmenorrhea
656:
577:Luteal phase
562:Menstruation
484:the original
479:
475:
465:
454:. Retrieved
450:the original
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174:
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154:
1314:Nonoxynol-9
1301:Spermicides
712:Anovulation
676:Suppression
586:Life stages
241:spermatozoa
130:Weight gain
69:Typical use
61:Perfect use
1381:Abstinence
1356:Withdrawal
1323:Behavioral
1271:Copper IUD
1074:Copper IUD
967:Tampon tax
707:Amenorrhea
456:2006-10-19
254:References
125:Prediction
114:protection
43:Behavioral
35:Background
1330:Including
1246:Diaphragm
1143:Oral pill
1113:Vasectomy
912:Chhaupadi
699:Disorders
598:Menopause
572:Ovulation
211:lottery."
180:Fertility
165:fertility
85:immediate
48:First use
1416:Category
1365:Avoiding
1133:Combined
1109:(female)
917:In Islam
607:Tracking
593:Menarche
411:Archived
308:19264938
237:cervical
222:Function
171:Evidence
138:Benefits
1011:methods
845:Hygiene
640:Systems
231:History
1115:(male)
1058:(LARC)
952:Niddah
872:Tampon
391:
366:
334:
306:
64:0.5–3%
1201:SERMs
614:Signs
161:women
146:Risks
77:Usage
72:1–22%
389:ISBN
364:ISBN
332:ISBN
304:PMID
202:ovum
155:The
101:None
40:Type
294:doi
149:Nil
112:STI
1418::
1086:,
480:29
478:.
474:.
446:21
444:.
440:.
346:^
316:^
302:.
290:22
288:.
284:.
262:^
133:No
117:No
1090:)
1082:(
1076:)
1067:(
1001:e
994:t
987:v
540:e
533:t
526:v
459:.
397:.
372:.
340:.
310:.
296::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
