74:
2675:
285:
2909:
2934:
2924:
2025:
1643:
1659:
The Carnot efficiency gives the efficiency of an ideal thermodynamic cycle, operating between two reservoirs of different temperatures, as such it provides a theoretical maximum to the efficiency of any heat engine. For this reason, a geothermal power plant producing hot geofluid at 180°C (≈450 K)
275:
Two secondary cycles are operated in tandem, each with a separate working fluid and boiling point. This improves efficiency by reducing the exergetic losses of the heat introduction process, by ensuring a closer match between the geofluid cooling curve and the working fluids' heating curves.
266:
The working fluid is evaporated at two different pressure levels, and thus temperatures. This improves efficiency by reducing exergetic losses in the primary heat exchanger by maintaining a closer match between the geofluid cooling curve and the working fluid heating curve.
1799:
726:
1311:
1502:
400:
1029:
1496:) is a measure of the conversion of the heat provided to the cycle into useful work. When accounting for real life losses and inefficiencies, real binary cycle geothermal plants have a first law efficiency of between 10-13%.
252:
As of
December 2014, there were 203 binary cycle geothermal power plants across 15 countries worldwide, representing 35% of all geothermal power plants, but only generating 10.4% of total geothermal power (about 1250 MW).
2020:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{II}}^{\text{util}}={\frac {{\dot {W}}_{\text{net}}}{{\dot {E}}_{\text{geofluid}}}}={\frac {{\dot {W}}_{\text{turbine}}-{\dot {W}}_{\text{pump}}}{{\dot {m}}_{\text{geofluid}}*}}}
1721:
587:
163:, thus cooling in the process. The cold geofluid is then reinjected into the geothermal reservoir via a separate wellbore, where it is reheated. The primary cycle is considered an "open" cycle.
1638:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{I}}^{\text{th}}={\frac {{\dot {W}}_{\text{net}}}{{\dot {Q}}_{\text{PHE}}}}={\frac {{\dot {W}}_{\text{turbine}}-{\dot {W}}_{\text{pump}}}{{\dot {Q}}_{\text{PHE}}}}}
1172:
2179:
A saturation dome that resembles an inverted U - this prevents liquid drop out in the turbine, which reduces efficiency, damages the turbine blades and thus reduces the turbine's lifetime.
765:
2062:
1417:
859:
438:
2182:
High thermal conductivity - improves the heat transfer in the primary heat exchanger and the condenser, reducing the total heat transfer area required and therefore cost of the plant.
1068:
1350:
508:
479:
302:
1155:
929:
61:
Binary cycles permit electricity generation even from low temperature geothermal resources (<180°C) that would otherwise produce insufficient quantities of steam to make
1097:
570:
2176:
A critical temperature and pressure above the cycle maximum temperature and pressure - most of the heat is transferred at the maximum temperature, increasing efficiency.
2145:
2118:
2091:
1778:
1751:
1473:
1446:
1379:
1126:
915:
888:
821:
794:
537:
107:, which use a single open cycle, a binary cycle has two separate cycles operating in tandem, hence binary cycle. The primary cycle extracts heat from the
2626:
2172:
The working fluid plays a pivotal role in any binary cycle and must be selected with care. Some criteria for selecting a suitable fluid are given below.
2767:
171:
Cold high-pressure working fluid is heated and vapourised in a heat exchanger by the hot geofluid. The hot high-pressure vapour is expanded in a
2817:
2812:
2349:
2226:
2782:
288:
Schematic of a Binary Cycle. Streams a & c are geofluid. Streams 1, 2, 3 & 4 are working fluid. Streams x & y are coolant
1666:
2151:, in kJ/kg/K and the absolute temperature, in K, of the geofluid at the local reference condition. This could be local ambient,
2777:
2717:
249:. It was rated at 670 kW and ran for an unknown number of years, proving the concept of binary cycle geothermal power plants.
2858:
2619:
159:, if necessary assisted by a pump. On the surface, the hot geofluid transfers some of its heat to the secondary cycle, via a
721:{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{\text{condenser}}={\dot {m}}_{\text{wf}}*(h_{2}-h_{3})={\dot {m}}_{\text{coolant}}*(h_{y}-h_{x})}
572:
is the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the turbine outlet, assuming isentropic expansion in the turbine, in kJ/kg
65:
economically viable. However, due to the lower temperatures binary cycles have low overall efficiencies of about 10-13%.
2742:
2692:
2787:
2762:
2722:
1790:
2443:
Geothermal energy as a source of electricity. A worldwide survey of the design and operation of geothermal power plants
1306:{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{\text{PHX}}={\dot {m}}_{\text{wf}}*(h_{1}-h_{4})={\dot {m}}_{\text{geofluid}}*(h_{a}-h_{c})}
2884:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2712:
1493:
1166:
The equation below can be used to determine the primary heat exchanger duty and mass flow rate of geofluid required.
2958:
2913:
2853:
2797:
2697:
2238:
2232:
734:
2031:
1386:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2707:
2702:
2612:
2198:
828:
407:
176:
1099:
is the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the feed pump outlet, assuming isentropic compression, in kJ/kg
2194:
1475:
are the specific enthalpy of the geofluid at the primary heat exchanger inlet and outlet respectively, in kJ/kg
395:{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}_{\text{turbine}}={\dot {m}}_{\text{wf}}*\eta _{\text{turbine}}*(h_{1}-h_{\text{2s}})}
238:
132:
1037:
1484:
There are a number of different definitions of efficiency that may be considered; these are discussed below.
1319:
2937:
2843:
2167:
486:
448:
100:
2541:
2555:
2280:
1793:) is a measure of the utilisation of the ideally maximum work available and conversion into useful work.
1133:
1024:{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}_{\text{pump}}={\dot {m}}_{\text{wf}}*(h_{\text{4s}}-h_{3})/\eta _{\text{pump}}}
2341:
2290:
2263:
2244:
187:
73:
823:
are the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the condenser inlet and outlet respectively, in kJ/kg
581:
The equation below can be used to determine the condenser duty and mass flow rate of coolant required.
2152:
292:
The performance of a simple binary cycle and its individual components can be calculated as follows:
2654:
1075:
548:
242:
136:
108:
43:
2933:
2923:
2542:"Mammoth Pacific Geothermal Power Plant Honored with Environmental Award from State of California"
2659:
2398:
Ronald DiPippo (January 2015). "Geothermal power plants: Evolution and performance assessments".
218:
The earliest example of a binary cycle geothermal power plant is thought to have been located on
124:
2674:
2649:
2635:
2415:
2345:
1654:
35:
917:
are the specific enthalpy of coolant at the condenser inlet and outlet respectively, in kJ/kg
2848:
2772:
2664:
2454:
2446:
2423:
2407:
2355:
155:
The geothermal reservoir's hot in-situ fluid (or geofluid) is produced to the surface via a
104:
62:
2123:
2096:
2069:
1756:
1729:
1451:
1424:
1381:
is the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the primary heat exchanger inlet, in kJ/kg
1357:
1104:
893:
866:
799:
772:
515:
2879:
2373:
2473:
Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case
Studies and Environmental Impact
2338:
Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case
Studies and Environmental Impact
17:
2894:
2889:
284:
160:
116:
51:
2411:
194:, the main difference being the choice of working fluid; an organic fluid (commonly a
2952:
2927:
2587:
2285:
234:
taking place at the same time, not much is known about this particular installation.
144:
140:
1352:
is the rate of heat added to the working fluid within the primary heat exchanger, kW
2295:
2268:
2202:
231:
227:
191:
237:
Another binary cycle geothermal power plant was taken into operation in 1967 near
2569:
2833:
2486:
199:
195:
128:
120:
55:
230:
as the working fluid at an effective capacity of 250 kW. However, owing to the
2520:
2190:
1128:
is the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the feed pump inlet, in kJ/kg
2419:
1070:
is the rate of work done by the pump to repressurise the working fluid, in kW
2874:
2458:
2427:
2359:
1660:
and rejecting heat at 25°C (≈298 K) has a maximum efficiency of just 34%.
767:
is the rate of heat removed from the working fluid in the condenser, in kW
2217:
There are numerous binary cycle power stations in commercial production.
2186:
540:
179:. To close the loop, the cold low-pressure liquid is repressurised via a
2148:
207:
172:
246:
219:
99:
In contrast to conventional geothermal power generation methods like
2604:
2450:
2380:. U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). 2010-07-06
143:, the main difference being the heat source and the choice of cycle
223:
203:
72:
441:
180:
156:
112:
47:
2608:
1716:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{Carnot}}=1-{\frac {T_{C}}{T_{H}}}}
131:. Thermodynamically, binary cycle power plants are similar to
2374:"Geothermal Technologies Program: Hydrothermal Power Systems"
1780:
are the hot and cold absolute temperature respectively, in K
42:. The primary cycle extracts the geothermal energy from the
111:
and provides this to the secondary cycle, which converts
77:
Process diagram of a binary cycle geothermal power plant
2506:
Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, Seventh Edition
226:, between 1940-1943. The plant is thought to have used
2126:
2099:
2072:
2034:
1802:
1759:
1732:
1669:
1505:
1454:
1427:
1389:
1360:
1322:
1175:
1136:
1107:
1078:
1040:
932:
896:
869:
831:
802:
775:
737:
590:
551:
518:
489:
451:
410:
305:
2867:
2826:
2682:
2642:
543:
of the working fluid at the turbine inlet, in kJ/kg
2147:are the specific enthalpy, in kJ/kg, the specific
2139:
2112:
2085:
2056:
2019:
1772:
1745:
1715:
1637:
1467:
1440:
1411:
1373:
1344:
1305:
1149:
1120:
1091:
1062:
1023:
909:
882:
853:
815:
788:
759:
720:
564:
531:
502:
473:
432:
394:
34:is a method for generating electrical power from
2504:Çengel, Yunus A. & Michael A. Boles (2002).
186:The two main secondary cycle configurations are
481:is the mass flow rate of working fluid, in kg/s
2331:
2620:
2378:Geothermal Technologies Program: Technologies
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
760:{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{\text{condenser}}}
38:and employs two separate fluid cycles, hence
8:
2057:{\displaystyle {\dot {E}}_{\text{geofluid}}}
1412:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{geofluid}}}
440:is the rate of work done by the turbine, in
2508:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 10.
854:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{coolant}}}
433:{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}_{\text{turbine}}}
2627:
2613:
2605:
1419:is the mass flow rate of geofluid, in kg/s
510:is the turbine efficiency, non-dimensional
2131:
2125:
2104:
2098:
2077:
2071:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2002:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1944:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1764:
1758:
1737:
1731:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1459:
1453:
1432:
1426:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1365:
1359:
1336:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1294:
1281:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1141:
1135:
1112:
1106:
1083:
1077:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1015:
1006:
997:
984:
968:
957:
956:
946:
935:
934:
931:
901:
895:
874:
868:
861:is the mass flow rate of coolant, in kg/s
845:
834:
833:
830:
807:
801:
780:
774:
751:
740:
739:
736:
709:
696:
680:
669:
668:
655:
642:
626:
615:
614:
604:
593:
592:
589:
556:
550:
523:
517:
494:
488:
465:
454:
453:
450:
424:
413:
412:
409:
383:
370:
354:
341:
330:
329:
319:
308:
307:
304:
183:. The secondary cycle is a closed cycle.
1063:{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}_{\text{pump}}}
283:
2307:
1345:{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{\text{PHX}}}
1157:is the pump efficiency, non-dimensional
175:before being cooled and condensed in a
2064:is the exergy rate of geofluid, in kW.
503:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{turbine}}}
474:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{wf}}}
2581:
2579:
88: Secondary Cycle - Working fluid
7:
1789:The second law efficiency (from the
54:to drive the generator and generate
2475:. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
1492:The first law efficiency (from the
1150:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{pump}}}
46:, and secondary cycle converts the
2185:Environmental compatibility - non-
25:
2412:10.1016/J.GEOTHERMICS.2014.07.005
2932:
2922:
2908:
2907:
2673:
2570:"Te Huka Geothermal Power Plant"
2491:United States, Patent No.3795103
27:Type of geothermal power station
2250:Kirchstockach (Munich), Germany
2208:Low cost and readily available.
2011:
2008:
1982:
1963:
1937:
1934:
1300:
1274:
1246:
1220:
1003:
977:
715:
689:
661:
635:
389:
363:
82: Primary Cycle - Geofluid
1:
1092:{\displaystyle h_{\text{4s}}}
565:{\displaystyle h_{\text{2s}}}
2572:. Global Energy Observatory.
1791:Second law of thermodynamics
2885:Energy return on investment
2235:, California, United States
1494:First law of thermodynamics
2975:
2854:Enhanced geothermal system
2239:Steamboat Springs (Nevada)
2165:
2155:or reinjection conditions.
1652:
2903:
2671:
2519:Ormat Technologies, Inc.
2199:ozone depletion potential
2544:. Ormat. 20 August 2009.
2195:global warming potential
18:Binary cycle power plant
2471:Ronald DiPippo (2008).
2441:Ronald DiPippo (1980),
2336:Ronald DiPippo (2016).
2269:Geothermie Unterhaching
2168:Working fluid selection
2162:Working fluid selection
2281:Geothermal electricity
2141:
2114:
2087:
2058:
2021:
1774:
1747:
1717:
1639:
1469:
1442:
1413:
1375:
1346:
1307:
1162:Primary Heat Exchanger
1151:
1122:
1093:
1064:
1025:
911:
884:
855:
817:
790:
761:
722:
566:
533:
504:
475:
434:
396:
289:
210:mixture respectively.
188:Organic Rankine cycles
96:
2342:Butterworth-Heinemann
2291:Organic Rankine cycle
2264:Husavik Power station
2245:Te Huka Power Station
2221:Organic Rankine cycle
2142:
2140:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
2115:
2113:{\displaystyle s_{0}}
2088:
2086:{\displaystyle h_{0}}
2059:
2022:
1785:Second law efficiency
1775:
1773:{\displaystyle T_{H}}
1748:
1746:{\displaystyle T_{C}}
1718:
1640:
1470:
1468:{\displaystyle h_{c}}
1443:
1441:{\displaystyle h_{a}}
1414:
1376:
1374:{\displaystyle h_{4}}
1347:
1308:
1152:
1123:
1121:{\displaystyle h_{3}}
1094:
1065:
1026:
912:
910:{\displaystyle h_{y}}
885:
883:{\displaystyle h_{x}}
856:
818:
816:{\displaystyle h_{3}}
791:
789:{\displaystyle h_{2}}
762:
723:
567:
534:
532:{\displaystyle h_{1}}
505:
476:
435:
397:
287:
76:
2344:. pp. 193–240.
2124:
2097:
2070:
2032:
1800:
1757:
1730:
1667:
1503:
1488:First law efficiency
1452:
1425:
1387:
1358:
1320:
1173:
1134:
1105:
1076:
1038:
930:
894:
867:
829:
800:
773:
735:
588:
549:
516:
487:
449:
408:
303:
141:Rankine Power Cycles
139:in that they employ
137:nuclear power plants
109:geothermal reservoir
36:geothermal resources
2655:Geothermal gradient
2556:"Steamboat Springs"
2521:"Binary Technology"
2205:, chemically inert.
1817:
1520:
2660:Geothermal heating
2487:"DUAL FLUID CYCLE"
2253:Traunreut, Germany
2137:
2110:
2083:
2054:
2017:
1803:
1770:
1743:
1713:
1635:
1506:
1465:
1438:
1409:
1371:
1342:
1303:
1147:
1118:
1089:
1060:
1021:
907:
880:
851:
813:
786:
757:
718:
562:
529:
500:
471:
430:
392:
290:
97:
63:flash power plants
2959:Geothermal energy
2946:
2945:
2650:Geothermal energy
2643:Geothermal energy
2636:Geothermal energy
2351:978-0-08-100879-9
2051:
2045:
2015:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1885:
1879:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1815:
1810:
1711:
1677:
1655:Carnot efficiency
1649:Carnot efficiency
1633:
1630:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1518:
1513:
1406:
1400:
1339:
1333:
1268:
1262:
1214:
1208:
1192:
1186:
1144:
1086:
1057:
1051:
1018:
987:
971:
965:
949:
943:
848:
842:
754:
748:
683:
677:
629:
623:
607:
601:
559:
497:
468:
462:
427:
421:
386:
357:
344:
338:
322:
316:
16:(Redirected from
2966:
2938:Renewable energy
2936:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2849:District heating
2677:
2665:Geothermal power
2629:
2622:
2615:
2606:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2340:(4th ed.).
2333:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1628:
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1625:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1002:
1001:
989:
988:
985:
973:
972:
969:
967:
966:
958:
951:
950:
947:
945:
944:
936:
916:
914:
913:
908:
906:
905:
889:
887:
886:
881:
879:
878:
860:
858:
857:
852:
850:
849:
846:
844:
843:
835:
822:
820:
819:
814:
812:
811:
795:
793:
792:
787:
785:
784:
766:
764:
763:
758:
756:
755:
752:
750:
749:
741:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
713:
701:
700:
685:
684:
681:
679:
678:
670:
660:
659:
647:
646:
631:
630:
627:
625:
624:
616:
609:
608:
605:
603:
602:
594:
571:
569:
568:
563:
561:
560:
557:
539:is the specific
538:
536:
535:
530:
528:
527:
509:
507:
506:
501:
499:
498:
495:
480:
478:
477:
472:
470:
469:
466:
464:
463:
455:
439:
437:
436:
431:
429:
428:
425:
423:
422:
414:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
387:
384:
375:
374:
359:
358:
355:
346:
345:
342:
340:
339:
331:
324:
323:
320:
318:
317:
309:
232:Second World War
93:
87:
81:
21:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2899:
2880:Capacity factor
2868:Energy concepts
2863:
2822:
2678:
2669:
2638:
2633:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2451:10.2172/5165898
2440:
2439:
2435:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2335:
2334:
2309:
2304:
2277:
2260:
2241:, United States
2223:
2215:
2170:
2164:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2035:
2030:
2029:
1998:
1985:
1969:
1953:
1940:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1869:
1868:
1842:
1823:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1691:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1614:
1594:
1572:
1571:
1545:
1526:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1482:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1290:
1277:
1252:
1236:
1223:
1198:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1011:
993:
980:
955:
933:
928:
927:
924:
897:
892:
891:
870:
865:
864:
832:
827:
826:
803:
798:
797:
776:
771:
770:
738:
733:
732:
705:
692:
667:
651:
638:
613:
591:
586:
585:
579:
552:
547:
546:
519:
514:
513:
490:
485:
484:
452:
447:
446:
411:
406:
405:
379:
366:
350:
328:
306:
301:
300:
298:
282:
273:
264:
259:
216:
169:
167:Secondary cycle
153:
95:
91:
89:
85:
83:
79:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2895:Energy subsidy
2892:
2890:Energy storage
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:United Kingdom
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2586:Turboden Spa.
2575:
2561:
2547:
2533:
2511:
2496:
2478:
2463:
2433:
2390:
2365:
2350:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:, New Zealand
2242:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2166:Main article:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2134:
2130:
2107:
2103:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2044:
2041:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1918:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1851:
1848:
1832:
1829:
1820:
1806:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1767:
1763:
1740:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1623:
1620:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1581:
1578:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1509:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1399:
1396:
1382:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1332:
1329:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1185:
1182:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1129:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1082:
1071:
1050:
1047:
1032:
1031:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
979:
976:
964:
961:
954:
942:
939:
923:
920:
919:
918:
904:
900:
877:
873:
862:
841:
838:
824:
810:
806:
783:
779:
768:
747:
744:
729:
728:
717:
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
691:
688:
676:
673:
666:
663:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
634:
622:
619:
612:
600:
597:
578:
575:
574:
573:
555:
544:
526:
522:
511:
493:
482:
461:
458:
444:
420:
417:
391:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
362:
353:
349:
337:
334:
327:
315:
312:
297:
294:
281:
278:
272:
269:
263:
260:
258:
255:
228:Ethyl Chloride
215:
212:
168:
165:
161:heat exchanger
152:
149:
90:
84:
78:
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2818:United States
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Working fluid
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:Mammoth Lakes
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2132:
2128:
2105:
2101:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2042:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1919:
1916:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1876:
1873:
1863:
1849:
1846:
1830:
1827:
1818:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1765:
1761:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1621:
1618:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1579:
1576:
1566:
1552:
1549:
1533:
1530:
1521:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1460:
1456:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1330:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1183:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1138:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1080:
1072:
1048:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1012:
1007:
998:
994:
990:
981:
974:
962:
959:
952:
940:
937:
926:
925:
921:
902:
898:
875:
871:
863:
839:
836:
825:
808:
804:
781:
777:
769:
745:
742:
731:
730:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
686:
674:
671:
664:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
632:
620:
617:
610:
598:
595:
584:
583:
582:
576:
553:
545:
542:
524:
520:
512:
491:
483:
459:
456:
445:
443:
418:
415:
404:
403:
402:
380:
376:
371:
367:
360:
351:
347:
335:
332:
325:
313:
310:
295:
293:
286:
279:
277:
270:
268:
262:Dual pressure
261:
256:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:Petropavlovsk
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:Kalina cycles
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
158:
151:Primary cycle
150:
148:
146:
145:working fluid
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:) to drive a
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94: Coolant
75:
68:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2919:
2912:
2859:Hot dry rock
2844:Desalination
2839:Binary cycle
2838:
2827:Technologies
2591:. Retrieved
2588:"Geothermal"
2564:
2550:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2442:
2436:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2377:
2368:
2337:
2296:Kalina cycle
2258:Kalina cycle
2216:
2213:Power plants
2171:
1788:
1658:
1491:
1483:
1165:
580:
299:
291:
274:
265:
251:
236:
217:
185:
170:
154:
127:and produce
98:
69:Introduction
60:
40:binary cycle
39:
32:binary cycle
31:
29:
2834:Aquaculture
2783:Philippines
2778:New Zealand
2718:El Salvador
2406:: 291–307.
2400:Geothermics
2227:Olkaria III
2191:carciogenic
280:Performance
245:peninsula,
200:refrigerant
196:hydrocarbon
129:electricity
121:Heat Engine
56:electricity
2683:By country
2459:Q112817289
2428:Q112813717
2384:2010-11-02
2360:Q112793147
2302:References
1480:Efficiency
271:Dual fluid
257:Variations
133:coal-fired
2875:Base load
2768:Lithuania
2743:Indonesia
2693:Australia
2420:0375-6505
2203:flammable
2043:˙
1996:−
1980:∗
1967:−
1951:−
1932:∗
1920:˙
1899:˙
1889:−
1877:˙
1850:˙
1831:˙
1805:η
1687:−
1672:η
1622:˙
1602:˙
1592:−
1580:˙
1553:˙
1534:˙
1508:η
1398:˙
1331:˙
1288:−
1272:∗
1260:˙
1234:−
1218:∗
1206:˙
1184:˙
1139:η
1049:˙
1013:η
991:−
975:∗
963:˙
941:˙
922:Feed Pump
840:˙
753:condenser
746:˙
703:−
687:∗
675:˙
649:−
633:∗
621:˙
606:condenser
599:˙
577:Condenser
492:η
460:˙
419:˙
377:−
361:∗
352:η
348:∗
336:˙
314:˙
243:Kamchatka
190:(ORC) or
181:feed pump
177:condenser
125:generator
101:dry-steam
44:reservoir
2953:Category
2920:Portals:
2914:Category
2788:Portugal
2723:Ethiopia
2455:Wikidata
2424:Wikidata
2356:Wikidata
2275:See also
2153:wet-bulb
2050:geofluid
1927:geofluid
1857:geofluid
1405:geofluid
1267:geofluid
541:enthalpy
157:wellbore
2808:Ukraine
2793:Romania
2763:Lebanon
2738:Iceland
2733:Hungary
2728:Germany
2713:Denmark
2689:Armenia
2593:30 June
2526:30 June
2493:. 1974.
2229:, Kenya
2149:entropy
1884:turbine
1587:turbine
847:coolant
682:coolant
496:turbine
426:turbine
356:turbine
321:turbine
296:Turbine
241:on the
214:History
208:ammonia
202:) or a
173:turbine
2928:Energy
2803:Turkey
2798:Russia
2773:Mexico
2698:Canada
2457:
2426:
2418:
2358:
2348:
2201:, non-
2197:, low
2193:, low
2189:, non-
2120:&
1753:&
1676:Carnot
1448:&
890:&
796:&
247:Russia
220:Ischia
92:
86:
80:
2758:Kenya
2753:Japan
2748:Italy
2708:China
2703:Chile
2187:toxic
224:Italy
204:water
119:(see
115:into
105:flash
50:into
2595:2022
2528:2022
2416:ISSN
2346:ISBN
1906:pump
1814:util
1609:pump
1143:pump
1056:pump
1017:pump
948:pump
117:work
113:heat
52:work
48:heat
2447:doi
2408:doi
1838:net
1629:PHE
1560:PHE
1541:net
1338:PHX
1191:PHX
198:or
135:or
103:or
2955::
2578:^
2489:.
2453:,
2445:,
2422:.
2414:.
2404:53
2402:.
2376:.
2354:.
2310:^
2093:,
1809:II
1517:th
1213:wf
1085:4s
986:4s
970:wf
628:wf
558:2s
467:wf
442:kW
385:2s
343:wf
222:,
147:.
58:.
30:A
2628:e
2621:t
2614:v
2597:.
2558:.
2530:.
2449::
2430:.
2410::
2387:.
2362:.
2133:0
2129:T
2106:0
2102:s
2079:0
2075:h
2040:E
2012:]
2009:)
2004:0
2000:s
1991:a
1987:s
1983:(
1975:0
1971:T
1964:)
1959:0
1955:h
1946:a
1942:h
1938:(
1935:[
1917:m
1896:W
1874:W
1864:=
1847:E
1828:W
1819:=
1766:H
1762:T
1739:C
1735:T
1707:H
1703:T
1697:C
1693:T
1684:1
1681:=
1619:Q
1599:W
1577:W
1567:=
1550:Q
1531:W
1522:=
1512:I
1461:c
1457:h
1434:a
1430:h
1395:m
1367:4
1363:h
1328:Q
1301:)
1296:c
1292:h
1283:a
1279:h
1275:(
1257:m
1250:=
1247:)
1242:4
1238:h
1229:1
1225:h
1221:(
1203:m
1196:=
1181:Q
1114:3
1110:h
1081:h
1046:W
1008:/
1004:)
999:3
995:h
982:h
978:(
960:m
953:=
938:W
903:y
899:h
876:x
872:h
837:m
809:3
805:h
782:2
778:h
743:Q
716:)
711:x
707:h
698:y
694:h
690:(
672:m
665:=
662:)
657:3
653:h
644:2
640:h
636:(
618:m
611:=
596:Q
554:h
525:1
521:h
457:m
416:W
390:)
381:h
372:1
368:h
364:(
333:m
326:=
311:W
206:-
20:)
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