3867:
201:
363:
551:
38:
2717:
17:
569:
2729:
3879:
287:
656:). Among other things, the document claims that Silvester I slew a dragon that had been threatening Rome. The text says that all of these events occurred right after Constantine's entry into the city following the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, despite the fact that Silvester I did not become bishop until 314. These events were incorporated uncritically into the
312:, but he had no authority to decide the case or publish the result without the approval of the emperor himself. Customarily, the African bishops may have gone to the bishop of Rome as a respected, neutral figure, but it was well known that Miltiades would not agree with the Donatist position that ordination by a
448:
of the West simply "did not yet even possess adequate terminology to handle the debate properly." The pope's legates signed onto the findings of the
Council, and it continued to be supported by the next two popes, just as followers of Athanasius remained welcome in Rome, but the theological issues
228:
or, as time went on and the community grew, meeting in rented halls in markets and public baths. It was without any single dominant ruling officer, its elders or leaders sharing responsibility, but distributing tasks, like that of foreign correspondent. By the eve of the conversion of
Constantine,
335:
calls this the "first direct intervention by an emperor in the affairs of the church." When
Miltiades invited fifteen additional Italian bishops to participate in the synod and ruled against the Donatists, they appealed to Constantine again, who called for a new synod in
432:
Council", and sought a compromise text that would "paper over the differences between the two sides." Eusebius remained an Arian, although he assured
Constantine his views were compatible with his interpretation of the Nicene Creed, and baptized Constantine in 337.
423:
position. The Arians were "silenced, not persuaded" by the
Council, and the controversy in the larger Christian community was not resolved. The Arian position would persist in the East for three generations, and even eventually be adopted by Constantine's son,
644:
did not correspond to that of the 4th century. The "Donation" purports to acknowledge the primacy of Rome over
Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Constantinople, even though the last of these had not even been founded at the time of the claimed Donation.
242:
was a small community, and its bishop exercised little influence outside its members in the time of
Constantine. Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to embrace Christianity, although he likely continued in his pre-Christian beliefs. He and co-Emperor
376:(313–335), did not travel to Arles. The Arles synod gave Silvester I somewhat of a nod by asking him to circulate their decisions to the other bishops, although he had no part in the process. During Silvester I's reign, construction began on the
262:
Whatever his personal beliefs, Constantine's political interest in
Christianity was as a unifying force and his policy of "the imposition of unity on the churches at all costs" soon set him on a "collision course with the popes."
1010:
440:, but in 335 he was deposed and exiled to Gaul over unrelated fears about the Egyptian corn supply to Constantinople. His followers were rounded up and picked off. The key debates in Nicaea had been conducted in the
499:
to join him in Rome. The
Eastern bishops would have regarded Julius I as having an equal dignity to their own episcopate, but were not pleased that he took into his communion a bishop condemned by an Eastern synod.
3165:
170:(311-314), Sylvester I's predecessor, who began using it as his residence. Old St. Peter's was begun between 326 and 330 and would have taken three decades to complete, long after the death of Constantine.
3341:
3179:
121:
as a new capital for the empire, and—with no apologies to the Roman community of
Christians—relocated key Roman families and translated many Christian relics to the new churches.
3321:
594:
for the consideration of Sylvester I's instruction of Constantine in Christianity, baptism of Constantine, and curing Constantine of leprosy. Constantine allegedly kept for himself only the
3407:
251:
promulgated in 313. After the Edict of Milan, the church adopted the same governmental structure as the Empire: geographical provinces ruled by bishops. These bishops of important cities (
3417:
3160:
3143:
740:
3316:
3696:
3402:
3331:
3397:
3326:
2927:
3909:
3819:
3128:
3336:
216:, Christians constituted approximately one-tenth of the population of the Roman Empire at the time of Constantine's rise to power. Christianity was legalized by
3751:
3311:
191:
3085:
3392:
3138:
3133:
3119:
718:
erected the Egyptian obelisk to the north of the Lateran Basilica in 1588, he added to the base the inscription "Constantine was baptized here." Cardinal
407:; Constantine himself probably did not understand the complex theological issues in dispute, although he had surrounded himself with many followers of
3508:
3387:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3247:
520:. Therein, Liberius's legates signed a declaration condemning the Council of Nicaea. When Liberius himself refused to cooperate, he was exiled.
574:
3174:
2593:
2949:
2695:
3783:
3382:
3364:
464:
as the first among the consecrators of the new bishop of Rome (the bishop of Ostia is currently the Dean of the College of Cardinals).
3788:
3498:
2915:
2767:
2671:
3566:
3427:
3359:
3114:
999:
979:
109:, who did not even attend the Council; in fact, the first bishop of Rome to be contemporaneously referred to as "Pope" (πάππας, or
731:
This falsified version of Constantine's baptism has found its way into a great deal of ecclesiastical art. Depictions include the
3540:
3503:
3422:
472:
The influence of Constantine would help solidify a strong role for the Roman emperor in the selection process: Constantine chose
136:(314-335), and even that Sylvester baptized Constantine. In reality, Constantine was baptized (nearing his death in May 337) by
3728:
3608:
3412:
3275:
3155:
3040:
1046:
3904:
3292:
2903:
2665:
1100:
224:
characterizes the church in Rome before Constantine as "not one congregation, but a loose constellation of churches based in
195:
129:
65:
3680:
3530:
2801:
341:
328:
324:
239:
220:, who was the first emperor to issue an edict of toleration for all religious creeds including Christianity in April 311.
163:
3150:
3020:
2975:
2944:
2819:
2689:
630:
377:
72:
396:(325), but sent two priests as his representatives; the Western bishops of Carthage and Milan were also in attendance.
3685:
3603:
3561:
3002:
2528:
2518:
179:
3628:
2861:
579:
385:
128:, an 8th-century forgery used to enhance the prestige and authority of popes, places the pope more centrally in the
3778:
3583:
3445:
3097:
3010:
1095:
749:
556:
381:
3588:
3578:
1075:
633:(r. 983-1002). By the mid 15th century, not even the popes themselves regarded the document as genuine. Italian
3198:
3062:
3015:
2856:
2851:
736:
677:
437:
366:
327:. Constantine therefore referred the matter to Miltiades, requiring him to collaborate with three bishops from
231:
144:
3571:
3593:
3493:
2921:
2910:
1080:
587:
545:
393:
357:
125:
98:
89:
in the sky and his reproducing this symbol on the shields of his troops. The following year Constantine and
25:
3839:
3813:
3227:
2760:
2733:
213:
175:
42:
3672:
3598:
668:
3667:
3638:
3303:
3080:
2833:
2509:
724:
710:
561:
412:
200:
137:
61:
53:
700:
3704:
3760:
3661:
3550:
3186:
3045:
595:
591:
525:
513:
281:
648:
The myth of the "Donation of Constantine" is embellished further in a 5th-century hagiographic text
590:
purported to memorialize the transfer to Sylvester I and his successors of dominion over the entire
174:, combined with the donation of these properties, gave the bishop of Rome an unprecedented level of
3871:
3844:
3452:
3283:
2374:
1757:
1039:
362:
252:
85:
2728:
3883:
3690:
3613:
3092:
2653:
2647:
2542:
2394:
2389:
2354:
2223:
2203:
2123:
2022:
1997:
1987:
1887:
1872:
1396:
1124:
1117:
689:
658:
389:
300:(311–314) was pope at the time of Constantine's victory, and Constantine gifted to Miltiades the
102:
3618:
3374:
3351:
2968:
2888:
2883:
2823:
2753:
2561:
2494:
2489:
2409:
2404:
2379:
2313:
2288:
2268:
2228:
2178:
2143:
2098:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2027:
2012:
1972:
1957:
1927:
1852:
1832:
1792:
1677:
1531:
1476:
1330:
995:
975:
732:
705:
615:
550:
485:
308:
in 313. Constantine designated Miltiades as one of four bishops to adjudicate the case of the
166:(the "Constantinian Basilica"). The gift of the Lateran probably occurred during the reign of
37:
3829:
3075:
2846:
2548:
2484:
2459:
2439:
2414:
2399:
2369:
2308:
2303:
2253:
2183:
2173:
2153:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2058:
2017:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1932:
1922:
1882:
1827:
1802:
1777:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1717:
1616:
1596:
1586:
1551:
1486:
1481:
1461:
1421:
1361:
1300:
1285:
1280:
1215:
1200:
1175:
1165:
758:
688:
to the list and viciously attacks contrary accounts as Arian lies; Theophanes refers to the
673:
533:
529:
373:
256:
133:
46:
3824:
3219:
2805:
2587:
2554:
2474:
2384:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2263:
2198:
2163:
2148:
2083:
2073:
2048:
2002:
1982:
1947:
1937:
1917:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1867:
1862:
1812:
1797:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1667:
1662:
1642:
1606:
1591:
1511:
1496:
1491:
1456:
1446:
1431:
1391:
1381:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1210:
1155:
1059:
611:
603:
599:
461:
305:
524:, (366-384) was able to largely suppress the Arians with the help of Emperor Theodosius,
676:, and—for good measure—a large group of his relatives and Roman bystanders.
3525:
3485:
3287:
3231:
3050:
3005:
2937:
2893:
2871:
2866:
2721:
2677:
2659:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2434:
2364:
2298:
2248:
2238:
2218:
2193:
2138:
2133:
2103:
2078:
2007:
1992:
1977:
1912:
1857:
1847:
1822:
1707:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1581:
1566:
1501:
1466:
1436:
1406:
1401:
1386:
1320:
1295:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1160:
1150:
1032:
641:
521:
517:
512:(352-366), the Arian conflict between the emperor and bishop of Rome culminated in the
477:
445:
441:
425:
420:
301:
297:
291:
248:
171:
167:
159:
118:
114:
94:
57:
3898:
3756:
3236:
2878:
2841:
2790:
2787:
2469:
2449:
2424:
2293:
2258:
2233:
2188:
2168:
2093:
2088:
2068:
1942:
1877:
1837:
1817:
1807:
1712:
1621:
1576:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1471:
1451:
1441:
1416:
1376:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1290:
1245:
1205:
1190:
1170:
1112:
1070:
754:
719:
715:
637:
509:
481:
473:
152:
16:
3633:
3535:
2997:
2932:
2898:
2814:
2797:
2683:
2499:
2479:
2464:
2444:
2429:
2419:
2278:
2273:
2213:
2208:
2158:
1842:
1787:
1782:
1737:
1727:
1626:
1601:
1571:
1506:
1426:
1351:
1265:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1180:
663:
623:
568:
416:
225:
205:
178:, for the first time creating an incentive for secular leaders to interfere with
3851:
3070:
2959:
2810:
2454:
2334:
2329:
2283:
1907:
1772:
1767:
1672:
1611:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1411:
1235:
1185:
1140:
695:
332:
221:
3878:
1024:
988:
672:, which claimed that Silvester I baptized not only Constantine, but his mother
286:
3834:
3032:
2568:
2243:
1762:
1747:
1561:
1536:
1371:
1275:
1195:
1145:
1087:
800:
De Mortibus Persecutorum ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors", chapters 34, 35)
3740:
3555:
3203:
3102:
1305:
714:(1584) also asserted that Silvester I was the baptizer of Constantine. When
457:
313:
148:
629:
It was not long before the document was denounced as a forgery, notably by
428:. Constantine himself supported the Nicene position mainly because it was "
444:, with the subtleties of particular words inciting great controversy; the
255:) therefore rose in power over the bishops of lesser cities (later called
132:. The legend of the Donation claims that Constantine offered his crown to
2986:
2776:
1107:
634:
619:
415:, his eventual baptizer. Arius's followers did poorly at Nicaea, and the
400:
353:
320:
309:
277:
244:
217:
90:
744:
685:
496:
229:
there were more than two dozen of these religious community-centers or
76:
30:
20:
319:
Turning to Constantine was a strange move because he had not yet been
158:
Although the "Donation" never occurred, Constantine did hand over the
3191:
404:
80:
994:(3 ed.). New Haven Ct: Yale Nota Bene/Yale University Press.
567:
549:
492:
408:
361:
337:
285:
199:
141:
36:
15:
728:(1592) and a French author has claimed this as recently as 1906.
3466:
2994:
2794:
1055:
607:
106:
2749:
1028:
618:(a non-forgery), granting the pope control of the lands of the
323:, and word of his budding conversion may not yet have reached
105:. None of this, however, has particularly much to do with the
3584:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
2745:
3701:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
97:, and in 325 Constantine convened and presided over the
640:
further proved its falsity in 1440 by showing that its
204:
The coins of Constantine continued to depict Roman god
71:
The legend surrounding Constantine I's victory in the
972:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
582:, which was not completed before Constantine's death.
162:
to the bishop of Rome, and began the construction of
3594:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
741:
St Michael and All Angels' Church, Ashton-under-Lyne
476:(337–352) for all intents and purposes, and his son
247:
bestowed imperial favor on Christianity through the
3805:
3769:
3719:
3651:
3484:
3463:
3444:
3373:
3350:
3302:
3274:
3246:
3218:
3113:
3061:
3031:
2985:
2958:
2832:
2638:
2578:
2517:
2508:
2322:
2036:
1635:
1339:
1133:
436:The chief supporter of the Nicene Creed was Bishop
117:(366-384). Moreover, between 324 and 330, he built
93:proclaimed the toleration of Christianity with the
987:
622:, which coalesced into the first fragments of the
598:. The forgery was probably constructed during the
60:during his reign is an important component of the
340:, this time headed by the bishops of Arles and
491:Julius I received Athanasius, and invited the
3752:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
2761:
1040:
192:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
8:
560:depicts Sylvester I instead of Arian bishop
419:that was adopted was squarely against their
3180:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
3766:
3648:
3518:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3460:
3299:
3243:
2982:
2768:
2754:
2746:
2514:
1047:
1033:
1025:
172:Constantine's legalization of Christianity
155:(337-352) during the life of Constantine.
45:depicts Constantine offering his crown to
1011:History of the Christian church, Volume 1
41:A fresco in the Benedictine monastery of
3509:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
56:'s (272–337) relationship with the four
770:
130:narrative of Constantinian Christianity
3910:Constantine the Great and Christianity
953:
951:
949:
947:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
880:Hans Kühner Encyclopedia of the Papacy
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
819:
817:
815:
666:further embellished the story in his
460:(336) was the first to designate the
388:. Silvester did not attend the first
7:
778:
776:
774:
208:("Unconquered Sun") until about 315.
3784:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
692:as the "Baptistry of Constantine."
606:became the first pope to cross the
372:Miltiades died, and his successor,
3789:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
3499:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1017:Pohlsander, Hans A. 2005 (ed. 2).
684:c. 815-820 adds Constantine's son
449:were little examined in the West.
14:
3567:Pontifical North American College
3129:Section for Relations with States
3877:
3865:
3261:Extraordinary general assemblies
2727:
2716:
2715:
882:. 1958. "Silvester I." New York.
743:, and—most famously—
564:, Constantine's actual baptizer.
316:would invalidate the sacrament.
304:, where he relocated, holding a
75:(312) relates his vision of the
3729:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
3629:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
3609:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
3408:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
970:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
722:continued to claim this in his
140:, who, unlike the pope, was an
29:depicts a cross instead of the
3418:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
196:Constantine I and Christianity
66:history of the Catholic Church
1:
3681:Pontifical Oriental Institute
488:(an Arian) as his successor.
147:. Sylvester was succeeded by
3504:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
1008:Hurst, John Fletcher. 1897.
631:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
399:Silvester would have viewed
73:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
3686:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
3562:Pontifical Urban University
3256:Ordinary general assemblies
3003:Cardinal Secretary of State
575:The Donation of Constantine
3926:
3779:Basilica of the Holy House
3403:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
2811:Sovereignty and government
750:The Baptism of Constantine
557:The Baptism of Constantine
543:
382:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
351:
275:
189:
164:Old Saint Peter's Basilica
3860:
3736:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
3589:Palace of the Holy Office
3579:Palazzo della Cancelleria
3551:Palace of Saint Callixtus
3521:
3474:
2820:Sovereign judicial entity
2783:
2711:
1066:
290:The modern facade of the
64:, and more generally the
3677:Archaeological Institute
2862:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2857:Patrimony of Saint Peter
2852:History of papal primacy
957:Pohlsander, 2004, p. 27.
941:Pohlsander, 2004, p. 28.
782:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 6.
737:I Santi Quattro Coronati
678:Theophanes the Confessor
495:Eastern bishops then in
438:Athanasius of Alexandria
367:Athanasius of Alexandria
145:bishop of Constantinople
3872:Vatican City portal
3604:Palace of the Vicariate
3398:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
2922:Prisoner in the Vatican
2911:Investiture Controversy
2529:During the Roman Empire
1019:The Emperor Constantine
739:, stained glass in the
735:(c. 1165), frescoes in
588:Donation of Constantine
546:Donation of Constantine
394:First Council of Nicaea
358:First Council of Nicaea
267:Popes under Constantine
126:Donation of Constantine
99:First Council of Nicaea
26:The Vision of the Cross
3884:Catholicism portal
3840:Apostolic Penitentiary
3814:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
3761:Santa Maria di Galeria
3086:For Vatican City State
2734:Catholic Church Portal
2594:Conflicts with the HRE
974:. Palgrave Macmillan.
583:
565:
369:
294:
214:Diocletian Persecution
209:
50:
43:Santi Quattro Coronati
34:
3905:History of the papacy
3668:San Carlo ai Catinari
3639:Paul VI Audience Hall
3625:Benedictine monastery
3572:Bambino Gesù Hospital
3342:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
2510:History of the papacy
986:Duffy, Eamon (2006).
725:Annales Ecclesiastici
711:Martyrologium Romanum
571:
562:Eusebius of Nicomedia
553:
413:Eusebius of Nicomedia
365:
289:
203:
138:Eusebius of Nicomedia
62:history of the Papacy
54:Constantine the Great
40:
19:
3494:St. Peter's Basilica
3187:Apostolic nunciature
3046:College of Cardinals
3041:Secretariat of State
2672:Revolutionary Papacy
2666:Age of Enlightenment
990:Saints & Sinners
832:Hurst, 1897, p. 720.
596:Eastern Roman Empire
592:Western Roman Empire
526:Gregory of Nazianzus
514:Synod of Arles (353)
282:Synod of Arles (314)
253:Metropolitan bishops
3845:Apostolic Signatura
3673:Collegio Bellarmino
3545:Adjoining buildings
3120:Multilateral policy
2519:Antiquity and Early
2323:17th–21st centuries
2037:13th–16th centuries
904:Duffy, 2006, p. 30.
870:Duffy, 2006, p. 29.
850:Duffy, 2006, p. 28.
823:Duffy, 2006, p. 27.
809:Duffy, 2006, p. 11.
791:Duffy, 2006, p. 25.
578:depicts the inside
411:, including Bishop
86:in hoc signo vinces
3614:Collegio Teutonico
3531:Lateran University
3375:Suffragan dioceses
3352:Territorial abbeys
3322:Porto-Santa Rufina
3304:Suburbicarian sees
3266:Special assemblies
3161:Permanent Observer
2654:Reformation Papacy
2648:Renaissance Papacy
2590:(1012–1044 / 1048)
2543:Ostrogothic Papacy
1636:9th–12th centuries
690:Lateran Baptistery
659:Liber pontificalis
584:
566:
390:ecumenical council
370:
295:
210:
103:ecumenical council
51:
35:
3892:
3891:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3759:antennae area of
3750:Summer estate of
3715:
3714:
3647:
3646:
3619:Teutonic Cemetery
3517:
3516:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3457:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3393:Civita Castellana
3296:
3240:
3214:
3213:
2979:
2916:Age of Revolution
2889:Donation of Pepin
2884:Donation of Sutri
2824:international law
2743:
2742:
2707:
2706:
2599:Wandering Papacy
2562:Saeculum obscurum
2535:Under Constantine
1340:5th–8th centuries
1134:1st–4th centuries
1118:papal resignation
733:Stavelot Triptych
706:Pope Gregory XIII
701:Breviarum Romanum
654:Actus S Silvestri
616:Donation of Pepin
614:, who issued the
257:Suffragan bishops
3917:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3772:extraterritorial
3767:
3745:Adjacent gardens
3705:Nympheum of Nero
3654:extraterritorial
3649:
3541:Sancta Sanctorum
3519:
3482:
3472:
3461:
3449:
3300:
3281:
3278:province of Rome
3244:
3225:
3076:Apostolic Camera
2983:
2965:
2847:Primacy of Peter
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2639:Early Modern and
2549:Byzantine Papacy
2515:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1005:
993:
958:
955:
942:
939:
918:
911:
905:
902:
883:
877:
871:
868:
851:
848:
833:
830:
824:
821:
810:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
759:Apostolic Palace
650:Vita S Silvestri
534:Ambrose of Milan
530:Gregory of Nyssa
378:Lateran Basilica
314:"traitor" bishop
212:In spite of the
180:papal succession
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3856:
3825:Papal household
3793:
3771:
3765:
3721:
3711:
3697:Sant'Apollinare
3695:Two Palaces of
3691:Russian College
3653:
3643:
3513:
3486:Major basilicas
3465:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3432:
3369:
3346:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3270:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3210:
3139:Of the Holy See
3134:To the Holy See
3117:
3115:Foreign affairs
3109:
3057:
3027:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2962:judicial entity
2961:
2954:
2828:
2806:Diocese of Rome
2779:
2774:
2744:
2739:
2703:
2686:(1929–present)
2640:
2634:
2588:Tusculan Papacy
2580:
2574:
2555:Frankish Papacy
2520:
2504:
2318:
2032:
1631:
1335:
1129:
1062:
1060:Catholic Church
1053:
1002:
985:
967:
962:
961:
956:
945:
940:
921:
912:
908:
903:
886:
878:
874:
869:
854:
849:
836:
831:
827:
822:
813:
808:
804:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
772:
767:
612:Pepin the Short
604:Pope Stephen II
600:Frankish Papacy
548:
542:
506:
470:
462:bishop of Ostia
455:
360:
352:Main articles:
350:
284:
276:Main articles:
274:
269:
198:
190:Main articles:
188:
83:) and the text
58:Bishops of Rome
12:
11:
5:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3660:Palace of the
3657:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3526:Lateran Palace
3522:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3458:
3455:territoriality
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Velletri-Segni
3314:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3276:Ecclesiastical
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3232:full communion
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3175:European Union
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3156:United Nations
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:Papal conclave
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3006:Pietro Parolin
3000:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:Lateran Treaty
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:Temporal power
2896:
2894:Avignon Papacy
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2867:Lateran Palace
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2681:
2678:Roman Question
2675:
2669:
2668:(c. 1640–1740)
2663:
2660:Baroque Papacy
2657:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2629:Western Schism
2626:
2623:Avignon Papacy
2620:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2569:Crescentii era
2566:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2525:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Alexander VIII
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:Anastasius III
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1000:
983:
966:
963:
960:
959:
943:
919:
906:
884:
872:
852:
834:
825:
811:
802:
793:
784:
769:
768:
766:
763:
642:Latin language
544:Main article:
541:
540:Historiography
538:
518:Constantius II
516:, convened by
505:
502:
484:and installed
478:Constantius II
469:
466:
454:
451:
446:Latin language
442:Greek language
426:Constantius II
421:Christological
349:
346:
302:Lateran Palace
292:Lateran Palace
273:
270:
268:
265:
249:Edict of Milan
226:private houses
187:
184:
176:temporal power
160:Lateran Palace
119:Constantinople
95:Edict of Milan
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3922:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Peter's Pence
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3757:Vatican Radio
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:Holy Apostles
3659:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Anagni-Alatri
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:Papal primacy
3233:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Congregations
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:international
2963:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Duchy of Rome
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Apostolic see
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2791:episcopal see
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:High and Late
2577:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Benedict XIII
2393:
2391:
2390:Innocent XIII
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Alexander VII
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Innocent VIII
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Callixtus III
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
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2124:Boniface VIII
2122:
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2023:Celestine III
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
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1998:Alexander III
1996:
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1991:
1989:
1988:Anastasius IV
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1888:Sylvester III
1886:
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1873:Benedict VIII
1871:
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1423:
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1410:
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1400:
1398:
1397:Anastasius II
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
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1199:
1197:
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1192:
1189:
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1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:Pope emeritus
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:List of popes
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1001:0-300-11597-0
997:
992:
991:
984:
981:
980:0-312-29463-8
977:
973:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
938:
936:
934:
932:
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928:
926:
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920:
916:
910:
907:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
873:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
853:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
820:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
785:
779:
777:
775:
771:
764:
762:
760:
756:
755:Raphael Rooms
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
726:
721:
720:Cesare Baroni
717:
716:Pope Sixtus V
713:
712:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
646:
643:
639:
638:Lorenzo Valla
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
576:
570:
563:
559:
558:
552:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Pope Liberius
503:
501:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
465:
463:
459:
452:
450:
447:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
364:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
288:
283:
279:
271:
266:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
236:
234:
233:
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
202:
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
32:
28:
27:
22:
18:
3812:
3634:Beda College
3536:Scala Sancta
3360:Montecassino
3293:Vatican City
2976:Legal status
2945:World War II
2933:Vatican City
2928:Savoyard era
2899:Papal States
2815:Vatican City
2732:
2720:
2690:World War II
2684:Vatican City
2560:
2534:
2531:(until 493)
2495:Benedict XVI
2490:John Paul II
2410:Clement XIII
2405:Benedict XIV
2380:Innocent XII
2314:Clement VIII
2289:Gregory XIII
2269:Marcellus II
2229:Alexander VI
2179:Innocent VII
2144:Benedict XII
2099:Nicholas III
2064:Alexander IV
2054:Celestine IV
2044:Honorius III
2028:Innocent III
2013:Gregory VIII
1973:Celestine II
1958:Callixtus II
1928:Alexander II
1853:Sylvester II
1833:Benedict VII
1793:Stephen VIII
1678:Benedict III
1532:Adeodatus II
1477:Boniface III
1331:Anastasius I
1018:
1009:
989:
971:
914:
909:
879:
875:
828:
805:
796:
787:
748:
730:
723:
709:
699:
694:
681:
667:
664:John Malalas
657:
653:
649:
647:
628:
624:Papal States
585:
573:
555:
522:Pope Damasus
507:
490:
471:
456:
435:
429:
417:Nicene Creed
398:
371:
318:
296:
261:
240:Roman church
237:
230:
211:
206:Sol Invictus
157:
123:
110:
101:, the first
84:
70:
52:
24:
3852:Swiss Guard
3599:Palazzo Pio
3103:Dicasteries
3081:Commissions
3071:Roman Curia
2950:Warsaw Pact
2698:(1945–1991)
2692:(1939–1945)
2680:(1870–1929)
2674:(1775–1848)
2662:(1585–1689)
2656:(1534–1585)
2650:(1417–1534)
2631:(1378–1417)
2625:(1309–1378)
2617:, 1228–1304
2611:, 1262–1297
2605:, 1257–1281
2596:(1048–1257)
2581:Middle Ages
2521:Middle Ages
2485:John Paul I
2460:Benedict XV
2440:Gregory XVI
2415:Clement XIV
2400:Clement XII
2370:Innocent XI
2309:Innocent IX
2304:Gregory XIV
2254:Clement VII
2184:Gregory XII
2174:Boniface IX
2154:Innocent VI
2129:Benedict XI
2119:Celestine V
2114:Nicholas IV
2109:Honorius IV
2059:Innocent IV
2018:Clement III
1968:Innocent II
1963:Honorius II
1953:Gelasius II
1933:Gregory VII
1923:Nicholas II
1883:Benedict IX
1828:Benedict VI
1803:Agapetus II
1778:Stephen VII
1753:Sergius III
1743:Benedict IV
1733:Theodore II
1718:Boniface VI
1617:Stephen III
1597:Gregory III
1587:Constantine
1552:Benedict II
1487:Adeodatus I
1482:Boniface IV
1462:Pelagius II
1422:Boniface II
1362:Celestine I
1301:Sylvester I
1286:Marcellus I
1281:Marcellinus
1216:Callixtus I
1201:Eleutherius
1176:Telesphorus
1166:Alexander I
1088:Papal names
704:(1568) and
696:Pope Pius V
580:St. Peter's
386:St. Peter's
374:Sylvester I
348:Sylvester I
333:Eamon Duffy
222:Eamon Duffy
134:Sylvester I
3899:Categories
3835:Roman Rota
3733:Papal farm
3666:Palace of
3558:Hill area
3446:Properties
3332:Palestrina
3204:Concordats
3063:Government
3033:Governance
2641:Modern Era
2571:(974–1012)
2475:John XXIII
2385:Clement XI
2360:Clement IX
2350:Innocent X
2345:Urban VIII
2340:Gregory XV
2264:Julius III
2199:Nicholas V
2164:Gregory XI
2149:Clement VI
2084:Innocent V
2074:Clement IV
2049:Gregory IX
2003:Lucius III
1983:Eugene III
1948:Paschal II
1938:Victor III
1918:Stephen IX
1903:Damasus II
1898:Clement II
1893:Gregory VI
1868:Sergius IV
1863:John XVIII
1813:Benedict V
1798:Marinus II
1723:Stephen VI
1703:Adrian III
1683:Nicholas I
1668:Sergius II
1663:Gregory IV
1643:Stephen IV
1607:Stephen II
1592:Gregory II
1512:Theodore I
1497:Honorius I
1492:Boniface V
1457:Benedict I
1447:Pelagius I
1432:Agapetus I
1392:Gelasius I
1382:Simplicius
1367:Sixtus III
1357:Boniface I
1347:Innocent I
1211:Zephyrinus
1125:Pope-elect
1101:non-extant
965:References
572:Raphael's
554:Raphael's
325:Alexandria
186:Background
151:(336) and
3741:Barberini
3556:Gianicolo
3450:including
3284:Vicariate
3228:universal
3166:in Geneva
3011:Cardinals
2987:Officials
2960:Sovereign
2788:Apostolic
2565:(904–964)
2557:(756–857)
2551:(537–752)
2545:(493–537)
2537:(312–337)
2435:Pius VIII
2365:Clement X
2299:Urban VII
2249:Adrian VI
2239:Julius II
2219:Sixtus IV
2194:Eugene IV
2139:John XXII
2134:Clement V
2104:Martin IV
2079:Gregory X
2008:Urban III
1993:Adrian IV
1978:Lucius II
1913:Victor II
1858:John XVII
1848:Gregory V
1823:John XIII
1708:Stephen V
1698:Marinus I
1693:John VIII
1688:Adrian II
1658:Valentine
1653:Eugene II
1648:Paschal I
1582:Sisinnius
1567:Sergius I
1502:Severinus
1467:Gregory I
1437:Silverius
1407:Hormisdas
1402:Symmachus
1387:Felix III
1321:Damasus I
1296:Miltiades
1271:Eutychian
1261:Dionysius
1256:Sixtus II
1251:Stephen I
1241:Cornelius
1161:Evaristus
1156:Clement I
1151:Anacletus
1081:canonised
1076:graphical
682:Chronicle
669:Chronicon
610:to crown
504:Aftermath
310:Donatists
298:Miltiades
272:Miltiades
168:Miltiades
115:Damasus I
47:Sylvester
3806:See also
3327:Frascati
3199:Treaties
3093:Councils
3021:Advisers
2777:Holy See
2722:Category
2696:Cold War
2470:Pius XII
2450:Leo XIII
2425:Pius VII
2294:Sixtus V
2259:Paul III
2234:Pius III
2189:Martin V
2169:Urban VI
2094:John XXI
2089:Adrian V
2069:Urban IV
1943:Urban II
1878:John XIX
1838:John XIV
1818:Leo VIII
1808:John XII
1713:Formosus
1622:Adrian I
1577:John VII
1527:Vitalian
1522:Eugene I
1517:Martin I
1472:Sabinian
1452:John III
1442:Vigilius
1417:Felix IV
1377:Hilarius
1326:Siricius
1316:Liberius
1311:Julius I
1291:Eusebius
1246:Lucius I
1206:Victor I
1191:Anicetus
1171:Sixtus I
1108:Antipope
915:Liberius
913:Kühner.
662:c. 530.
635:humanist
620:Lombards
486:Felix II
482:Liberius
474:Julius I
468:Julius I
401:Arianism
354:Arianism
342:Syracuse
321:baptized
278:Donatist
245:Licinius
218:Galerius
153:Julius I
91:Licinius
3720:Outside
3428:Viterbo
3365:Subiaco
3222:of Rome
3220:Diocese
2998:Francis
2834:History
2804:of the
2798:Francis
2615:Perugia
2609:Orvieto
2603:Viterbo
2500:Francis
2480:Paul VI
2465:Pius XI
2445:Pius IX
2430:Leo XII
2420:Pius VI
2279:Pius IV
2274:Paul IV
2214:Paul II
2209:Pius II
2159:Urban V
1843:John XV
1788:Leo VII
1783:John XI
1738:John IX
1728:Romanus
1627:Leo III
1602:Zachary
1572:John VI
1507:John IV
1427:John II
1352:Zosimus
1266:Felix I
1231:Anterus
1226:Pontian
1221:Urban I
1181:Hyginus
1058:of the
757:of the
753:in the
745:Raphael
686:Crispus
680:in his
602:, when
497:Antioch
480:exiled
77:Chi Rho
31:Chi Rho
21:Raphael
3820:Awards
3739:Villa
3464:Inside
3453:extra-
3423:Tivoli
3337:Albano
3248:Synods
3226:with
3192:Nuncio
2872:Museum
2822:under
2802:bishop
2455:Pius X
2335:Paul V
2330:Leo XI
2284:Pius V
1908:Leo IX
1773:Leo VI
1768:John X
1673:Leo IV
1612:Paul I
1557:John V
1547:Leo II
1542:Agatho
1412:John I
1236:Fabian
1186:Pius I
1096:extant
1092:Tombs
998:
978:
674:Helena
532:, and
508:Under
405:heresy
392:, the
384:, and
232:tituli
111:pappas
3413:Rieti
3383:Gaeta
3312:Ostia
3151:Italy
3144:Heads
2966:under
2244:Leo X
1763:Lando
1748:Leo V
1562:Conon
1537:Donus
1372:Leo I
1276:Caius
1196:Soter
1146:Linus
1141:Peter
1056:Popes
765:Notes
493:Arian
409:Arius
403:as a
338:Arles
306:synod
142:Arian
113:) is
107:popes
3770:Non-
3722:Rome
3652:Non-
3467:Rome
3288:Rome
3016:List
2995:Pope
2795:Pope
1306:Mark
996:ISBN
976:ISBN
652:(or
608:Alps
586:The
458:Mark
453:Mark
356:and
329:Gaul
280:and
238:The
194:and
149:Mark
124:The
2971:law
2813:of
2800:as
2793:of
747:'s
708:'s
698:'s
430:his
259:).
235:".
23:'s
3901::
3286::
946:^
922:^
887:^
855:^
837:^
814:^
773:^
761:.
626:.
536:.
528:,
380:,
344:.
331:.
182:.
68:.
3295:)
3290:,
3282:(
3239:)
3235:(
3122:)
3118:(
2978:)
2974:(
2924:"
2920:"
2769:e
2762:t
2755:v
1048:e
1041:t
1034:v
1021:.
1014:.
1004:.
982:.
917:.
81:☧
79:(
49:.
33:.
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