461:: the nature of the stimulus information specifying stereopsis, and the nature of the brain processes responsible for registering that information. The distance between the two eyes on an adult is almost always 6.5 cm and that is the same distance in shift of an image when viewing with only one eye. Retinal disparity is the separation between objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye and helps to provide depth perception. Retinal disparity provides relative depth between two objects, but not exact or absolute depth. The closer objects are to each other, the retinal disparity will be small. If the objects are farther away from each other, then the retinal disparity will be larger. When objects are at equal distances, the two eyes view the objects as the same and there is zero disparity.
617:, eye pain, blurred vision, and occasional diplopia. About 20% of patients who come to optometry clinics will have binocular vision anomalies. Many children these days are using digital devices for a significant period of time. This could lead to various binocular vision anomalies (such as reduced amplitudes of accommodation, accommodative facility, and positive fusional vergence both at near and distance). The most effective way to diagnosis vision anomalies is with the near point of convergence test. During the NPC test, a target, such as a finger, is brought towards the face until the examiner notices that one eye has turned outward and/or the person has experienced diplopia or doubled vision.
500:. Humans have limited capacity to process an image fully at one time. That is why the binocular rivalry occurs. Several factors can influence the duration of gaze on one of the two images. These factors include context, increasing of contrast, motion, spatial frequency, and inverted images. Recent studies have even shown that facial expressions can cause longer attention to a particular image. When an emotional facial expression is presented to one eye, and a neutral expression is presented to the other eye, the emotional face dominates the neutral face and even causes the neutral face to not been seen.
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eyes and predicts a ratio ranging between 9-25%. Binocular inhibition occurs when binocular performance is less than monocular performance. This suggests that a weak eye affects a good eye and causes overall combined vision. Maximum binocular summation occurs when monocular sensitivities are equal. Unequal monocular sensitivities decrease binocular summation. There are unequal sensitivities of vision disorders such as unilateral cataract and amblyopia. Other factors that can affect binocular summation include are, spatial frequency, stimulated retinal points, and temporal separation.
457:(from stereo- meaning "solid" or "three-dimensional", and opsis meaning "appearance" or "sight") is the impression of depth that is perceived when a scene is viewed with both eyes by someone with normal binocular vision. Binocular viewing of a scene creates two slightly different images of the scene in the two eyes due to the eyes' different positions on the head. These differences, referred to as binocular disparity, provide information that the brain can use to calculate depth in the visual scene, providing a major means of depth perception. There are two aspects of
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520:. To do this test, look at a cooperative person's eyes. Cover one eye of that person with a card. Have the person look at your finger tip. Move the finger around; this is to break the reflex that normally holds a covered eye in the correct vergence position. Hold your finger steady and then uncover the person's eye. Look at the uncovered eye. You may see it flick quickly from being wall-eyed or cross-eyed to its correct position. If the uncovered eye moved from out to in, the person has
181:
20:
364:. Accommodation is the state of focus of the eye. If one eye is open and the other closed, and one focuses on something close, the accommodation of the closed eye will become the same as that of the open eye. Moreover, the closed eye will tend to converge to point at the object. Accommodation and convergence are linked by a reflex, so that one evokes the other.
411:, which is effectively tilted away from the eyes above the fixation point and towards the eyes below the fixation point. The horizontal and vertical horopters mark the centre of the volume of singleness of vision. Within this thin, curved volume, objects nearer and farther than the horopters are seen as single. The volume is known as
567:. There are numerous definitions of amblyopia. A definition that incorporates all of these defines amblyopia as a unilateral condition in which vision in worse than 20/20 in the absence of any obvious structural or pathologic anomalies, but with one or more of the following conditions occurring before the age of six: amblyogenic
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with an image inside the area. This happens when one has to point to a distant object with one's finger. When one looks at one's fingertip, it is single but there are two images of the distant object. When one looks at the distant object it is single but there are two images of one's fingertip. To
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is lower with two eyes than with one. There are various types of possibilities when comparing binocular performance to monocular. Neural binocular summation occurs when the binocular response is greater than the probability summation. Probability summation assumes complete independence between the
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Fusion of images (commonly referred to as 'binocular fusion') occurs only in a small volume of visual space around where the eyes are fixating. Running through the fixation point in the horizontal plane is a curved line for which objects there fall on corresponding retinal points in the two eyes.
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The overlapping of vision occurs due to the position of the eyes on the head (eyes are located on the front of the head, not on the sides). This overlap allows each eye to view objects with a slightly different viewpoint. As a result of this overlap of vision, binocular vision provides depth.
516:. Slight differences in the length or insertion position or strength of the same muscles in the two eyes can lead to a tendency for one eye to drift to a different position in its orbit from the other, especially when one is tired. This is known as phoria. One way to reveal it is with the
65:. For example, humans have a maximum horizontal field of view of approximately 190 degrees with two eyes, approximately 120 degrees of which makes up the binocular field of view (seen by both eyes) flanked by two uniocular fields (seen by only one eye) of approximately 40 degrees.
495:
When very different images are shown to the same retinal regions of the two eyes, perception settles on one for a few moments, then the other, then the first, and so on, for as long as one cares to look. This alternation of perception between the images of the two eyes is called
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Up to a certain extent, binocular disparities can be compensated for by adjustments of the visual system. If, however, defects of binocular vision are too great – for example if they would require the visual system to adapt to overly large horizontal, vertical, torsional or
575:, image degradation. When the covered eye is the non-amblyopic eye, the amblyopic eye suddenly becomes the person's only means of seeing. The strabismus is revealed by the movement of that eye to fixate on the examiner's finger. There are also vertical tropias (
477:, the object has a new visual direction, essentially the average of the two monocular visual directions. This is called allelotropia. The origin of the new visual direction is a point approximately between the two eyes, the so-called
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point successfully, one of the double images has to take precedence and one be ignored or suppressed (termed "eye dominance"). The eye that can both move faster to the object and stay fixated on it is more likely to be termed as the
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in both eyes. One can easily see this by looking at a friend's eye while he or she closes the other: when the other eye is open, the pupil of the first eye is small; when the other eye is closed, the pupil of the first eye is
250:, also have forward-facing eyes. These are usually animals that need fine depth discrimination/perception; for instance, binocular vision improves the ability to pick a chosen fruit or to find and grasp a particular branch.
106:, who noted that a vertical column closer to the eyes than an object at which a creature is looking might block some of the object from the left eye but that part of the object might be visible to the right eye.
318:, each moving independently of the other, up or down, left or right. Nevertheless, the chameleon can bring both of its eyes to bear on a single object when it is hunting, showing vergence and stereopsis.
310:, for example, has laterally placed eyes to cover a wide field of view, but can also move them together to point to the front so their fields overlap giving stereopsis. A remarkable example is the
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of its surroundings. Binocular vision does not typically refer to vision where an animal has eyes on opposite sides of its head and shares no field of view between them, like in some animals.
140:
Binocular vision helps with performance skills such as catching, grasping, and locomotion. It also allows humans to walk over and around obstacles at greater speed and with more assurance.
242:, have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads, although it is possible they have some binocular visual field. Other animals that are not necessarily predators, such as
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The direction of a point relative to the head (the angle between the straight ahead position and the apparent position of the point, from the egocenter) is called visual direction, or
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Once the fields of view overlap, there is a potential for confusion between the left and right eye's image of the same object. This can be dealt with in two ways: one image can be
299:). Or they are disjunctive (in opposite direction), vergence eye movements. The relation between version and vergence eye movements in humans (and most animals) is described by
215:
animals – have their two eyes positioned on the front of their heads, thereby allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of
540:(if the eye moved from up to down). Such vertical phorias are quite rare. It is also possible for the covered eye to rotate in its orbit, such a condition is known as
415:(it is presumably called an area because it was measured by Panum only in the horizontal plane). Outside of Panum's fusional area (volume), double vision occurs.
208:. In such animals, the eyes often move independently to increase the field of view. Even without moving their eyes, some birds have a 360-degree field of view.
968:
Wheatstone, C (1838). "Contributions to the physiology of vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phænomena of binocular vision".
219:. However, front-facing eyes are a highly evolved trait in vertebrates, and there are only three extant groups of vertebrates with truly forward-facing eyes:
551:. In the cover part of the test, the examiner looks at the first eye as he or she covers the second. If the eye moves from in to out, the person has
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532:. Most people have some amount of exophoria or esophoria; it is quite normal. If the uncovered eye also moved vertically, the person has
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Because the eyes are in different positions on the head, any object away from fixation and off the plane of the horopter has a different
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257:. The angle between the line of sight of the two eyes when fixating a point is called the absolute disparity, binocular parallax, or
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1501:
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Bannerman, R. L.; Milders, M.; De Gelder, B.; Sahraie, A. (2008). "Influence of emotional facial expressions on binocular rivalry".
613:
Binocular vision anomalies are among the most common visual disorders. They are usually associated with symptoms such as headaches,
137:(seeing one eye's image alternating randomly with the other when each eye views images that are so different they cannot be fused).
1378:
Maharjan, Urusha; Rijal, Sujata; Jnawali, Ashutosh; Sitaula, Sanjeeta; Bhattarai, Sanjeev; Shrestha, Gulshan
Bahadur (2022-04-07).
481:. The position of the cyclopean eye is not usually exactly centered between the eyes, but tends to be closer to the dominant eye.
2020:
920:"The perceived visual direction of monocular objects in random-dot stereograms is influenced by perceived depth and allelotropia"
1796:
958:
Panum, P. L. (1858). Über die einheitliche
Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Netzhauteindrucke beim Sehen mit zwei Augen. Kiel.
391:, so that only the other is seen, or the two images can be fused. If two images of a single object are seen, this is known as
1962:
544:. They are rarer than vertical phorias. Cover test may be used to determine direction of deviation in cyclophorias also.
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To maintain stereopsis and singleness of vision, the eyes need to be pointed accurately. The position of each eye in its
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demand (usually just vergence). The relation between the position of the two eyes, version and vergence is described by
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Eye movements are either conjunctive (in the same direction), version eye movements, usually described by their type:
1142:
Pardhan, S.; Whitaker, A. (2000). "Binocular summation in the fovea and peripheral field of anisometropicamblyopes".
571:, constant unilateral esotropia or exotropia, amblyogenic bilateral isometropia, amblyogenic unilateral or bilateral
192:
animals – have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads to give the widest possible
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129:(the averaging of the visual direction of objects viewed by each eye when both eyes are open), binocular fusion or
54:
Neurological researcher
Manfred Fahle has stated six specific advantages of having two eyes rather than just one:
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It allows a creature to see more of, or all of, an object behind an obstacle. This advantage was pointed out by
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1977:
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1597:"Disparity sensitivity in man and owl: Psychophysical evidence for equivalent perception of shape-from-stereo"
1010:
Heinen, T., & Vinken, P. M. (2011). Monocular and binocular vision in the performance of a complex skill.
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594:(double vision), visual confusion (the perception of two different images superimposed onto the same space),
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99:) to be determined from the images in the two eyes. These properties are necessary for the third advantage.
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deviations – the eyes tend to avoid binocular vision, ultimately causing or worsening a condition of
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559:. People with exotropia or esotropia are wall-eyed or cross-eyed respectively. These are forms of
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VisionSimulations.com |Images and vision simulators of various diseases and conditions of the eye
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Evans, Bruce J. W. (2007). "Detecting binocular vision anomalies in primary eye care practice".
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The cover-uncover test can also be used for more problematic disorders of binocular vision, the
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Apart from binocular summation, the two eyes can influence each other in at least three ways.
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1380:"Binocular vision findings in normally-sighted school aged children who used digital devices"
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When each eye has its own image of objects, it becomes impossible to align images outside of
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133:(seeing one object with both eyes despite each eye having its own image of the object), and
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1967:
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1329:"The relationship between binocular vision symptoms and near point of convergence. Indian"
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Blake, R., & Sekuler, R. (2006) Perception (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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2005:
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in each eye. Yet when the two monocular images of the object are fused, creating a
239:
126:
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of one eye can have a small effect on the state of light adaptation of the other.
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Harper, D. (2001). Online etymological dictionary. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from
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125:(the habit of using one eye when aiming something, even if both eyes are open),
19:
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1859:
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1291:. Pickwell, David. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.
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Gaining
Binocular Vision - No Longer Stereoblind - People Tell Their Stories
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Van Der
Willigen, R. F.; Harmening, W. M.; Vossen, S.; Wagner, H. (2011).
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It allows the angles of the eyes' lines of sight, relative to each other (
80:) provided by the two eyes' different positions on the head gives precise
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Steinman, Scott B.; Steinman, Barbara A.; Garzia, Ralph Philip (2000).
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279:, an animal that has laterally-placed eyes which can also face forward.
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220:
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32:
1540:, EyeRounds.org, University of Iowa Healthcare (updated Jan. 23, 2006)
121:(the ability to tell which of two eyes has been stimulated by light),
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In animals with forward-facing eyes, the eyes usually move together.
197:
1643:
1615:
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Normal
Binocular Vision: Theory, Investigation and Practical Aspects
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Henson, D.B. (1993). Visual Fields. Oxford: Oxford
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350:
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598:(where the brain ignores all or part of one eye's visual field),
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1681:
44:
1182:"Disappearance of a monocular image in Panum's limiting case"
211:
Some other animals – usually, but not always,
148:
are eyecare professionals who fix binocular vision problems.
378:
induced through one eye can be measured through the other.
47:
capable of facing the same direction to perceive a single
970:
888:
Miles, W. R. (1930). "Ocular dominance in human adults".
602:(an active avoidance of fusion by eye misalignment), and
184:
The field of view of a pigeon compared to that of an owl.
113:
in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced.
58:
It gives a creature a "spare eye" in case one is damaged.
234:
Some predatory animals, particularly large ones such as
1494:
Foundations of
Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective
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of one eye with an extrafoveal area of the other eye).
349:. Light falling in one eye affects the diameter of the
188:
Some animals – usually, but not always,
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is the process by which the detection threshold for a
16:
Type of vision with two eyes facing the same direction
824:"The psychophysical inquiry into binocular summation"
95:), and those lines relative to a particular object (
2144:
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1996:
1918:
1805:
1719:
1077:http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=binocular
1027:Hayhoe M, Gillam B, Chajka K, Vecellio E (2009).
528:. If the eye did not move at all, the person has
306:Some animals use both of the above strategies. A
1156:10.1076/0271-3683(200001)20:1;1-h;ft035
918:Hariharan-Vilupuru, S.; Bedell, H. E. (2009).
1693:
555:. If it moved from out to in, the person has
524:. If it moved from in to out, the person has
403:This line is called the empirical horizontal
8:
1327:Hamed, M.; Goss, D. A.; Marzieh, E. (2013).
1237:
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913:
911:
822:Blake, Randolph; Fox, Robert (August 1973).
117:Other phenomena of binocular vision include
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84:. This also allows a creature to break the
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1511:Stidwell, David; Fletcher, Robert (2017).
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1651:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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1088:Fristrup, K. M.; Harbison, G. R. (2002).
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1029:"The role of binocular vision in walking"
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1544:Livingstone, MS; Conway, BR (Sep 2004).
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1012:Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
1671:for binocular vision examination using
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2157:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
1449:Blake, Randolph; Wilson, Hugh (2011).
700:Fahle, M (1987). "Wozu zwei Augen? ".
536:(if the eye moved from down to up) or
1288:Pickwell's binocular vision anomalies
1244:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
314:, whose eyes appear as if mounted on
7:
1180:Bingushi, K.; Yukumatsu, S. (2005).
590:Binocular vision anomalies include:
1550:The New England Journal of Medicine
1090:"How do sperm whales catch squids?"
23:Principle of binocular vision with
1115:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01017.x
855:Blake, R.; Cormack, R. H. (1979).
14:
301:Hering's law of equal innervation
1256:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00568.x
1199:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2005.00291.x
1014:10(3), 520-527. Retrieved from:
606:(where the brain associates the
604:anomalous retinal correspondence
263:Hering's law of visual direction
1797:Vergence-accommodation conflict
1186:Japanese Psychological Research
176:Field of view and eye movements
861:Perception & Psychophysics
828:Perception & Psychophysics
1:
1963:Stereo photography techniques
902:10.1080/00221309.1930.9918218
890:Journal of General Psychology
857:"On utrocular discrimination"
407:. There is also an empirical
1973:Stereoscopic depth rendition
1546:"Was Rembrandt stereoblind?"
1467:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.009
1405:10.1371/journal.pone.0266068
937:10.1016/j.visres.2008.10.009
1562:10.1056/NEJM200409163511224
563:that can be accompanied by
43:in which an animal has two
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488:
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1988:Stereoscopic video coding
1983:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
1747:Convergence insufficiency
1515:. John Wiley & Sons.
1045:10.1017/S0952523808080838
2084:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
2021:3D-enabled mobile phones
1978:Stereoscopic rangefinder
1815:Active shutter 3D system
1653:Medical Subject Headings
1333:Journal of Ophthalmology
119:utrocular discrimination
2056:Virtual reality headset
2051:Stereoscopic video game
1900:Virtual retinal display
1496:. McGraw-Hill Medical.
1346:10.4103/0301-4738.97553
297:vestibulo–ocular reflex
49:three-dimensional image
1948:Multiview Video Coding
1943:Computer stereo vision
1752:Correspondence problem
990:10.1098/rstl.1838.0019
280:
185:
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1094:Marine Mammal Science
512:is controlled by six
431:Panum's fusional area
413:Panum's fusional area
338:Binocular interaction
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1840:Head-mounted display
1772:Kinetic depth effect
1144:Current Eye Research
1016:http://www.jssm.org/
383:Singleness of vision
368:Interocular transfer
131:singleness of vision
88:of another creature.
1928:2D to 3D conversion
1880:Specular holography
1875:Polarized 3D system
1792:Stereoscopic acuity
1787:Stereopsis recovery
1396:2022PLoSO..1766068M
1106:2002MMamS..18...42F
1033:Visual Neuroscience
982:1838RSPT..128..371W
714:1987NW.....74..383F
702:Naturwissenschaften
514:extraocular muscles
327:Binocular summation
322:Binocular summation
225:carnivorous mammals
196:. Examples include
111:binocular summation
74:binocular disparity
1910:Wiggle stereoscopy
1905:Volumetric display
1870:Parallax scrolling
1451:"Binocular vision"
874:10.3758/BF03199861
841:10.3758/BF03198631
722:10.1007/BF00405466
518:cover-uncover test
347:Pupillary diameter
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277:grey crowned crane
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2126:Sharp Actius RD3D
2046:Stereo microscope
1953:Parallax scanning
1767:Epipolar geometry
1757:Peripheral vision
1732:Binocular rivalry
1604:Journal of Vision
1298:978-0-7020-3925-6
640:Binocular rivalry
498:binocular rivalry
491:Binocular rivalry
485:Binocular rivalry
409:vertical horopter
135:binocular rivalry
104:Leonardo da Vinci
61:It gives a wider
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2111:Nvidia 3D Vision
1865:Parallax barrier
1850:Integral imaging
1762:Depth perception
1742:Chromostereopsis
1737:Binocular vision
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770:
769:
757:
751:
748:
742:
741:
697:
680:Hammerhead shark
660:Monocular vision
471:visual direction
425:Ocular dominance
246:and a number of
168:for double, and
82:depth perception
37:binocular vision
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2140:
2066:
2060:
1998:
1992:
1968:Stereoautograph
1920:
1914:
1855:Lenticular lens
1830:Autostereoscopy
1807:
1801:
1777:Stereoblindness
1715:
1706:
1673:shutter glasses
1616:10.1167/10.1.10
1599:
1594:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1455:Vision Research
1448:
1445:
1443:Further reading
1440:
1439:
1390:(4): e0266068.
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924:Vision Research
917:
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793:10.1068/p110377
778:
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773:
766:Huntgearpro.com
759:
758:
754:
749:
745:
699:
698:
694:
689:
684:
665:Stereoblindness
635:
600:horror fusionis
506:
493:
487:
475:Cyclopean image
467:
450:
444:
427:
421:
385:
370:. The state of
340:
324:
178:
160:comes from two
154:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2169:
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2139:
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2133:
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2106:
2096:
2094:MasterImage 3D
2091:
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2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Stereo display
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Autostereogram
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
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1779:
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1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:3D stereo view
1723:
1721:
1717:
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1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1610:(1): 10.1–11.
1592:
1556:(12): 1264–5.
1541:
1532:
1531:External links
1529:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1508:
1502:
1489:
1461:(7): 754–770.
1444:
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1438:
1437:
1370:
1339:(7): 325–328.
1312:
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1250:(4): 317–326.
1227:
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1192:(3): 223–229.
1169:
1121:
1080:
1068:
1019:
1003:
960:
951:
930:(2): 190–201.
907:
896:(3): 412–430.
880:
847:
814:
787:(4): 377–386.
771:
768:. Asad Qayyum.
752:
743:
708:(8): 383–385.
691:
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682:
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672:
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489:Main article:
486:
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446:Main article:
443:
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423:Main article:
420:
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384:
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289:smooth pursuit
177:
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15:
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2:
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2116:Panavision 3D
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2041:Stereo camera
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2016:3D television
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1536:Rahul Bhola:
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848:
842:
837:
834:(1): 161–85.
833:
829:
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815:
810:
806:
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786:
782:
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696:
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686:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Field of view
653:
651:
650:Eye dominance
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
632:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:anisometropia
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
492:
484:
482:
480:
479:cyclopean eye
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
449:
441:
439:
437:
432:
426:
419:Eye dominance
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
393:double vision
390:
382:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:Accommodation
356:
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
337:
335:
332:
328:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
273:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:killer whales
237:
232:
230:
229:birds of prey
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:field of view
191:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:eye dominance
120:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:field of view
60:
57:
56:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
39:is a type of
38:
34:
26:
21:
2099:Nintendo 3DS
2006:3D camcorder
1921:technologies
1808:technologies
1736:
1607:
1603:
1553:
1549:
1512:
1493:
1458:
1454:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1336:
1332:
1287:
1280:
1247:
1243:
1189:
1185:
1150:(1): 35–44.
1147:
1143:
1100:(1): 42–54.
1097:
1093:
1083:
1071:
1039:(1): 73–80.
1036:
1032:
1022:
1011:
1006:
973:
969:
963:
954:
927:
923:
893:
889:
883:
864:
860:
850:
831:
827:
817:
784:
780:
774:
765:
762:"Gaze Angle"
755:
746:
705:
701:
695:
619:
612:
589:
585:cyclotropias
546:
507:
494:
468:
465:Allelotropia
451:
436:dominant eye
435:
428:
401:
386:
376:Aftereffects
341:
325:
305:
282:
267:
252:
236:sperm whales
233:
210:
187:
169:
165:
157:
155:
142:Optometrists
139:
127:allelotropia
116:
68:It can give
53:
36:
30:
2183:Stereoscopy
2131:View-Master
1958:Pseudoscope
1890:Stereoscope
1820:Anaglyph 3D
1709:Stereoscopy
1663:Open source
976:: 371–394.
623:aniseikonic
596:suppression
577:hypertropia
573:astigmatism
542:cyclophoria
534:hyperphoria
530:orthophoria
146:orthoptists
2172:Categories
2145:Miscellany
2036:Digital 3D
2031:Blu-ray 3D
1895:Vectograph
1860:Multiscopy
1845:Holography
1835:Bubblegram
1782:Stereopsis
1720:Perception
1713:3D display
781:Perception
687:References
670:Stereopsis
627:strabismus
615:asthenopia
581:hypotropia
561:strabismus
538:hypophoria
459:stereopsis
455:Stereopsis
448:Stereopsis
442:Stereopsis
389:suppressed
372:adaptation
244:fruit bats
217:stereopsis
97:gaze angle
86:camouflage
70:stereopsis
1570:0028-4793
1414:1932-6203
1307:785829294
867:: 53–68.
565:amblyopia
557:esotropia
553:exotropia
526:exophoria
522:esophoria
504:Disorders
312:chameleon
293:nystagmus
213:predatory
206:antelopes
172:for eye.
158:binocular
156:The term
152:Etymology
109:It gives
72:in which
2136:XpanD 3D
2121:RealD 3D
2079:Dolby 3D
2074:AMD HD3D
2067:products
1624:20143903
1588:15371590
1485:20951722
1432:35390023
1384:PLOS ONE
1365:23552348
1272:34317345
1264:18565087
1164:10611713
1063:19152718
998:36512205
946:18992271
809:24721194
760:Qayyum.
738:32015271
675:Bifocals
645:Diplopia
633:See also
592:diplopia
405:horopter
397:diplopia
362:vergence
331:stimulus
308:starling
285:saccades
259:vergence
248:primates
221:primates
93:vergence
78:parallax
25:horopter
2104:New 3DS
2089:Infitec
2065:Notable
2026:4D film
2011:3D film
1997:Product
1806:Display
1669:program
1659:Vision2
1632:1483794
1579:2634283
1476:3050089
1423:8989299
1392:Bibcode
1356:3759101
1102:Bibcode
1054:2857785
978:Bibcode
801:7182797
730:3657989
710:Bibcode
549:tropias
316:turrets
255:version
202:buffalo
198:rabbits
164:roots,
33:biology
2178:Vision
1655:(MeSH)
1630:
1622:
1586:
1576:
1568:
1519:
1500:
1483:
1473:
1430:
1420:
1412:
1363:
1353:
1305:
1295:
1270:
1262:
1162:
1061:
1051:
996:
944:
807:
799:
736:
728:
583:) and
354:large.
351:pupils
291:(also
227:, and
204:, and
170:oculus
41:vision
1999:types
1919:Other
1628:S2CID
1600:(PDF)
1268:S2CID
994:S2CID
805:S2CID
734:S2CID
608:fovea
510:orbit
162:Latin
27:shown
1711:and
1666:Java
1620:PMID
1584:PMID
1566:ISSN
1517:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1481:PMID
1428:PMID
1410:ISSN
1361:PMID
1303:OCLC
1293:ISBN
1260:PMID
1160:PMID
1059:PMID
942:PMID
797:PMID
726:PMID
579:and
360:and
295:and
275:The
238:and
190:prey
166:bini
144:and
76:(or
45:eyes
1612:doi
1574:PMC
1558:doi
1554:351
1471:PMC
1463:doi
1418:PMC
1400:doi
1351:PMC
1341:doi
1252:doi
1194:doi
1152:doi
1110:doi
1049:PMC
1041:doi
986:doi
974:128
932:doi
898:doi
869:doi
836:doi
789:doi
718:doi
395:or
287:or
31:In
2174::
1661:-
1626:.
1618:.
1608:10
1606:.
1602:.
1582:.
1572:.
1564:.
1552:.
1548:.
1479:.
1469:.
1459:51
1457:.
1453:.
1426:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:.
1388:17
1386:.
1382:.
1359:.
1349:.
1337:61
1335:.
1331:.
1315:^
1301:.
1266:.
1258:.
1248:28
1246:.
1230:^
1208:^
1190:47
1188:.
1184:.
1172:^
1158:.
1148:20
1146:.
1124:^
1108:.
1098:18
1096:.
1092:.
1057:.
1047:.
1037:26
1035:.
1031:.
992:.
984:.
972:.
940:.
928:49
926:.
922:.
910:^
892:.
865:26
863:.
859:.
832:14
830:.
826:.
803:.
795:.
785:11
783:.
764:.
732:.
724:.
716:.
706:74
704:.
629:.
587:.
438:.
399:.
303:.
265:.
231:.
223:,
200:,
35:,
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1687:v
1634:.
1614::
1590:.
1560::
1525:.
1506:.
1487:.
1465::
1434:.
1402::
1394::
1367:.
1343::
1309:.
1274:.
1254::
1202:.
1196::
1166:.
1154::
1118:.
1112::
1104::
1065:.
1043::
1000:.
988::
980::
948:.
934::
904:.
900::
894:3
877:.
871::
844:.
838::
811:.
791::
740:.
720::
712::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
