Bioplastic - Knowledge

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Soil and compost as environment conditions are more efficient in biodegradation due to their high microbial diversity. Composting not only biodegrades bioplastics efficiently but it also significantly reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Biodegradability of bioplastics in compost environments can be upgraded by adding more soluble sugar and increasing temperature. Soil environments on the other hand have high diversity of microorganisms making it easier for biodegradation of bioplastics to occur. However, bioplastics in soil environments need higher temperatures and a longer time to biodegrade. Some bioplastics biodegrade more efficiently in water bodies and marine systems; however, this causes danger to marine ecosystems and freshwater. Hence it is accurate to conclude that biodegradation of bioplastics in water bodies which leads to the death of aquatic organisms and unhealthy water can be noted as one of the negative environmental impacts of bioplastics.

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conventional plastics. Biomass production during industrial farming practices causes nitrate and phosphate to filtrate into water bodies; this causes eutrophication, the process in which a body of water gains excessive richness of nutrients. Eutrophication is a threat to water resources around the world since it causes harmful algal blooms that create oxygen dead zones, killing aquatic animals. Bioplastics also increase acidification. The high increase in eutrophication and acidification caused by bioplastics is also caused by using chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of renewable raw materials to produce bioplastics.

827: 49: 1621: 226:; "drop-in" bioplastics (such as biopolyethylene) fit into existing recycling streams. On the other hand, recycling biodegradable bioplastics in the current recycling streams poses additional challenges, as it may raise the cost of sorting and decrease the yield and the quality of the recyclate. However, biodegradation is not the only acceptable end-of-life disposal pathway for biodegradable bioplastics, and mechanical and chemical recycling are often the preferred choice from the environmental point of view. 918: 561: 377: 306: 1604: 591:. It is derived from plants, and it biodegrades under industrial composting conditions. Unfortunately, it exhibits inferior impact strength, thermal robustness, and barrier properties (blocking air transport across the membrane) compared to non-biodegradable plastics. PLA and PLA blends generally come in the form of granulates. PLA is used on a limited scale for the production of films, fibers, plastic containers, cups, and bottles. PLA is also the most common type of plastic 38: 1094: 5702: 688:, although emissions of greenhouse gases and consumption of nonrenewable resources are reduced during its production. Its thermal resistance is also superior to that of PA 12. It is used in high-performance applications like automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, and catheters. 1362:

Blown films - sacks, bags, trash bags, mulch foils, hygiene products, diaper films, air bubble films, protective clothing, gloves, double rib bags, labels, barrier ribbons; Flat films - trays, flower pots, freezer products and packaging, cups, pharmaceutical packaging; Injection moulding - disposable cutlery, cans, containers, performed pieces, CD trays, cemetery articles, golf tees, toys, writing materials. (Lorcks 1998)

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100 million hectares of land, or 7 percent of the arable land on Earth. And when bioplastics reach the end of their life cycle, those designed to be compostable and marketed as biodegradable are often sent to landfills due to the lack of proper composting facilities or waste sorting, where they then release methane as they break down anaerobically.

358:, and biobased nylons. Drop-in bioplastics are easy to implement technically, as existing infrastructure can be used. A dedicated bio-based pathway allows to produce products that cannot be obtained through traditional chemical reactions and can create products which have unique and superior properties, compared to fossil-based alternatives. 1641:

13432 industrial standard must be met in order to claim that a plastic product is compostable in the European marketplace. In summary, it requires multiple tests and sets pass/fail criteria, including disintegration (physical and visual break down) of the finished item within 12 weeks, biodegradation

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1940-1945: During World War II, an increase in plastic production is seen as it is used in many wartime materials. Due to government funding and oversight the United States production of plastics (in general, not just bioplastics) tripled during 1940-1945 (Rogers 2005). The 1942 U.S. government short

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While plastics based on organic materials were manufactured by chemical companies throughout the 20th century, the first company solely focused on bioplastics—Marlborough Biopolymers—was founded in 1983. However, Marlborough and other ventures that followed failed to find commercial success, with the

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The future of bioplastics in construction looks promising, with continued research and innovation likely to expand their applications and improve their performance. As the construction industry increasingly embraces sustainability, bioplastics are poised to play a critical role in the development of

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of bioplastics occurs under various environmental conditions including soil, aquatic environments and compost. Both the structure and composition of biopolymer or bio-composite have an effect on the biodegradation process, hence changing the composition and structure might increase biodegradability.

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emissions during fertilizer application during industrial farming for biomass production. Artificial fertilizers increase nitrous oxide emissions especially when the crop does not need all the nitrogen. Minor environmental impacts of bioplastics include toxicity through using pesticides on the crops

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can also be added so that the starch can also be processed thermo-plastically. The characteristics of the resulting bioplastic (also called "thermoplastic starch") can be tailored to specific needs by adjusting the amounts of these additives. Conventional polymer processing techniques can be used to

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As of 2018, bioplastics represented approximately 2% of the global plastics output (>380 million tons). With continued research on bioplastics, investment in bioplastic companies and rising scrutiny on fossil-based plastics, bioplastics are becoming more dominant in some markets, while the output

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is ethylene. Ethylene is chemically similar to, and can be derived from ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of agricultural feedstocks such as sugar cane or corn. Bio-derived polyethylene is chemically and physically identical to traditional polyethylene – it does not biodegrade but

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Bioplastics remain less than one percent of all plastics manufactured worldwide. Most bioplastics do not yet save more carbon emissions than are required to manufacture them. It is estimated that replacing 250 million tons of the plastic manufactured each year with bio-based plastics would require

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Another issue with bioplastics, is that some bioplastics are made from the edible parts of crops. This makes the bioplastics compete with food production because the crops that produce bioplastics can also be used to feed people. These bioplastics are called "1st generation feedstock bioplastics".

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Materials such as starch, cellulose, wood, sugar and biomass are used as a substitute for fossil fuel resources to produce bioplastics; this makes the production of bioplastics a more sustainable activity compared to conventional plastic production. The environmental impact of bioplastics is often

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as a novel bioplastic, named OleoPlast. This bioplastic exhibits thermoplastic behavior, offering both recyclability and biodegradability. The key advantages of OleoPlast include the ability to customize its mechanical and physical properties, as well as its compatibility with different processing

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Lamanna, Leonardo; Corigliano, Gabriele; Narayanan, Athira; Villani, Stefania; Friuli, Marco; Chietera, Francesco P.; Stanca, Benedetta Di Chiara; Giannotti, Laura; Siculella, Luisa; Colella, Riccardo; Catarinucci, Luca; Athanassiou, Athanassia; Cataldi, Pietro; Demitri, Christian; Caironi, Mario

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Cellulose can become thermoplastic when extensively modified. An example of this is cellulose acetate, which is expensive and therefore rarely used for packaging. However, cellulosic fibers added to starches can improve mechanical properties, permeability to gas, and water resistance due to being

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may offer an end-of-life pathway in certain applications, such as agricultural mulch, but the concept of biodegradation is not as straightforward as many believe. Susceptibility to biodegradation is highly dependent on the chemical backbone structure of the polymer, and different bioplastics have

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and biobased content. A bioplastic such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) can be 100% biobased (i.e. contain 100% renewable carbon), yet be non-biodegradable. These bioplastics such as HDPE nonetheless play an important role in greenhouse gas abatement, particularly when they are combusted for

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Late 1990s: The development of TP starch and BIOPLAST from research and production of the company BIOTEC lead to the BIOFLEX film. BIOFLEX film can be classified as blown film extrusion, flat film extrusion, and injection moulding lines. These three classifications have applications as follows:

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The concept of bioplastics dates back to the early 20th century. However, significant advancements occurred in the 1980s and 1990s when researchers began developing biodegradable plastics from natural sources. The construction industry started to take notice of bioplastics' potential in the late

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Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase. Certain types of bioplastics as well as conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade. Bioplastics are able to biodegrade in

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Although bioplastics save more nonrenewable energy than conventional plastics and emit less greenhouse gasses compared to conventional plastics, bioplastics also have negative environmental impacts such as eutrophication and acidification. Bioplastics induce higher eutrophication potentials than

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Few commercial applications exist for bioplastics. Cost and performance remain problematic. Typical is the example of Italy, where biodegradable plastic bags are compulsory for shoppers since 2011 with the introduction of a specific law. Beyond structural materials, electroactive bioplastics are

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Bioplastics offer a sustainable and versatile alternative to traditional construction materials, with significant environmental and economic benefits. While challenges remain, particularly in terms of cost and performance, the ongoing advancements in bioplastic technology hold the potential to

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Although bioplastics are extremely advantageous because they reduce non-renewable consumption and GHG emissions, they also negatively affect the environment through land and water consumption, using pesticide and fertilizer, eutrophication and acidification; hence one's preference for either

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2014: It is found in a study published in 2014 that bioplastics can be made from blending vegetable waste (parsley and spinach stems, the husks from cocoa, the hulls of rice, etc.) with TFA solutions of pure cellulose creates a bioplastic. (Bayer, Guzman-Puyol, Heredia-Guerrero, Ceseracciu,

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In recent years, bioplastics have seen considerable advancements in terms of durability, cost-effectiveness, and performance. Innovations in biopolymer blends and composites have made bioplastics more suitable for construction applications, ranging from insulation to structural components.

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1989: The further development of PLA is made by Dr. Patrick R. Gruber when he figures out how to create PLA from corn. (Whiteclouds 2018). The leading bioplastic company is created called Novamount. Novamount uses matter-bi, a bioplastic, in multiple different applications. (Novamount

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industry, for example, has decided to expand PHB production to an industrial scale. PHB is distinguished primarily by its physical characteristics. It can be processed into a transparent film with a melting point higher than 130 degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue.

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1950s: Amylomaize (>50% amylose content corn) was successfully bred and commercial bioplastics applications started to be explored. (Liu, Moult, Long, 2009) A decline in bioplastic development is seen due to the cheap oil prices, however the development of synthetic plastics

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Starch-based films (mostly used for packaging purposes) are made mainly from starch blended with thermoplastic polyesters to form biodegradable and compostable products. These films are seen specifically in consumer goods packaging of magazine wrappings and bubble films. In

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Gómez, Eddie F., and Frederick C. Michel. "Biodegradability of Conventional and Bio-Based Plastics and Natural Fiber Composites during Composting, Anaerobic Digestion and Long-Term Soil Incubation." Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 98, no. 12, 2013, pp. 2583–2591.,

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Floros, Michael; Hojabri, Leila; Abraham, Eldho; Jose, Jesmy; Thomas, Sabu; Pothan, Laly; Leao, Alcides Lopes; Narine, Suresh (2012). "Enhancement of thermal stability, strength and extensibility of lipid-based polyurethanes with cellulose-based nanofibers".

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Bioplastics are often more expensive to produce than traditional plastics, which can be a barrier to widespread adoption in the cost-sensitive construction industry. However, ongoing research and technological advancements are expected to reduce costs over

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COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organisation in the European Union) and COGEGA (General Committee for the Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union) have made an assessment of the potential of bioplastics in different sectors of the European economy:

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There are difficulties with using soy protein-based plastics due to their water sensitivity and relatively high cost. Therefore, producing blends of soy protein with some already-available biodegradable polyesters improves the water sensitivity and cost.

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that which is capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site such that the material is not visually distinguishable and breaks down into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate consistent with known compostable

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Additionally, soy protein is being considered as another source of bioplastic. Soy proteins have been used in plastic production for over one hundred years. For example, body panels of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic.

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Bioplastic panels, made from blends of natural fibers and biopolymers, provide an eco-friendly option for wall cladding and partitioning. These materials are lightweight, durable, and can be designed to mimic traditional materials like wood or

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2018: Many developments occur including Ikea starting industrial production of bioplastics furniture (Barret 2018), Project Effective focusing on replacing nylon with bio-nylon (Barret 2018), and the first packaging made from fruit (Barret

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can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. PHA is more ductile and less elastic than other plastics, and it is also biodegradable. These plastics are being widely used in the medical industry.

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Künkel, Andreas; Becker, Johannes; Börger, Lars; Hamprecht, Jens; Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Loos, Robert; Schick, Michael Bernhard; Schlegel, Katharina; Sinkel, Carsten; Skupin, Gabriel; Yamamoto, Motonori (2016). "Polymers, Biodegradable".

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and cyclic carbonates produces polyhydroxyurethanes. Unlike traditional cross-linked polyurethanes, cross-linked polyhydroxyurethanes are in principle amenable to recycling and reprocessing through dynamic transcarbamoylation reactions.

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biomass. As such, whether any kind of plastic is degradable or non-degradable (durable) depends on its molecular structure, not on whether or not the biomass constituting the raw material is fossilized. Both durable bioplastics, such as

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debated, as there are many different metrics for "greenness" (e.g., water use, energy use, deforestation, biodegradation, etc.). Hence bioplastic environmental impacts are categorized into nonrenewable energy use, climate change,

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2012: A bioplastic is developed from seaweed proving to be one of the most environmentally friendly bioplastics based on research published in the journal of pharmacy research. (Rajendran, Puppala, Sneha, Angeeleena, Rajam

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will have a relatively high level of carbon-14, while a product made from petrochemicals will have no carbon-14. The percentage of renewable carbon in a material (solid or liquid) can be measured with an accelerator

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Brockhaus, Sebastian, et al. "A Crossroads for Bioplastics: Exploring Product Developers' Challenges to Move beyond Petroleum-Based Plastics." Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 127, Elsevier Ltd, 2016, pp. 84–95,

1392:], proanthocyanidin, reuterin). This invention can be applied by using the bioplastic as tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones, and being used in stem cell delivery. (Campbell, Burgess, Weiss, Smith 2013) 3958:

Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Bioplastics and Petroleum-Based Plastics: Strengths and Weaknesses." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 33, no. 21, 2011, pp. 1949–59,

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were extracted and synthesized by the 'Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology' to verify strong personality and antibacterial effects. When buried underground, 100% biodegradation was possible within six

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Bioplastic composites, such as those made from PLA and natural fibers, offer durable and sustainable alternatives to traditional flooring materials. They are particularly valued for their low carbon footprint and

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and carcinogenic potentials compared to conventional plastics. However, bioplastics exert higher aquatic ecotoxicity than conventional materials. Bioplastics and other bio-based materials increase stratospheric

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Yates, Madeleine R., and Claire Y. Barlow. "Life Cycle Assessments of Biodegradable, Commercial Biopolymers - A Critical Review." Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 78, Elsevier B.V., 2013, pp. 54–66,

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ratio. Generally, high-amylose starch results in superior mechanical properties. However, high-amylose starch has less processability because of its higher gelatinization temperature and higher melt viscosity.

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Bioplastics can be used to create effective and eco-friendly insulation materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are commonly used for this purpose due to their thermal properties and

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Brodin, Malin; Vallejos, María; Opedal, Mihaela Tanase; Area, María Cristina; Chinga-Carrasco, Gary (September 2017). "Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics – A review".

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used to make bioplastics. Bioplastics also cause carbon dioxide emissions from harvesting vehicles. Other minor environmental impacts include high water consumption for biomass cultivation, soil erosion,

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While bioplastics have made significant strides, some types still lag behind traditional materials in terms of strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors like UV exposure and moisture.

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Tran TH, Nguyen HL, Hwang DS, Lee JY, Cha HG, Koo JM, Hwang SY, Park J, Oh DX (2019). "Five different chitin nanomaterials from identical source with different advantageous functions and performances".

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Bioplastics are increasingly used in formwork for concrete casting. They offer advantages in terms of reusability, weight reduction, and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional materials.

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Gironi, F., and Vincenzo Piemonte. "Land-Use Change Emissions: How Green Are the Bioplastics?" Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, vol. 30, no. 4, 2010, pp. 685–691, doi:10.1002/ep.10518.

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Rosas, Francisco, et al. "Nitrous Oxide Emission Reductions from Cutting Excessive Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications." Climatic Change, vol. 132, no. 2, 2015, pp. 353–67, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1426-y.

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Khalid, Saud; Yu, Long; Meng, Linghan; Liu, Hongsheng; Ali, Amjad; Chen, Ling (2017). "Poly(lactic acid)/starch composites: Effect of microstructure and morphology of starch granules on performance".

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The ASTM D6866 method has been developed to certify the biologically derived content of bioplastics. Cosmic rays colliding with the atmosphere mean that some of the carbon is the radioactive isotope

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2nd generation feedstock bioplastics use non-food crops (cellulosic feedstock) or waste materials from 1st generation feedstock (e.g. waste vegetable oil). Third generation feedstock bioplastics use

2719: 454:, these films are seen as bakery or fruit and vegetable bags. Composting bags with this films are used in selective collecting of organic waste. Further, starch-based films can be used as a paper. 5494: 4173:

Degli-Innocenti, Francesco. "Biodegradation of Plastics and Ecotoxicity Testing: When Should It Be Done." Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 5, no. SEP, 2014, pp. 1–3, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00475.

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Thomas, Anjaly P.; Kasa, Vara Prasad; Dubey, Brajesh Kumar; Sen, Ramkrishna; Sarmah, Ajit K. (2023). "Synthesis and commercialization of bioplastics: Organic waste as a sustainable feedstock".

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Currently, bioplastics are suitable for a limited range of applications within construction. Expanding their use to more demanding structural roles will require further development and testing.

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Bayer, Ilker S.; Guzman-Puyol, Susana; Heredia-Guerrero, José Alejandro; Ceseracciu, Luca; Pignatelli, Francesca; Ruffilli, Roberta; Cingolani, Roberto; Athanassiou, Athanassia (2014-07-15).

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Can, E.; Küsefoğlu, S.; Wool, R. P. (2001-07-05). "Rigid, thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. I. Synthesis and polymerization of soy oil monoglyceride maleates".

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different structures, thus it cannot be assumed that bioplastic in the environment will readily disintegrate. Conversely, biodegradable plastics can also be synthesized from fossil fuels.

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This definition drew much criticism because, contrary to the way the word is traditionally defined, it completely divorces the process of "composting" from the necessity of it leading to

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The bioplastics market is expanding, driven by increasing demand for sustainable construction materials. This growth presents new economic opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers.

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Weiss, Martin, et al. "A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials." Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 16, no. SUPPL.1, 2012, doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x.

1418:*This is not a comprehensive list. These inventions show the versatility of bioplastics and important breakthroughs. New applications and bioplastics inventions continue to occur. 1399:

2016: An experiment finds that a car bumper that passes regulation can be made from nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials using banana peels. (Hossain, Ibrahim, Aleissa 2016)

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Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. For example, wheat gluten and casein show promising properties as a raw material for different biodegradable polymers.

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Emadian, S. Mehdi, et al. "Biodegradation of Bioplastics in Natural Environments." Waste Management, vol. 59, Elsevier Ltd, 2017, pp. 526–36, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006.

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is used as raw material and also for energy production. However, other bioplastics' processes are less efficient and result in a higher carbon footprint than fossil plastics.

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has opened a wide variety of feedstocks to economical conversion into biomonomers and polymers. With the growing production of traditional vegetable oils as well as low cost

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2007: Metabolix inc. market tests its first 100% biodegradable plastic called Mirel, made from corn sugar fermentation and genetically engineered bacteria. (Digregorio 2009)

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process starch into bioplastic, such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding and solution casting. The properties of starch bioplastic is largely influenced by

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Bioplastic composites reinforced with natural fibers or other materials can be used in structural applications, offering a sustainable alternative to steel or fiberglass.

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2013: A patent is put on bioplastic derived from blood and a crosslinking agent like sugars, proteins, etc. (iridoid derivatives, diimidates, diones, carbodiimides,

6467: 2314: 1830:. After ~100,000 years all the carbon-14 present in the original organic material will have undergone radioactive decay leaving only carbon-12. A product made from 2572:"Consiglio dei Ministri conferma la messa al bando dei sacchetti di plastica non biodegradabili - Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare" 1301:

1897: Still produced today, Galalith is a milk-based bioplastic that was created by German chemists in 1897. Galalith is primarily found in buttons. (Thielen 2014)

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Starch-based nanocomposites have been widely studied, showing improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, moisture resistance, and gas barrier properties.

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starch represents the most widely used bioplastic, constituting about 50 percent of the bioplastics market. Simple starch bioplastic film can be made at home by

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The distinction between non-fossil-based (bio)plastic and fossil-based plastic is of limited relevance since materials such as petroleum are themselves merely

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Sinha, E., et al. "Eutrophication Will Increase during the 21st Century as a Result of Precipitation Changes." Science, vol. 357, no. July, 2017, pp. 405–08.

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1920s: Wallace Carothers finds Polylactic Acid (PLA) plastic. PLA is incredibly expensive to produce and is not mass-produced until 1989. (Whiteclouds 2018)

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Shah, Manali; Rajhans, Sanjukta; Pandya, Himanshu A.; Mankad, Archana U.; Shah, Manali; Rajhans, Sanjukta; Pandya, Himanshu A.; Mankad, Archana U. (2021).

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2017: A new proposal for bioplastics made from Lignocellulosics resources (dry plant matter). (Brodin, Malin, Vallejos, Opedal, Area, Chinga-Carrasco 2017)

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Meier, Michael A. R.; Metzger, Jürgen O.; Schubert, Ulrich S. (2007-10-02). "Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science".

402:, and is thus a suitable material for the production of drug capsules by the pharmaceutical sector. However, pure starch-based bioplastic is brittle. 1909: 291:: A biobased polymer similar to a petrobased one does not imply any superiority with respect to the environment unless the comparison of respective 147:(oils and fats) from either plants or animals, or biologically generated by fermentation of sugars or lipids. In contrast, common plastics, such as 2466:

Chinthapalli, Raj; Skoczinski, Pia; Carus, Michael; Baltus, Wolfgang; de Guzman, Doris; Käb, Harald; Raschka, Achim; Ravenstijn, Jan (2019-08-01).

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In January 2011, the ASTM withdrew standard ASTM D 6002, which had provided plastic manufacturers with the legal credibility to label a plastic as

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1992: It is reported in Science that PHB can be produced by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (Poirier, Dennis, Klomparens, Nawrath, Somerville 1992)

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Dolfen, Julia. "Bioplastics- Opportunities and Challenges." US Composting Council. 2012 Compostable Plastics Symposium, Jan. 2012, Austin, Texas,

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This guide covered suggested criteria, procedures, and a general approach to establish the compostability of environmentally degradable plastics.

3750:"A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol-ene reaction to the study of the final material" 1368:

2001: Metabolix inc. purchases Monsanto's biopol business (originally Zeneca) which uses plants to produce bioplastics. (Barber and Fisher 2001)

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and a number of other types of polymers have been developed with comparable properties to crude oil based materials. The recent development of

2514: 1298:, the first thermoplastic. Parkesine is made from nitrocellulose and had very good properties, but exhibits extreme flammability. (White 1998) 5909: 5398:"ASTM D6866 - 11 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis" 5286: 5038: 4720: 4637: 3130: 2331: 1020:

The production of bioplastics generally requires less energy compared to conventional plastics, further reducing their environmental impact.

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blends. These blends are not biodegradable, but have a lower carbon footprint than petroleum-based plastics used for the same applications.

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1983: The first bioplastics company, Marlborough Biopolymers, is started which uses a bacteria-based bioplastic called biopal. (Feder 1985)

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or issued from monomers derived from the biomass and which, at some stage in its processing into finished products, can be shaped by flow.

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Mata, Teresa M.; Martins, António A.; Caetano, Nidia. S. (2010). "Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review".

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produced by certain bacteria processing glucose, corn starch or wastewater. Its characteristics are similar to those of the petroplastic

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claims that using its method of producing polyethylene from sugar cane ethanol captures (removes from the environment) 2.15 tonnes of CO

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Pillai, Prasanth K. S.; Floros, Michael C.; Narine, Suresh S. (2017-07-03). "Elastomers from Renewable Metathesized Palm Oil Polyols".

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The ASTM D5511-12 and ASTM D5526-12 are testing methods that comply with international standards such as the ISO DIS 15985 for the

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Chen, G.; Patel, M. (2012). "Plastics derived from biological sources: Present and future: P technical and environmental review".

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energy production. The biobased component of these bioplastics is considered carbon-neutral since their origin is from biomass.

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Rujnić-Sokele, Maja; Pilipović, Ana (September 2017). "Challenges and Opportunities of Biodegradable Plastics: A Mini Review".

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Razza, Francesco; Innocenti, Francesco Degli (2012). "Bioplastics from renewable resources: the benefits of biodegradability".

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Raschka, Achim; Carus, Michael; Piotrowski, Stephan (2013-10-04), "Renewable Raw Materials and Feedstock for Bioplastics",

4162: 3808:"Metathesis with Oleochemicals: New Approaches for the Utilization of Plant Oils as Renewable Resources in Polymer Science" 7787: 6740: 1012:

Many bioplastics are biodegradable, which helps to reduce waste and environmental pollution at the end of their lifecycle.

3493:"Micromidas is using carefully constructed populations of bacteria to convert organic waste into bio-degradable plastics" 1331:

1926: Maurice Lemoigne invents polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) which is the first bioplastic made from bacteria. (Thielen 2014)

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This article is about plastics made from renewable biomass. For the information on plastics that are biodegradable, see

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Ralston, Brian E.; Osswald, Tim A. (February 2008). "The History of Tomorrow's Materials: Protein-Based Biopolymers".

1826:. Under the right conditions, and over geological timescales, the remains of living organisms can be transformed into 1344:

illustrates the major role bioplastics played in the World War II victory effort and the American economy of the time.

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Bioplastics are derived from renewable sources, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of construction materials.

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Khwaldia, Khaoula; Elmira Arab-Tehrany; Stephane Desobry (2010). "Biopolymer Coatings on Paper Packaging Materials".

5021:

Rajam, Manchikatla V.; Yogindran, Sneha (2018), "Engineering Insect Resistance in Tomato by Transgenic Approaches",

1388:, dimethylsuberimidates, aldehydes, Factor XIII, dihomo bifunctional NHS esters, carbonyldiimide, glyoxyls [ 8046: 7475: 5616: 5591: 2522: 826: 815: 742: 427:

Starch-based bioplastics are often blended with biodegradable polyesters to produce starch/polylactic acid, starch/

203: 1033:

Using bioplastics can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to more efficient use of natural resources.

684:. PA 11 belongs to the technical polymers family and is not biodegradable. Its properties are similar to those of 48: 7930: 7892: 7822: 7812: 6750: 6610: 6537: 6452: 6391: 6125: 6011: 5924: 5749: 5566: 5556: 3084:"Roquette, nouvel acteur sur le marché des plastiques, lance GAÏALENE®: une gamme innovante de plastique végétal" 2763: 2696: 596: 1620: 1374:

2005: Cargill and Dow Chemicals is rebranded as NatureWorks and becomes the leading PLA producer. (Pennisi 2016)

7817: 7686: 7285: 6705: 6675: 6565: 6195: 6185: 6047: 5734: 5681: 5571: 1735: 851: 847: 435:) blends. These blends are used for industrial applications and are also compostable. Other producers, such as 395: 342:

are chemically identical to their fossil-fuel counterparts but made from renewable resources. Examples include

1105:

first such company to secure long-term financial success being the Italian company Novamont, founded in 1989.

7847: 7470: 7390: 7250: 6778: 6415: 5785: 5676: 5661: 5641: 4551: 1731: 1340: 895:

bioplastics or conventional plastics depends on what one considers the most important environmental impact.

4831:

Poirier, Yves; Dennis, Douglas; Klomparens, Karen; Nawrath, Christiane; Somerville, Chris (December 1992).

4796:

Lörcks, Jürgen (January 1998). "Properties and applications of compostable starch-based plastic material".

4032: 2861:

Li, Ming; Liu, Peng; Zou, Wei; Yu, Long; Xie, Fengwei; Pu, Huayin; Liu, Hongshen; Chen, Ling (2011-09-01).

917: 560: 7566: 7275: 6978: 6710: 6690: 6200: 6078: 5833: 5561: 5519: 5152:"Nano-cellulose derived bioplastic biomaterial data for vehicle bio-bumper from banana peel waste biomass" 704: 549: 376: 215: 3528:

Nohra, Bassam; Laure Candy; Jean-Francois Blanco; Celine Guerin; Yann Raoul; Zephirin Mouloungui (2013).

7995: 7945: 7925: 7872: 7205: 7155: 6878: 6873: 6532: 6522: 6497: 6380: 6084: 5729: 3571: 1954: 1949: 912: 638: 391: 305: 219: 31: 2347:

Piemonte, Vincenzo (2013). "Inside the Bioplastics World: An Alternative to Petroleum-based Plastics".

4679: 2221: 2156: 1603: 1326: 8036: 7965: 7827: 7355: 6670: 6502: 6100: 6095: 6068: 5986: 5225: 5163: 5116: 4570:

White, J. L. (December 1998). "Fourth in a Series: Pioneers of Polymer Processing Alexander Parkes".

4509: 4395: 3984: 3914: 3856: 3764: 3544: 3207: 2948: 2901: 2862: 2823: 2730: 2286: 2168: 2058: 888: 884: 735: 545: 3969:

Atiwesh, Ghada; Mikhael, Abanoub; Parrish, Christopher C.; Banoub, Joseph; Le, Tuyet-Anh T. (2021).

2348: 7852: 7661: 7460: 7300: 7180: 6640: 6230: 5991: 5914: 5828: 5780: 4478: 2547: 1778:

to be going away as fast as something else one has already established to be compostable under the

1371:

2001: Nick Tucker uses elephant grass as a bioplastic base to make plastic car parts. (Tucker 2001)

1322: 854:

and decreases non-renewable energy consumption. Firms worldwide would also be able to increase the

611: 576: 319: 175: 5090:"Methods and Apparatus for Manufacturing Plasma Based Plastics and Bioplastics Produced Therefrom" 2863:"Extrusion processing and characterization of edible starch films with different amylose contents" 8017: 7980: 7940: 7792: 7701: 7666: 7616: 7501: 7210: 7080: 7050: 6988: 6725: 6625: 6605: 6600: 6507: 6408: 6245: 6163: 5904: 5878: 5848: 5808: 5790: 5739: 5691: 5671: 5336: 4960: 4907: 4595: 4533: 4424: 4253: 3902: 3882: 3788: 3749: 3037:"Enhancing biopolymers: additives are needed for toughness, heat resistance & processability" 2929: 2539: 2495: 2419: 2257: 2202: 2116: 1525:

Bioflex film (blown, flat, injection molding) leads to many different applications of bioplastic

807: 167: 2947:

Xie, Fengwei; Yu, Long; Su, Bing; Liu, Peng; Wang, Jun; Liu, Hongshen; Chen, Ling (2009-05-01).

741:

Under the bioplastics manufacturing technologies there is the "plant factory" model, which uses

436: 37: 2744: 2590: 7985: 7970: 7842: 7762: 7757: 7671: 7646: 7631: 7611: 7581: 7561: 7440: 7410: 7245: 6818: 6700: 6660: 6542: 6527: 6482: 6457: 6375: 6341: 6261: 6073: 5895: 5813: 5512: 5474: 5328: 5320: 5282: 5251: 5197: 5179: 5132: 5070: 5034: 5003: 4995: 4952: 4932: 4889: 4854: 4813: 4771: 4753: 4716: 4633: 4587: 4525: 4459: 4282: 3930: 3829: 3780: 3748:

Stemmelen, M.; Pessel, F.; Lapinte, V.; Caillol, S.; Habas, J.-P.; Robin, J.-J. (2011-06-01).

3730: 3640: 3632: 3597: 3447: 3393: 3385: 3346: 3311: 3293: 3246: 3227: 3188: 3126: 2968: 2921: 2882: 2843: 2671: 2636: 2487: 2366: 2354: 2327: 2249: 2241: 2194: 2092: 2074: 1904: 1836: 1678: 1650:

6400 standard is the regulatory framework for the United States and has similar requirements.

834: 787: 489: 474: 223: 8000: 7990: 7807: 7636: 7591: 7551: 7541: 7405: 7320: 7100: 6998: 6893: 6868: 6783: 6735: 6680: 6512: 6477: 6462: 6447: 6266: 5961: 5863: 5838: 5770: 5636: 5631: 5576: 5312: 5274: 5241: 5233: 5187: 5171: 5124: 5062: 5026: 4987: 4944: 4881: 4844: 4805: 4745: 4708: 4625: 4579: 4517: 4451: 4403: 4399: 4311: 4272: 4262: 4002: 3992: 3922: 3872: 3864: 3819: 3772: 3722: 3695: 3668: 3624: 3587: 3552: 3437: 3411: 3377: 3338: 3301: 3285: 3219: 3180: 3118: 2995: 2960: 2913: 2874: 2835: 2663: 2628: 2531: 2479: 2467: 2409: 2399: 2358: 2319: 2294: 2233: 2184: 2176: 2135: 2125: 2082: 2066: 2022: 1989: 1980: 1924: 1860: 1852: 1843: 1291: 927: 738:

corn being a common feedstock, it is unsurprising that some bioplastics are made from this.

428: 275:: Bioplastic is misleading because it suggests that any polymer derived from the biomass is 179: 2468:"Biobased Building Blocks and Polymers—Global Capacities, Production and Trends, 2018–2023" 1093: 680:

derived from natural oil. It is also known under the tradename Rilsan B, commercialized by

7960: 7955: 7935: 7857: 7777: 7732: 7696: 7651: 7586: 7556: 7310: 7295: 7200: 7095: 6993: 6590: 6487: 6130: 6116: 5981: 5868: 5858: 5626: 5498: 4558: 4408: 4383: 3672: 2445: 1677:, have obtained these certificates. Additive-based bioplastics sold as photodegradable or 798: 572: 565: 485: 211: 199: 166:

as a raw material, which is a finite and globally unevenly distributed resource linked to

42: 1557:

Bioplastic made from blood and a cross-linking agent which is used in medical procedures

285:: The use of the term "bioplastic" is discouraged. Use the expression "biobased polymer". 5701: 5463:

Plastics Without Petroleum History and Politics of 'Green' Plastics in the United States

5229: 5167: 5120: 4513: 3988: 3918: 3860: 3768: 3548: 2806: 2787: 2290: 2172: 2062: 1689:

The ASTM D 6002 method for determining the compostability of a plastic defined the word

1351:

1970s: The environmental movement spurred more development in bioplastics. (Rogers 2005)

865:

Other environmental impacts of bioplastics include exerting lower human and terrestrial

335:

are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings.

269:: Bioplastic is generally used as the opposite of polymer derived from fossil resources. 7920: 7915: 7887: 7737: 7711: 7706: 7596: 7516: 7506: 7420: 7395: 7365: 7325: 7140: 7075: 7018: 6923: 6908: 6888: 6798: 6650: 6645: 6570: 6159: 5971: 5873: 5744: 5192: 5151: 5089: 5030: 4849: 4832: 4455: 4277: 4248: 4138: 4007: 3970: 3529: 3364:

Zhang, Jinwen; Jiang, Long; Zhu, Linyong; Jane, Jay-lin; Mungara, Perminus (May 2006).

3342: 3306: 3273: 3223: 3122: 2839: 2220:

Pellis, Alessandro; Malinconico, Mario; Guarneri, Alice; Gardossi, Lucia (2021-01-25).

2087: 2046: 1940:

Health concerns of certain non-biodegradable (fossil fuel-based) plastic food packaging

1939: 1880: 1819: 843: 493: 451: 310: 100: 5066: 4809: 3150: 587:. Superficially, it is similar to conventional petrochemical-based mass plastics like 512: 8030: 7877: 7772: 7742: 7691: 7681: 7626: 7606: 7415: 7385: 7330: 7055: 6918: 6665: 6492: 6472: 6346: 6153: 5939: 5929: 5919: 5823: 5724: 5646: 5596: 4749: 4599: 2667: 2499: 2423: 2261: 2206: 1929: 1638: 1410: 1334:

1930s: The first bioplastic car was made from soy beans by Henry Ford. (Thielen 2014)

1159: 875: 802: 771: 623: 619: 387: 229: 68: 5340: 5150:

Sharif Hossain, A.B.M.; Ibrahim, Nasir A.; AlEissa, Mohammed Saad (September 2016).

4537: 3886: 3792: 3113:

Avérous, Luc; Pollet, Eric (2014), "Nanobiocomposites Based on Plasticized Starch",

2933: 2543: 2298: 7521: 7450: 7380: 7370: 7360: 7345: 7280: 7185: 7065: 7045: 7038: 7028: 7023: 6928: 6853: 6823: 6788: 6755: 6655: 6630: 5966: 5956: 5818: 5666: 5611: 5586: 5104: 4991: 2878: 2515:"Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)" 1944: 1827: 783: 775: 714: 685: 673: 470: 207: 5316: 5237: 5088:

Campbell, Phil G.; Burgess, James E.; Weiss, Lee E.; Smith, Jason (18 June 2015).

4370: 3997: 3699: 3442: 2917: 2180: 1646:) of polymeric ingredients within 180 days, plant toxicity and heavy metals. The 926:

different environments hence they are more acceptable than conventional plastics.

5467: 3214:. Progress in Bionanocomposites: from green plastics to biomedical applications. 2027: 2010: 1085:

transform the construction industry and contribute to a more sustainable future.

7802: 7767: 7641: 7430: 7305: 7290: 7255: 7235: 7225: 7195: 7165: 7145: 7090: 7013: 6828: 6760: 6745: 6695: 6580: 6149: 6121: 6056: 5976: 5775: 5656: 5651: 5419:"NNFCC Newsletter – Issue 16. Understanding Bio-based Content — NNFCC" 4219: 2404: 2387: 2323: 1791: 1674: 880: 866: 588: 420: 403: 380: 222:, exist. Bioplastics must be recycled similar to fossil-based plastics to avoid 163: 156: 148: 140: 124: 76: 72: 4978:

DiGregorio, Barry E. (January 2009). "Biobased Performance Bioplastic: Mirel".

4885: 4629: 3868: 3184: 2483: 2070: 465: 7882: 7862: 7752: 7621: 7546: 7435: 7350: 7215: 7175: 7115: 7085: 7008: 6983: 6933: 6803: 6635: 6620: 6595: 6575: 6517: 6225: 5853: 5843: 5707: 5462: 5354: 5278: 5175: 4247:

Narancic, Tanja; Cerrone, Federico; Beagan, Niall; O’Connor, Kevin E. (2020).

3926: 2964: 2949:"Rheological properties of starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios" 2362: 2237: 1899: 1870: 1670: 1385: 1312: 791: 692: 677: 608: 440: 332: 96: 92: 5324: 5255: 5246: 5183: 5136: 5074: 4999: 4956: 4893: 4858: 4817: 4757: 4591: 4521: 4463: 3934: 3833: 3784: 3734: 3636: 3389: 3365: 3350: 3297: 3231: 3192: 2972: 2925: 2886: 2847: 2535: 2491: 2245: 2198: 2078: 7975: 7782: 7576: 7465: 7455: 7445: 7400: 7375: 7220: 7105: 7060: 7003: 6770: 6615: 6547: 6431: 6314: 6220: 6190: 6060: 5621: 5606: 5581: 1976:"Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials" 1914: 1823: 1811: 1666: 1658: 1295: 891:

and increases the carbon costs while diverting land from its existing uses

811: 779: 758: 642: 615: 541: 537: 497: 481: 351: 326: 152: 108: 84: 17: 5332: 5201: 5007: 4529: 4286: 3824: 3807: 3644: 3601: 3397: 3315: 3289: 2675: 2640: 2253: 2096: 5397: 5376: 4382:

Ekawardhani, Y. A.; Pasaribu, C. Y.; Rohmah, A. N.; Salsabila, O. (2021).

4267: 3877: 2822:

Liu, Hongsheng; Xie, Fengwei; Yu, Long; Chen, Ling; Li, Lin (2009-12-01).

2130: 2111: 7797: 7747: 7656: 7526: 7485: 7315: 7240: 7230: 7135: 7070: 6973: 6958: 6903: 6843: 6720: 6685: 6585: 6235: 4552:

https://compostingcouncil.org/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Dolfen.pdf

3592: 3575: 3206:

Xie, Fengwei; Pollet, Eric; Halley, Peter J.; Avérous, Luc (2013-10-01).

2902:"Gelatinization of cornstarch with different amylose/amylopectin content" 1934: 1662: 1305: 1284: 646: 584: 411: 407: 399: 116: 112: 4712: 4220:"Biodegradable bioplastics - Insurance against waste or risky shortcut?" 3272:

Song, J. H.; Murphy, R. J.; Narayan, R.; Davies, G. B. H. (2009-07-27).

2414: 2189: 2140: 2110:

Di Bartolo, Alberto; Infurna, Giulia; Dintcheva, Nadka Tzankova (2021).

7536: 7531: 7480: 7190: 6938: 6793: 6363: 6240: 6212: 6141: 6043: 5765: 5535: 4964: 4583: 3975: 3776: 2350:

Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering Innovative Technologies

2157:"Life cycle assessment of bio-based and fossil-based plastic: A review" 2045:

Rosenboom, Jan-Georg; Langer, Robert; Traverso, Giovanni (2022-02-20).

1994: 1975: 1919: 1894: 1831: 1691: 1097: 719: 710: 661: 416: 347: 258: 195: 183: 132: 120: 88: 64: 60: 5128: 3556: 3381: 3278:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2999: 2632: 1541:

Mirel (100% biodegradable plastic) by Metabolic inc. is market tested

1517:

PHB can be produced by Arabidopsis thaliana (a small flowering plant)

7950: 7335: 7033: 6898: 6863: 6858: 6833: 6813: 4315: 3726: 3628: 3576:"Mechanically Activated, Catalyst-Free Polyhydroxyurethane Vitrimers" 3274:"Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics" 3171:

Cate, Peter (January 2017). "Collaboration delivers better results".

1889: 1654: 1625: 830: 681: 431:

or starch/Ecoflex (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate produced by

355: 343: 128: 104: 4948: 2112:"A Review of Bioplastics and Their Adoption in the Circular Economy" 1738:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5475:"The Social construction of Bakelite: Toward a theory of invention" 4833:"Perspectives on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in plants" 3903:"Beyond Plastic: Oleogel as gel-state biodegradable thermoplastics" 3530:"From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes" 1599:

Bioplastics Development Center - University of Massachusetts Lowell

1581:

Bioplastics made from lignocellulosic resources (dry plant matter)

7340: 7260: 7160: 6883: 5105:"Direct Transformation of Edible Vegetable Waste into Bioplastics" 1767: 1602: 1594: 1092: 916: 900: 871: 825: 657: 653: 626: 592: 580: 559: 511: 464: 375: 304: 144: 136: 80: 47: 36: 3366:"Morphology and Properties of Soy Protein and Polylactide Blends" 2900:

Liu, Hongsheng; Yu, Long; Xie, Fengwei; Chen, Ling (2006-08-15).

940:

2000s, driven by the global push for greener building practices.

874:

depletion compared to conventional plastics; this is a result of

552:(PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH). 95:, etc. Some bioplastics are obtained by processing directly from 7170: 7110: 6848: 5601: 4249:"Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation" 2598: 1647: 432: 6404: 6015: 5508: 2222:"Renewable polymers and plastics: Performance beyond the green" 7265: 6968: 6963: 6953: 6838: 6808: 4358:"Can Bioplastics Replace Traditional Materials in Building? -" 1770:/compost as the end product. The only criterion this standard 1703: 1608: 691:

A similar plastic is Polyamide 410 (PA 410), derived 70% from

4674: 4672: 4344:"Bioplastics and conventional plastics: Comparative analysis" 1974:

Marichelvam, M. K.; Jawaid, Mohammad; Asim, Mohammad (2019).

1509:

PLA from corn - Dr. Patrick R. Gruber; Matter-bi - Novamount

151:

plastics (also called petro-based polymers) are derived from

6400: 996:

Benefits of Bioplastics in Construction Environmental Impact

178:

studies show that some bioplastics can be made with a lower

5504: 4908:"The History and Most Important Innovations of Bioplastics" 4425:"The History and Most Important Innovations of Bioplastics" 2720:

Duurzame bioplastics op basis van hernieuwbare grondstoffen

2757:"Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals" 2690:"Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals" 1681:

do not comply with these standards in their current form.

4388:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

4033:"Are biodegradable plastics better for the environment?" 2591:"Electroactive Bioplastics Flex Their Industrial Muscle" 1822:, so new plant material will contain both carbon-14 and 1325:

was isolated and characterised by French microbiologist

162:

One advantage of bioplastics is their independence from

5492:

Assessment of China's Market for Biodegradable Plastics

3059:"BASF announces major bioplastics production expansion" 2809:. Instructables.com (2007-07-26). Retrieved 2011-08-14. 1727: 770:

A number bioplastic classes have been synthesized from

3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3468:"Mirel: PHAs grades for Rigid Sheet and Thermoforming" 2740: 2738: 1589:

Bioplastic furniture, bio-nylon, packaging from fruit

1396:

Pignatelli, Ruffilli, Cingolani, and Athanassiou 2014)

1315:

out of wood, cotton, or hemp cellulose. (Thielen 2014)

516:

Development of an edible casein film overwrap at USDA

3014:"Starch based Bioplastic Manufacturers and Suppliers" 2656:

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

797:

In 2024, Lamanna et al. introduced oleogels based on

4442:"Ready to Grow: The Biodegradable Polymers Market". 3757:

Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry

2392:

Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research

7906: 7725: 7494: 7124: 6769: 6556: 6438: 6334: 6297: 6254: 6211: 6173: 6140: 6109: 6055: 6004: 5949: 5894: 5887: 5799: 5758: 5715: 5542: 5023:

Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato

4055:"Biodegradable Plastic: Is It Really Eco-Friendly?" 794:, there is huge potential for growth in this area. 325:Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as 4330:"Bioplastics Market Size USD 19.2 Billion by 2030" 3971:"Environmental impact of bioplastic use: A review" 4163:Bioplastic Feedstock 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generations 247:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 182:than their fossil counterparts, for example when 5479:The Social Construction of Technological Systems 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 3412:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places" 1657:-based plastics, PLA-based plastics and certain 1633:Industrial compostability – EN 13432, ASTM D6400 135:), while others are chemically synthesized from 6468:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging 4872:"Monsanto finds buyer for oil and gas assets". 4624:, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 331–345, 4384:"Bioplastic Technology as Packaging Innovation" 4371:https://itechmag.org/paper/volume%201/03-08.pdf 3574:; Marc A. Hillmyer; William R. Dichtel (2015). 2315:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 921:Packaging air pillow made of PLA-blend bio-flex 718:can be recycled. The Brazilian chemicals group 309:Boxed products made from bioplastics and other 251: 27:Plastics derived from renewable biomass sources 5311:. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.: 392–400. 3433:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2788:"Types of Bioplastic | InnovativeIndustry.net" 2386:Fredi, Giulia; Dorigato, Andrea (2021-07-01). 2015:World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 2011:"Bioplastic for future: A review then and now" 850:. Bioplastic production significantly reduces 329:, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws. 6416: 6027: 5520: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 2824:"Thermal processing of starch-based polymers" 1485:Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) - Maurice Lemoigne 8: 4303:Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 4234:"Environmental Benefits of Plastic Formwork" 1774:describe is that a compostable plastic must 1573:Car bumper made from banana peel bioplastic 383:made from bioplastics (thermoplastic starch) 237:of fossil plastics also steadily increases. 7602:Hazard analysis and critical control points 3688:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 3247:"That's a Wrap: Edible Food Wraps from ARS" 2312:Lackner, Maximilian (2015). "Bioplastics". 1802:The ASTM has yet to replace this standard. 1493:Soy bean-based bioplastic car - Henry Ford 6423: 6409: 6401: 6034: 6020: 6012: 5891: 5527: 5513: 5505: 4183:doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018. 1477:Polylactic Acid (PLA) - Wallace Carothers 1100:made of polylactide (PLA) (peppermint tea) 726:per tonne of Green Polyethylene produced. 446:Starch is cheap, abundant, and renewable. 52:Flower wrapping made of PLA-blend bio-flex 7512:Automatic identification and data capture 5501:, May 2017, GCiS China Strategic Research 5245: 5191: 4848: 4407: 4276: 4266: 4006: 3996: 3876: 3823: 3591: 3441: 3305: 2413: 2403: 2388:"Recycling of bioplastic waste: A review" 2188: 2139: 2129: 2086: 2026: 1993: 1842:There is an important difference between 1818:from the atmosphere is used by plants in 1754:Learn how and when to remove this message 3849:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3580:Journal of the American Chemical Society 1619: 1611:made with bioplastics (Polylactide, PLA) 1420: 1115: 858:of their products by using bioplastics 622:(PP). PHB production is increasing. The 5053:"Nanotube technology gains US patent". 4736:"New fibre could make stronger parts". 3108: 3106: 3104: 1966: 210:), and degradable bioplastics, such as 5617:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 3436:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–29. 3035:Sherman, Lilli Manolis (1 July 2008). 2155:Walker, S.; Rothman, R. (2020-07-10). 1533:PHB can be produced by elephant grass 1469:Cellophane - Jacques E. Brandenberger 1290:1862: At the Great London Exhibition, 1272:History and development of bioplastics 935:Bioplastics for construction materials 5557:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 5552:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 3673:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.02.016 3570:Fortman, David J.; Jacob P. Brutman; 2817: 2815: 1642:(conversion of organic carbon into CO 1565:Bioplastic made from vegetable waste 1549:Bioplastic is developed from seaweed 1409:2019: Five different types of Chitin 202:(bio-based analogues of fossil-based 7: 6914:Flexible intermediate bulk container 6369:List of environmental health hazards 6289:List of environmental health hazards 4022:doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010. 3812:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 3147:"Better Paper, Plastics With Starch" 2047:"Bioplastics for a circular economy" 2040: 2038: 1429:Bioplastic Discovery or Development 3806:Meier, Michael A. R. (2009-07-21). 3047:from the original on 17 April 2016. 2438:"Bioplastics (PLA) - World Centric" 496:) and their derivatives, including 7898:Vertical form fill sealing machine 6174:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 5031:10.1016/b978-0-12-802441-6.00010-3 4850:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x 4456:10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01489.x 4423:Barrett, Axel (5 September 2018). 4100:doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.003. 3715:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3343:10.1002/j.1941-9635.2008.tb00292.x 3224:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.002 3123:10.1016/b978-0-444-53730-0.00028-2 2988:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2840:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.07.001 1283:1855: First (inferior) version of 774:and animal derived fats and oils. 63:materials produced from renewable 25: 7868:Rotary wheel blow molding systems 6716:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags 4798:Polymer Degradation and Stability 3661:Polymer Degradation and Stability 3208:"Starch-based nano-biocomposites" 1794:. Its description is as follows: 1501:Biopal - Marlborough Biopolymers 1081:eco-friendly building materials. 8012: 8011: 7838:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper 5706: 5700: 5592:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 5567:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 5269:"26. Biofuels and bioplastics". 4572:International Polymer Processing 4053:Miles, Lindsay (22 March 2018). 2668:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00095.x 2278:Science of The Total Environment 1873: 1708: 398:. Pure starch is able to absorb 367:Polysaccharide-based bioplastics 318:being developed that promise to 7572:Electronic article surveillance 7426:Shock and vibration data logger 7271:Linear low-density polyethylene 5572:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) 4874:Chemical & Engineering News 4502:Waste Management & Research 4409:10.1088/1757-899X/1158/1/012008 2299:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167243 1910:Organisms breaking down plastic 1178:Biodegradable foils for diapers 730:Genetically modified feedstocks 8042:Biodegradable waste management 7677:Radio-frequency identification 5935:Category:Plastics applications 5682:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) 5677:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 5662:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 5025:, Elsevier, pp. 237–252, 4992:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.01.001 4653:"Soybean Car - The Henry Ford" 3959:doi:10.1080/15567030903436830. 3117:, Elsevier, pp. 211–239, 2879:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.04.021 2589:Suszkiw, Jan (December 2005). 1855:– ASTM D5511-02 and ASTM D5526 1445:Celluloid - John Wesley Hyatt 504:less hydrophilic than starch. 439:, have developed other starch/ 1: 7788:Extended core stretch wrapper 6741:Single-serve coffee container 5642:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) 5317:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.089 5238:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.209 5218:Journal of Cleaner Production 5067:10.1016/s0034-3617(04)00461-8 4935:(1992-05-16). "Natureworks". 4810:10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00168-7 4479:"Bioplastics Industry Report" 4139:"The truth about bioplastics" 3998:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07918 3700:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00517 3443:10.1002/14356007.n21_n01.pub2 2918:10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.026 2601:Agricultural Research Service 2181:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121158 2161:Journal of Cleaner Production 1437:Parkesine - Alexander Parkes 1304:1907: Leo Baekeland invented 907:Biodegradation of Bioplastics 747:genetically modified bacteria 6944:Insulated shipping container 6359:Persistent organic pollutant 6320:Toxic Substances Control Act 6279:Persistent organic pollutant 5562:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 5469:Plastics and the environment 4750:10.1016/0034-3617(95)91746-2 4680:"A Brief History of Plastic" 4477:Darby, Debra (August 2012). 3907:Chemical Engineering Journal 3145:Avant, Sandra (April 2017). 2028:10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.2.0054 1311:1912: Brandenberger invents 1278:List of bioplastic producers 948:Applications in Construction 856:environmental sustainability 249:define biobased polymer as: 7833:Material-handling equipment 7717:Verification and validation 6949:Intermediate bulk container 6731:Self-heating food packaging 6352:Great Pacific garbage patch 6274:Great Pacific garbage patch 5687:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 5602:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 3212:Progress in Polymer Science 2867:Journal of Food Engineering 2828:Progress in Polymer Science 2405:10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.06.006 2324:10.1002/0471238961.koe00006 1734:the claims made and adding 1685:Compostability – ASTM D6002 1453:Galalith - German chemists 1194:Diapers, 100% biodegradable 484:bioplastics are mainly the 8063: 7476:Time temperature indicator 6315:Japan Toxic Substances Law 6110:Miscellaneous plasticizers 5273:. 2015. pp. 141–148. 4886:10.1021/cen-v063n048.p005a 4630:10.1002/9781118676646.ch13 3869:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020 3251:USDA Agricultural Research 3185:10.1016/j.repl.2016.09.002 2523:Pure and Applied Chemistry 2484:10.1089/ind.2019.29179.rch 2071:10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8 1628:made of PLA-blend bio-flex 1275: 1247: 1231: 1215: 1199: 1183: 1167: 1148: 1132: 1046:Challenges and Limitations 910: 816:fused filament fabrication 743:genetically modified crops 709:The basic building block ( 702: 204:polyethylene terephthalate 29: 8009: 7931:Environmental engineering 7893:Turntable stretch wrapper 7823:Lineshaft roller conveyor 7813:Injection molding machine 6751:Toothpaste pump dispenser 6611:Disposable food packaging 6453:Child-resistant packaging 6389: 6310:European REACH regulation 6305:California Proposition 65 6048:polyhalogenated compounds 5925:High-performance plastics 5750:High-performance plastics 5698: 5421:. Nnfcc.co.uk. 2010-02-24 5279:10.1515/9783110351705.141 5176:10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.029 5061:(10): 17. November 2004. 4837:FEMS Microbiology Letters 3927:10.1016/j.cej.2024.154988 2965:10.1016/j.jcs.2009.01.002 2953:Journal of Cereal Science 2363:10.1002/9781118629703.ch8 2238:10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.003 1786:Withdrawal of ASTM D 6002 1461:Bakelite - Leo Baekeland 1121: 597:fused deposition modeling 532:Some aliphatic polyesters 7818:Label printer applicator 7687:Shearing (manufacturing) 7286:Low-density polyethylene 6706:Pharmaceutical packaging 6676:Low plastic water bottle 6566:Alternative wine closure 5735:Fibre-reinforced plastic 5672:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 4522:10.1177/0734242x16683272 4035:. Axion. 6 February 2018 3617:Chemical Society Reviews 3245:OBrien (February 2018). 2536:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04 2472:Industrial Biotechnology 2051:Nature Reviews Materials 1001:Reduced Carbon Footprint 852:greenhouse gas emissions 749:to optimize efficiency. 699:Bio-derived polyethylene 461:Cellulose-based plastics 277:environmentally friendly 7848:Orbital stretch wrapper 7471:Temperature data logger 7391:Pressure-sensitive tape 7251:Humidity indicator card 6779:Aerosol spray dispenser 5786:Biodegradable additives 4980:Chemistry & Biology 4400:2021MS&E.1158a2008E 1341:The Tree in a Test Tube 792:microalgae derived oils 69:vegetable fats and oils 7567:Die forming (plastics) 7276:Liquid packaging board 6979:Multilayered packaging 6711:Plastic milk container 6691:Optical disc packaging 6201:Perfluorooctanoic acid 5637:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 5632:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 5577:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 4450:(3): 1–4. March 2016. 3825:10.1002/macp.200900168 3290:10.1098/rstb.2008.0289 3149:. USDA. Archived from 1800: 1702: 1629: 1612: 1600: 1101: 922: 838: 766:Lipid derived polymers 705:Renewable polyethylene 645:produced in nature by 612:poly-3-hydroxybutyrate 603:Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate 569: 550:poly-3-hydroxybutyrate 517: 508:Protein-based plastics 478: 384: 320:carry electric current 314: 298: 293:life cycle assessments 216:polybutylene succinate 53: 45: 41:Biodegradable plastic 7996:Sustainable packaging 7946:Life-cycle assessment 7926:Closed-loop box reuse 7873:Seed-counting machine 7206:Corrugated fiberboard 7156:Biodegradable plastic 6879:Corrugated box design 6533:Sustainable packaging 6523:Shelf-ready packaging 6498:Packaging engineering 6381:Biodegradable plastic 5730:Thermosetting polymer 5627:Polylactic acid (PLA) 5305:Carbohydrate Polymers 4880:(48): 5. 1985-12-02. 4268:10.3390/polym12040920 3572:Christopher J. Cramer 3018:bioplasticsonline.net 2906:Carbohydrate Polymers 2731:What are bioplastics? 2513:Vert, Michel (2012). 2131:10.3390/polym13081229 1955:Sustainable packaging 1950:Organic photovoltaics 1806:Biobased – ASTM D6866 1796: 1697: 1624:A bioplastic shampoo 1623: 1606: 1598: 1276:Further information: 1096: 920: 913:Biodegradable plastic 911:Further information: 829: 639:Polyhydroxyalkanoates 634:Polyhydroxyalkanoates 563: 556:Polylactic acid (PLA) 546:polyhydroxyalkanoates 515: 468: 379: 372:Starch-based plastics 308: 301:Proposed applications 220:polyhydroxyalkanoates 172:environmental impacts 51: 40: 32:biodegradable plastic 7966:PET bottle recycling 7828:Logistics automation 7356:Plastic-coated paper 6503:Resealable packaging 6392:Identification codes 5992:Foam food containers 5915:Engineering plastics 5271:Industrial Chemistry 4657:www.thehenryford.org 4444:Plastics Engineering 3818:(13–14): 1073–1079. 3593:10.1021/jacs.5b08084 3499:on October 23, 2011. 3331:Plastics Engineering 2807:Make Potato Plastic! 2357:. pp. 181–198. 1089:Industry and markets 1068:Limited Applications 889:carbon sequestration 885:loss of biodiversity 822:Environmental impact 806:techniques, such as 757:The condensation of 753:Polyhydroxyurethanes 568:(PLA)-blend bio-flex 8018:Category: Packaging 7853:Packaging machinery 7662:Product development 7461:Tamper-evident band 7301:Modified atmosphere 6641:Foam food container 6231:Endocrine disruptor 5829:Compression molding 5781:Polymer stabilizers 5230:2017JCPro.162..646B 5168:2016DIB.....8..286S 5121:2014MaMol..47.5135B 5055:Reinforced Plastics 4744:(5): 17. May 1995. 4738:Reinforced Plastics 4713:10.18411/d-2016-154 4514:2017WMR....35..132R 4360:. 2 September 2024. 4236:. 2 September 2021. 3989:2021Heliy...707918A 3919:2024ChEnJ.49854988L 3861:2010RSERv..14..217M 3769:2011JPoSA..49.2434S 3586:(44): 14019–14022. 3549:2013MaMol..46.3771N 3284:(1526): 2127–2139. 3173:Reinforced Plastics 3041:Plastics Technology 3024:on August 14, 2011. 2745:Drop in bioplastics 2291:2023ScTEn.90467243T 2173:2020JCPro.26121158W 2063:2022NatRM...7..117R 1669:compounds, such as 1422: 1323:Polyhydroxybutyrate 1226:Vegetable packaging 1030:Resource Efficiency 971:Panels and Cladding 577:transparent plastic 564:Mulch film made of 392:gelatinizing starch 340:drop-in bioplastics 338:Bioplastics called 176:Life cycle analysis 139:derivatives (e.g., 97:natural biopolymers 7981:Reusable packaging 7941:Industrial ecology 7702:Ultrasonic welding 7667:Production control 7617:Injection moulding 7502:Aseptic processing 7211:Corrugated plastic 7081:Steel and tin cans 7051:Shipping container 6989:Packet (container) 6726:Seasonal packaging 6626:Evidence packaging 6606:Currency packaging 6601:Cosmetic packaging 6508:Reusable packaging 6246:Polymer fume fever 5905:Commodity plastics 5879:Rotational molding 5849:Fiberglass molding 5809:Injection moulding 5791:Filler (materials) 5740:Corrugated plastic 5692:Tritan copolyester 5647:Polypropylene (PP) 5597:Polycarbonate (PC) 5497:2021-09-04 at the 5481:, pp. 155–182 5355:"Compostable.info" 4933:Pennisi, Elizabeth 4622:Bio-Based Plastics 4584:10.3139/217.980326 4557:2018-09-26 at the 3777:10.1002/pola.24674 3416:smithsonianmag.com 1995:10.3390/fib7040032 1719:possibly contains 1630: 1616:Testing procedures 1613: 1601: 1421: 1143:Organic waste bags 1102: 923: 903:as the feedstock. 839: 570: 518: 479: 385: 315: 168:petroleum politics 54: 46: 8047:Polymer chemistry 8024: 8023: 7986:Reverse logistics 7971:Plastic recycling 7843:Multihead weigher 7763:Cartoning machine 7758:Cap torque tester 7672:Quality assurance 7647:Plastic extrusion 7612:Induction sealing 7582:Extrusion coating 7441:Staple (fastener) 7411:Security printing 7246:Hot-melt adhesive 6819:Biodegradable bag 6661:Glass milk bottle 6543:Tamper resistance 6483:Package pilferage 6458:Contract packager 6398: 6397: 6376:Plastic recycling 6342:Plastic pollution 6328: 6327: 6262:Plastic pollution 6042:Health issues of 6000: 5999: 5896:Plastics industry 5814:Plastic extrusion 5667:Polyurethane (PU) 5657:Polysulfone (PES) 5612:Polyethylene (PE) 5587:Polybutylene (PB) 5288:978-3-11-035169-9 5247:20.500.12219/4447 5129:10.1021/ma5008557 5115:(15): 5135–5143. 5040:978-0-12-802441-6 4722:978-5-91243-072-5 4684:The Brooklyn Rail 4639:978-1-118-67664-6 4310:(S3): S301–S309. 3763:(11): 2434–2444. 3667:(10): 1970–1978. 3557:10.1021/ma400197c 3543:(10): 3771–3792. 3382:10.1021/bm050888p 3370:Biomacromolecules 3218:(10): 1590–1628. 3132:978-0-444-53730-0 3000:10.1002/app.45504 2834:(12): 1348–1368. 2633:10.1021/cr200162d 2595:News & Events 2333:978-0-471-48494-3 2226:New Biotechnology 1905:BioSphere Plastic 1837:mass spectrometer 1764: 1763: 1756: 1721:original research 1679:Oxo Biodegradable 1593: 1592: 1269: 1268: 1127:Catering products 1025:Economic Benefits 1017:Energy Efficiency 957:biodegradability. 835:cellulose acetate 808:injection molding 788:olefin metathesis 641:(PHA) are linear 490:cellulose acetate 475:cellulose acetate 471:packaging blister 381:Packaging peanuts 256:derived from the 224:plastic pollution 67:sources, such as 16:(Redirected from 8054: 8015: 8014: 8001:Waste management 7991:Source reduction 7808:Industrial robot 7712:Vacuum packaging 7637:Package tracking 7592:Glass production 7552:Corona treatment 7542:Containerization 7406:Screw cap (wine) 7321:Oxygen scavenger 6784:Aluminium bottle 6736:Screw cap (wine) 6681:Luxury packaging 6513:Reuse of bottles 6478:Package delivery 6463:Edible packaging 6448:Active packaging 6425: 6418: 6411: 6402: 6267:Rubber pollution 6117:Organophosphates 6036: 6029: 6022: 6013: 5892: 5864:Filament winding 5839:Transfer molding 5766:Polymer additive 5710: 5704: 5652:Polystyrene (PS) 5529: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5375:. Archived from 5365: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4912:Bioplastics News 4904: 4898: 4897: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4843:(2–4): 237–246. 4828: 4822: 4821: 4804:(1–3): 245–249. 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4776:Bioplastics News 4768: 4762: 4761: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4617: 4604: 4603: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4429:Bioplastics News 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4379: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4316:10.1002/apj.1648 4297: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4270: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3939: 3938: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3727:10.1002/app.1414 3710: 3704: 3703: 3694:(7): 5793–5799. 3683: 3677: 3676: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3629:10.1039/b703294c 3623:(11): 1788–802. 3612: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3495:. Archived from 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3470:. Archived from 3464: 3458: 3457: 3445: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3376:(5): 1551–1561. 3361: 3355: 3354: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3110: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3061:. Archived from 3055: 3049: 3048: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3020:. Archived from 3010: 3004: 3003: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2762:. Archived from 2761: 2753: 2747: 2742: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2695:. Archived from 2694: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2627:(4): 2082–2099. 2621:Chemical Reviews 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2546:. Archived from 2519: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2444:. Archived from 2442:worldcentric.org 2434: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2407: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2192: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2133: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2090: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1971: 1925:Edible tableware 1883: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1861:biodegradability 1853:biodegradability 1844:biodegradability 1759: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736:inline citations 1712: 1711: 1704: 1423: 1327:Maurice Lemoigne 1292:Alexander Parkes 1250: 1234: 1218: 1202: 1186: 1170: 1151: 1135: 1122:Tonnes per year 1116: 1076:Future Prospects 1009:Biodegradability 928:Biodegradability 810:, hot pressing, 599:in 3D printers. 548:(PHAs) like the 486:cellulose esters 429:polycaprolactone 396:solution casting 254:Biobased polymer 241:IUPAC definition 230:Biodegradability 180:carbon footprint 21: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8005: 7961:Paper recycling 7956:Packaging waste 7936:Glass recycling 7908: 7902: 7858:Pallet inverter 7778:Conveyor system 7733:Barcode printer 7721: 7697:Track and trace 7652:Plastic welding 7587:Flame treatment 7557:Curtain coating 7490: 7311:Nonwoven fabric 7296:Metallised film 7201:Container glass 7128: 7126: 7120: 7096:Tub (container) 6994:Padded envelope 6765: 6591:Case-ready meat 6558: 6552: 6488:Package testing 6440: 6434: 6429: 6399: 6394: 6385: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6293: 6250: 6207: 6169: 6136: 6105: 6051: 6040: 6006: 5996: 5945: 5883: 5869:Solvent bonding 5859:Plastic welding 5801: 5795: 5754: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5696: 5607:Polyester (PEs) 5544: 5538: 5533: 5499:Wayback Machine 5488: 5459: 5457:Further reading 5454: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5382: 5380: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5020: 5019: 5015: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4949:10.2307/3976489 4943:(20): 328–331. 4931: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4661: 4659: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4619: 4618: 4607: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4559:Wayback Machine 4549: 4545: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4346:. 26 June 2023. 4342: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4068: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3942: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3115:Starch Polymers 3112: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1857: 1817: 1808: 1788: 1760: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1725: 1713: 1709: 1687: 1645: 1635: 1618: 1280: 1274: 1253: 1248: 1242:Tyre components 1237: 1232: 1221: 1216: 1205: 1200: 1189: 1184: 1173: 1168: 1154: 1149: 1138: 1133: 1091: 1078: 1048: 1027: 998: 950: 937: 915: 909: 824: 799:ethyl cellulose 768: 755: 732: 725: 707: 701: 671: 636: 605: 573:Polylactic acid 566:polylactic acid 558: 534: 510: 463: 374: 369: 364: 303: 243: 212:polylactic acid 200:biopolyethylene 101:polysaccharides 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8060: 8058: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8029: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921:Can collecting 7918: 7916:Biodegradation 7912: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7888:Tape dispenser 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7738:Barcode reader 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7707:Vacuum forming 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7597:Graphic design 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7517:Blow fill seal 7514: 7509: 7507:Authentication 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7421:Shock detector 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396:Pump dispenser 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7366:Plastic pallet 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7326:Package handle 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7141:Aluminium foil 7138: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7076:Stand-up pouch 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7019:Plastic bottle 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6924:Folding carton 6921: 6916: 6911: 6909:Euro container 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889:Disposable cup 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6799:Antistatic bag 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6651:Fuel container 6648: 6646:Food packaging 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6571:Ammunition box 6568: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6538:Tamper-evident 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6160:Vinyl chloride 6157: 6154:Polycarbonates 6146: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5967:Packaging film 5964: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5950:Specific goods 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5874:Vacuum forming 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5745:Polymeric foam 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:Polyimide (PI) 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5582:Polyamide (PA) 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5487: 5486:External links 5484: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5431: 5410: 5389: 5360: 5346: 5294: 5287: 5261: 5207: 5142: 5109:Macromolecules 5095: 5080: 5045: 5039: 5013: 4970: 4924: 4899: 4864: 4823: 4788: 4763: 4728: 4721: 4696: 4668: 4644: 4638: 4605: 4562: 4543: 4508:(2): 132–140. 4492: 4469: 4434: 4415: 4374: 4363: 4349: 4335: 4321: 4292: 4239: 4225: 4211: 4185: 4175: 4166: 4155: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4092: 4066: 4045: 4024: 4014: 3961: 3940: 3901:(2024-10-15). 3892: 3878:10400.22/10059 3855:(1): 217–232. 3839: 3798: 3740: 3705: 3678: 3650: 3607: 3562: 3537:Macromolecules 3520: 3502: 3484: 3459: 3453:978-3527306732 3452: 3421: 3403: 3356: 3321: 3264: 3237: 3198: 3163: 3137: 3131: 3100: 3075: 3050: 3027: 3005: 2978: 2959:(3): 371–377. 2939: 2912:(3): 357–363. 2892: 2853: 2811: 2799: 2779: 2748: 2734: 2723: 2712: 2681: 2646: 2611: 2581: 2576:minambiente.it 2563: 2530:(2): 377–410. 2505: 2478:(4): 237–241. 2458: 2429: 2398:(3): 159–177. 2378: 2371: 2353:(1 ed.). 2339: 2332: 2304: 2267: 2212: 2147: 2102: 2057:(2): 117–137. 2034: 2021:(2): 056–067. 2001: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1881:Ecology portal 1868: 1865: 1856: 1849: 1820:photosynthesis 1815: 1807: 1804: 1787: 1784: 1762: 1761: 1744:September 2015 1716: 1714: 1707: 1686: 1683: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1617: 1614: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1319: 1316: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1288: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1210:Foil packaging 1207: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1090: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 997: 994: 993: 992: 989: 985: 984: 981: 977: 976: 972: 968: 967: 966:recyclability. 963: 959: 958: 954: 949: 946: 936: 933: 908: 905: 844:eutrophication 823: 820: 803:vegetable oils 767: 764: 754: 751: 731: 728: 723: 703:Main article: 700: 697: 670: 667: 635: 632: 624:South American 604: 601: 595:used for home 579:produced from 557: 554: 533: 530: 509: 506: 494:nitrocellulose 477:, a bioplastic 462: 459: 452:food packaging 410:, glycol, and 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 302: 299: 297: 296: 295:is favourable. 286: 280: 270: 242: 239: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8059: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8019: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7878:Shrink tunnel 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773:Check weigher 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7743:Bottling line 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7692:Thermoforming 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7682:Roll slitting 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627:Laser cutting 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7607:Hermetic seal 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416:Security tape 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Polypropylene 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7331:Packaging gas 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Shipping tube 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6919:Flexible tank 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Package theft 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473:Overpackaging 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6347:Garbage patch 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6213:Health issues 6210: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6009: 6003: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Shopping bags 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5942:(Agriculture) 5941: 5940:Plasticulture 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920:Geosynthetics 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Thermoforming 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:Thermoplastic 5723: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5379:on 2019-12-21 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5156:Data in Brief 5153: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394:(1): 012008. 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3983:(9): e07918. 3982: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3474:on 2012-03-31 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3153:on 2018-12-14 3152: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3090:on 2012-03-31 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3065:on 2012-03-31 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2994:(46): 45504. 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873:(1): 95–101. 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2769:on 2020-11-02 2765: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2702:on 2020-11-02 2698: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2553:on 2015-03-19 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2448:on 2019-03-09 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2372:9781119953524 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1930:Food vs. fuel 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1758: 1755: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1717:This section 1715: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1597: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1411:nanomaterials 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1164: 1161: 1160:Biodegradable 1158: 1157: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038:Market Growth 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 990: 988:Reinforcement 987: 986: 982: 979: 978: 973: 970: 969: 964: 961: 960: 955: 952: 951: 947: 945: 941: 934: 932: 929: 919: 914: 906: 904: 902: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 877: 876:nitrous oxide 873: 868: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848:acidification 845: 836: 832: 828: 821: 819: 817: 813: 809: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:Polyurethanes 773: 765: 763: 760: 752: 750: 748: 744: 739: 737: 729: 727: 721: 716: 712: 706: 698: 696: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 668: 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 633: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620:polypropylene 617: 613: 610: 602: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 567: 562: 555: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 531: 529: 525: 521: 514: 507: 505: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 476: 472: 467: 460: 458: 455: 453: 447: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 422: 418: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388:Thermoplastic 382: 378: 371: 366: 361: 359: 357: 353: 352:bio-propylene 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 328: 323: 321: 312: 311:biodegradable 307: 300: 294: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 250: 248: 240: 238: 234: 231: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 50: 44: 39: 33: 19: 7907:Environment, 7522:Blow molding 7451:Stretch wrap 7381:Polyethylene 7371:Plastic wrap 7361:Plastic film 7346:Paper pallet 7281:Living hinge 7186:Coated paper 7150: 7066:Spray bottle 7046:Security bag 7039:Water sachet 7029:Salvage drum 7024:Retort pouch 6929:Glass bottle 6824:Blister pack 6789:Aluminum can 6756:Water bottle 6656:Gas cylinder 6631:Field ration 6528:Shelf-stable 6057:Plasticizers 6005:Environment 5957:Blister pack 5910:Construction 5819:Blow molding 5478: 5468: 5444:. Retrieved 5434: 5423:. Retrieved 5413: 5402:. Retrieved 5392: 5381:. Retrieved 5377:the original 5372: 5363: 5349: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5270: 5264: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5083: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5022: 5016: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4940: 4937:Science News 4936: 4927: 4916:. Retrieved 4914:. 2018-07-05 4911: 4902: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4780:. Retrieved 4778:. 2013-12-30 4775: 4766: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4704: 4699: 4688:. Retrieved 4683: 4660:. Retrieved 4656: 4647: 4621: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4546: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4428: 4418: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4366: 4352: 4338: 4324: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4258: 4252: 4242: 4228: 4214: 4178: 4169: 4158: 4146:. Retrieved 4142: 4137:Cho, Renee. 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4095: 4058:. Retrieved 4048: 4037:. Retrieved 4027: 4017: 3980: 3974: 3964: 3910: 3906: 3895: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3721:(1): 69–77. 3718: 3714: 3708: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3583: 3579: 3565: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3497:the original 3487: 3476:. Retrieved 3472:the original 3462: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3337:(2): 36–40. 3334: 3330: 3324: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3255:. Retrieved 3250: 3240: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3179:(1): 51–54. 3176: 3172: 3166: 3155:. Retrieved 3151:the original 3140: 3114: 3092:. Retrieved 3088:the original 3078: 3067:. Retrieved 3063:the original 3053: 3040: 3030: 3022:the original 3017: 3008: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2831: 2827: 2802: 2791:. Retrieved 2782: 2771:. Retrieved 2764:the original 2751: 2726: 2715: 2704:. Retrieved 2697:the original 2684: 2662:(1): 82–91. 2659: 2655: 2649: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2603:. Retrieved 2594: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2555:. Retrieved 2548:the original 2527: 2521: 2508: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2450:. Retrieved 2446:the original 2441: 2432: 2415:11572/336675 2395: 2391: 2381: 2349: 2342: 2313: 2307: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2190:10871/121758 2164: 2160: 2150: 2141:10447/538077 2121: 2115: 2105: 2054: 2050: 2018: 2014: 2004: 1985: 1979: 1969: 1945:Plastic bans 1863:of plastic. 1858: 1841: 1828:fossil fuels 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1782:definition. 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1750: 1741: 1718: 1698: 1695:as follows: 1690: 1688: 1652: 1636: 1417: 1389: 1339: 1258: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1083: 1079: 942: 938: 924: 897: 893: 864: 860: 840: 796: 784:epoxy resins 769: 756: 740: 733: 715:polyethylene 708: 690: 672: 669:Polyamide 11 650:fermentation 637: 606: 571: 535: 526: 522: 519: 502: 480: 456: 448: 445: 426: 386: 339: 337: 331: 324: 316: 292: 288: 282: 276: 272: 266: 257: 253: 252: 244: 235: 228: 208:polyethylene 190: 188: 161: 56: 55: 18:Bio-plastics 8037:Bioplastics 7803:Heat sealer 7768:Case sealer 7642:Papermaking 7562:Die cutting 7527:Calendering 7431:Shrink wrap 7306:Molded pulp 7291:Meat diaper 7256:Kraft paper 7236:Foam peanut 7226:Double seam 7196:Coextrusion 7166:Bubble wrap 7146:Bail handle 7091:Thermal bag 7014:Plastic bag 6829:Boil-in-bag 6761:Wine bottle 6746:Spray paint 6701:Popcorn bag 6696:Oyster pail 6581:Beer bottle 6298:Regulations 6150:Bisphenol A 5834:Calendering 5776:Plasticizer 5716:Mechanical 5224:: 646–664. 5162:: 286–294. 4489:(8): 40–44. 2232:: 146–158. 2124:(8): 1229. 1792:compostable 1780:traditional 1692:compostable 1386:acrylamides 1162:mulch foils 1060:Performance 883:losses and 881:soil carbon 867:ecotoxicity 614:(PHB) is a 575:(PLA) is a 544:are mainly 488:(including 421:amylopectin 404:Plasticizer 333:Biopolymers 164:fossil fuel 157:natural gas 149:fossil-fuel 141:lactic acid 125:soy protein 91:, recycled 77:rice starch 73:corn starch 57:Bioplastics 8031:Categories 7883:Staple gun 7863:Palletizer 7753:Can seamer 7622:Lamination 7547:Converting 7436:Slip sheet 7351:Paperboard 7216:Cushioning 7176:Cellophane 7151:Bioplastic 7129:components 7116:Wooden box 7086:Tetra Brik 7009:Paper sack 6984:Multi-pack 6934:Gunny sack 6804:Bag-in-box 6771:Containers 6636:Flour sack 6621:Egg carton 6596:Coffee bag 6576:Banana box 6518:Shelf life 6226:Carcinogen 6191:Organotins 6061:Phthalates 6007:and health 5854:Pultrusion 5844:Laminating 5802:processing 5446:2011-08-14 5425:2011-08-14 5404:2011-08-14 5400:. Astm.org 5383:2012-09-05 4986:(1): 1–2. 4918:2018-09-27 4782:2018-09-27 4772:"Novamont" 4705:d-2016-154 4690:2018-09-27 4686:. May 2005 4662:2020-12-09 4578:(4): 326. 4261:(4): 920. 4148:31 October 4060:2018-12-14 4039:2018-12-14 3913:: 154988. 3478:2011-08-31 3257:4 December 3157:2018-12-14 3094:2011-08-31 3069:2011-08-31 2793:2020-07-11 2773:2020-10-30 2706:2020-10-30 2605:2011-11-28 2557:2013-07-17 2452:2018-07-15 2285:: 167243. 2167:: 121158. 1962:References 1900:Biopolymer 1851:Anaerobic 1728:improve it 1700:materials. 1671:succinates 1348:continues. 1313:Cellophane 953:Insulation 833:made from 780:polyesters 759:polyamines 693:castor oil 678:biopolymer 643:polyesters 609:biopolymer 542:polyesters 473:made from 441:polyolefin 191:fossilized 99:including 93:food waste 7976:Recycling 7783:Drum pump 7726:Machinery 7577:Extrusion 7495:Processes 7466:Tear tape 7456:Susceptor 7446:Strapping 7401:Screw cap 7376:Polyester 7221:Desiccant 7125:Materials 7106:Unit load 7061:Skin pack 7004:Paper bag 6874:Clamshell 6616:Drink can 6548:Wrap rage 6432:Packaging 6255:Pollution 6221:Teratogen 6152:(BPA, in 5800:Plastics 5771:Colorants 5759:Additives 5543:Chemical 5442:. Braskem 5440:"Braskem" 5325:0144-8617 5256:0959-6526 5184:2352-3409 5137:0024-9297 5075:0034-3617 5000:1074-5521 4957:0036-8423 4894:0009-2347 4859:0378-1097 4818:0141-3910 4758:0034-3617 4600:137545344 4592:0930-777X 4464:0091-9578 3935:1385-8947 3834:1521-3935 3785:1099-0518 3735:1097-4628 3637:1460-4744 3390:1525-7797 3351:0091-9578 3298:0962-8436 3232:0079-6700 3193:0034-3617 2973:0733-5210 2926:0144-8617 2887:0260-8774 2848:0079-6700 2500:202017074 2492:1550-9087 2424:237852939 2262:224321496 2246:1871-6784 2207:216414551 2199:0959-6526 2079:2058-8437 1988:(4): 32. 1915:Celluloid 1824:carbon-12 1812:carbon-14 1732:verifying 1667:polyester 1659:aliphatic 1296:Parkesine 1294:displays 1263:2,000,000 812:extrusion 647:bacterial 616:polyester 538:aliphatic 498:celluloid 482:Cellulose 327:packaging 153:petroleum 109:cellulose 85:woodchips 7909:post-use 7798:Heat gun 7748:Calender 7657:Printing 7486:Velostat 7481:Tinplate 7316:Overwrap 7241:Gel pack 7231:Flip-top 7136:Adhesive 7071:Squround 6974:Mesh bag 6959:Jerrycan 6904:Envelope 6844:Bulk box 6721:Sand bag 6686:Milk bag 6671:Juicebox 6586:Box wine 6559:packages 6236:Diabetes 6142:Monomers 6122:Adipates 6044:plastics 5898:segments 5888:Products 5536:Plastics 5495:Archived 5373:astm.org 5341:53569630 5333:30446120 5202:27331103 5008:19171300 4707:. 2016. 4555:Archived 4538:23782848 4530:28064843 4483:BioCycle 4287:32326661 4254:Polymers 4143:phys.org 3887:15481966 3793:78089334 3645:18213986 3602:26495769 3398:16677038 3316:19528060 3045:Archived 2934:85239192 2676:33467805 2641:22188473 2544:98107080 2318:: 1–41. 2254:33068793 2117:Polymers 2097:35075395 1935:Galalith 1867:See also 1675:adipates 1663:aromatic 1306:Bakelite 1287:produced 1285:linoleum 1245:200,000 1229:400,000 1213:400,000 1197:240,000 1165:130,000 1146:100,000 1130:450,000 1098:Tea bags 980:Formwork 962:Flooring 837:biograde 662:monomers 593:filament 585:dextrose 437:Roquette 412:sorbitol 408:glycerol 406:such as 400:humidity 313:plastics 121:proteins 117:alginate 113:chitosan 43:utensils 7632:Molding 7537:Coating 7532:Canning 7191:Coating 7181:Closure 6939:Inhaler 6794:Ampoule 6666:Growler 6557:Product 6439:General 6364:Dioxins 6284:Dioxins 6241:Obesity 5982:Cutlery 5972:Bottles 5226:Bibcode 5193:4906129 5164:Bibcode 5117:Bibcode 4965:3976489 4510:Bibcode 4396:Bibcode 4278:7240402 4008:8424513 3985:Bibcode 3976:Heliyon 3915:Bibcode 3857:Bibcode 3765:Bibcode 3545:Bibcode 3515:dsm.com 3307:2873018 2287:Bibcode 2169:Bibcode 2088:8771173 2059:Bibcode 1920:Cutlery 1895:Biofuel 1832:biomass 1726:Please 1414:months. 1181:80,000 831:Bottles 720:Braskem 711:monomer 417:amylose 348:bio-PET 259:biomass 196:Bio-PET 184:biomass 133:gelatin 123:(e.g., 103:(e.g., 89:sawdust 65:biomass 61:plastic 8016: 7951:Litter 7793:Filler 7336:Pallet 7034:Sachet 6899:Endcap 6864:Carton 6859:Carboy 6834:Bottle 6814:Barrel 6441:topics 6081:(BBzP) 6050:(PHCs) 5962:Chairs 5930:Nurdle 5339: 5331: 5323: 5285: 5254: 5200: 5190: 5182: 5135: 5073: 5037: 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