1275:“While the current spotlight on COVID-19 is necessary and urgent, it would be a costly mistake to focus solely on this pandemic to the exclusion of all other biological threats,” said Commission Co-Chair, former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge. “Nation-states such as China, Iran, North Korea, and Russia continue to invest heavily in advancing biotechnology and could produce biological agents and weapons. Terrorist organizations also remain interested in learning how to attack enemies with biological agents. National biodefense must begin and end with strong national leadership. The efforts of all federal departments and agencies with responsibilities for biodefense need to be coordinated, and they must be held accountable, by the White House.”
702:
Biological attribution refers to the process of determining who and what was responsible for a biological attack. Perpetrators could be criminals, terrorists, or state actors. During this meeting, the
Commission learned about the federal government's existing capabilities to determine the sources and characteristics of deadly pathogens. The Commission has taken a particular interest in the National Bioforensics Analysis Center (NBFAC). In fiscal year 2013, the NBFAC supported more than 45 investigations of potential biological crimes. Previously run by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Commission recommended that the
1377:
traveling as often as we do today, and well before commerce became globalized. Since then, the world has gotten smaller, but the threat has not. Far more needs to be done to prepare for another catastrophic biological event – whether manmade or from nature. With this in mind, the support we receive today from Open
Philanthropy will allow us to further advance the recommendations the Panel identified in our National Blueprint for Biodefense and subsequent reports. We thank Open Philanthropy for their leadership and support on this critical issue.”
652:), the Commission advises the President to establish a dedicated Deputy National Security Advisor for Biodefense, overseen by the Vice President and supported by NSC staff. The Commission clearly notes that one federal department cannot tell other departments and agencies what to do, especially in a critical area of responsibility like biodefense. A dedicated higher-level leader in the White House without responsibilities for multiple weapons of mass destruction, terrorist avenues, and national disasters is crucial.
797:
56:
739:(OMB) does not know how much the federal government spends on biodefense because "the sad fact is, more than two dozen agencies are working in silos across biodefense; that increases our vulnerabilities. Once we have a strategy and match that strategy with budget reforms...that's the beginning of a much more effective biodefense national strategy." Economic impacts of a catastrophic outbreak could reach $ 1 trillion, Lieberman noted.
1267:“The COVID-19 pandemic was predictable,” said Commission Co-Chair, former Senator Joe Lieberman. “That is what our Commission learned from the experts we have consulted since we began operations in 2014. This global crisis resulted from a foreseeable combination of mutations, lack of immunity, poor preparedness, limited surveillance, and failure to learn from past pandemics. When our Commission released its
587:
1396:
731:, the Commission noted increasing threats to the United States and its interests overseas, and determined that the U.S. government can no longer wait to commit sufficient federal funds to biodefense. Waiting is not in the best interest of the health of Americans nor the country's national security. The Commission released its report to the public and Congress in 2018.
509:. The report described many biological threats, including those posed by the Islamic State and Al Qaeda, as well as nation states, and "mishandling of lethal biological agents by the U.S. government," as reasons for making biodefense a high national priority. This report contained 33 recommendations and 87 specific action items associated with those recommendations.
64:
491:. They concluded that the United States was not prepared to respond to a large scale biological event - naturally occurring, accidentally released, or intentionally introduced. As for the cause of the problem, the report said, "Simply put, the Nation does not afford the biological threat the same level of attention as it does other threats."
621:, Governor Tom Ridge stated that the fast-track process is obsolete. Page 52 of the report reads, "A systemic, risk averse culture has emerged that is stifling innovation. If this continues to evolve, progress on biodefense objectives will be curtained and the still nascent biodefence industry will have little incentive to participate."
743:
budget request, in accordance with one of the
Commission's recommendations. While the report also asks Congress to create a bipartisan, bicameral Biodefense Working Group to come up with budgeting solutions, Congress has yet to establish such a Group. The House of Representatives, however, has established a Biodefense Caucus.
1255:, the Commission noted that as of January 2021 and out of its 87 recommended action items, the federal government had completed 3, took some action to address 54, no action on 24, and emergency or crisis actions (that may or may not result in permanent change) on 6 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
1129:
The Vice
President should develop and implement a security strategy for stored pathogen data and cyber-threat information-sharing mechanisms for the pathogen and advanced biotechnology communities. In turn, Federal departments and agencies should include federally-supported pathogen research projects
759:
on
January 15, 2018, former Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala said that during a large biological event, "I know that the federal government would move resources to affected areas throughout the United States. But those resources are already too few, and the federal government does
676:
and signed
National Security Presidential Memorandum 14 to direct the federal government to execute this strategy. Together, they sought to improve the federal government's readiness and capability to respond to human-generated, naturally-occurring, and accidentally-released biological threats to the
664:
that in order for the government's defense against a biological attack to be sufficient, a new comprehensive program needs to be developed. The programs and activities under a new approach would need to be "coordinated, collaborative and innovative." The report recommends that all types of biological
1286:
program. Current BioWatch technology performs poorly and is far from the deterrence mechanism it was originally intended to be. It uses limited, decades-old collection equipment that only provides data hours or days after a biological event. Congressional appropriators should deny further funding to
1012:
Congress should increase opportunities for animal health data collection and optimize funding for the
National Animal Health Laboratory Network. The CDC and FEMA should then develop guidance for states, localities, territories, and tribes to handle companion animal infections in the event of a major
942:
The Vice
President should ensure that Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) priorities guide NIH biodefense research investments. The Vice President should also ensure funding allocations that address biological agents are met and require a biodefense spending plan from
751:
Commissioners and experts agreed during a public
Commission meeting held in Miami, FL in January 2018 that in order to respond effectively during a large-scale biological event due to a terrorist attack or natural disaster, the public and private sectors need to coordinate. The Commission also noted
1372:
In
September 2016, the Open Philanthropy Project gave the Commission a $ 1.3 million grant in support of the panel's influential leadership role in the evaluation of the nation's biodefense systems. Tom Ridge said, "It is troubling that we still do not have a comprehensive approach to preparing for
1258:
This new analysis from the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense reveals that the United States remains at catastrophic biological risk. The Commission urges the Administration and Congress to take more actions now to avoid another pandemic or biological attack. The report closely examines the extent
1189:
Contracting authority should be the exclusive responsibility of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). In addition, BARDA should prioritize the use of OTA and consider any other appropriate flexible contracting authorities for BioShield. Congress should then eliminate
688:
said, "The Biodefense Steering Committee will monitor and coordinate implementation of the National Biodefense Strategy across 15 federal agencies and the Intelligence Community." The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense commended the Trump Administration for creating the strategy in accordance with
624:
Another example is the practice of stockpiling vaccines against a biological agent. This practice is considered obsolete by some. Nation states and terrorist organizations are already able to "merge the toxic attributes of more than one agent." To replace vaccine stockpiles, the Panel recommended a
1376:
In February 2018, the Open Philanthropy Project gave the Commission a grant for $ 2.5 million to advance biodefense leadership and reduce catastrophic biological risk. “Estimates show that as many as 100 million people died in 1918 from pandemic influenza,” Lieberman said. “That was before we were
1271:
in 2015, we concluded that our recommendations could and should be implemented by the Executive and Legislative Branches within five years. However, out of our 87 recommended action items, the government has completed just 3, took some action to address 54, no action on 24, and emergency or crisis
1153:
The government should conduct a review of military-civilian collaborative efforts, mandate military-civilian collaboration on biodefense (including research regarding force protection), clarify parameters for military support to civilian authorities in response to a domestic biological attack, and
966:
The Vice President should ensure the Federal Emergency Management Agency is included in interagency efforts to determine policy on biological attacks. Congress should place the EPA in charge of environmental decontamination and remediation efforts after accidental releases and biological attacks.
742:
The report recommends that the OMB each year submit "an integrated budget request to Congress that outlines federal-wide biodefense spending, and how it is tied to mission objectives." In 2019, congressional Appropriations directed OMB to conduct a biodefense budget cross-cut that would inform the
716:
Myriad federal departments and agencies are responsible for defending against these threats. Referring to their activities as a federal biodefense enterprise suggests a coordinated interagency endeavor unified in achieving common goals, but this is not the reality that exists currently. America is
1177:
The government should fund the medical countermeasure enterprise to no less than authorized levels, re-establish multi-year biodefense funding for medical countermeasure procurement, address prioritization and funding for influenza preparedness, and improve the plan for incentivizing the private
1024:
The Secretary of Homeland Security must ensure that emergency service providers have access to anthrax vaccines and extend the program to meet other threats. The CDC, FDA and ASPR should preposition medkits with emergency service providers and their families. And the Secretary of Health and Human
1000:
The National Security Council should immediately examine NBIS to determine whether expenditures have yielded sufficient amounts of useful information to decision makers beyond the Department of Homeland Security. The NSC should also convene data owners and other stakeholders to evaluate incentive
1278:
Among the eleven new recommendations in the report, the Commission advises the President to establish a dedicated Deputy National Security Advisor for Biodefense, overseen by the Vice President and supported by NSC staff. The Commission clearly notes that one federal department cannot tell other
1059:
Congress should standardize the development of clinical infection control guidelines before biological events occur. The Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Labor should also Institute a process for obtaining and incorporating feedback regarding clinical infection control
930:
The White House should lead all relevant agencies to a new level of understanding, planning, and operating with respect to biodefense that includes an animal health and, more broadly, a One Health mindset. The executive branch should also develop a nationally notifiable animal disease system and
809:
In December 2018, President Trump signed the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (H.R. 2), also known as The Farm Bill. The legislation addressed Commission recommendations to defend U.S. food and agriculture. The new law creates a National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program and a
605:
The report stated that the government does not appear to take events related to biodefense seriously enough. One member stated, "The tragic saga of the death of Thomas Eric Duncan from Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) serves as a perfect demonstration of the shambolic state of biodefense in the United
1094:
The Secretary of Health and Human Services should establish a stratified system of hospitals with increasing levels of capability to treat patients affected by bioterrorism and other events involving highly pathogenic infectious diseases. The Administrator of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
918:
The Director of National Intelligence should address the biological threat in the same way that other issues have been handled that cut across multiple intelligence agencies. This includes creating a national intelligence manager for biological threats, making the biological weapons programs a
501:
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense conducted a year-long study of how the U.S. should address biological threats. The study covered human-generated (i.e., terrorism, warfare, accidents) and naturally occurring biological threats. The study culminated in a report to the public and Congress
1380:
On March 16, 2020, the Open Philanthropy Project gave the Commission a grant for $ 2.6 million to help defend America against biological threats. About the timing of the grant, Governor Ridge noted that it, "...comes in the midst of our national response to novel coronavirus and other highly
1165:
The government should prioritize innovation and funding for medical countermeasures at agencies with biodefense responsibilities, identify at least five promising novel technologies that could ultimately be applied to MCM development for material threats, revolutionize development of medical
768:
A "stratified biodefense hospital system would provide the United States with a protective shield in the event the country experiences a manmade or natural biological catastrophe," speakers told members of the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense in a January 2018 public meeting, according to
1141:
The government should continue to strengthen implementation of the BWC where U.S. support is unequivocal, set U.S. goals for the BWC and determine the conditions necessary to achieve them, develop three actionable recommendations for BWC verification, and establish better biological weapons
1082:
The government should adopt a disaster preparedness portfolio that includes the Conditions of Participation, Interpretive Guidance, measures development for inclusion within value-based purchasing, and innovation projects. Congress should also link Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
701:
The Commission held a public meeting on October 3, 2017 about the biological attribution of crime, terrorism, and warfare, and continues to pursue this important topic. The continuing debate and uncertainty surrounding the origins of COVID-19 demonstrate the need for biological attribution.
637:. By doing so, biodefense would have "the ear of the president and the ability to coordinate budgets and plans across agencies." In such a scenario, the White House Biodefense Coordination Council would execute the day-to-day work, Senator Lieberman said during testimony in front of the
1212:
Congress, through its appropriations to DHS and DOD, should fund an advanced environmental detection system capable of rapid agent characterization and confirmation. The Secretary of Homeland Security should also replace BioWatch Generation 1 and 2 detectors within five years.
3379:
1106:
Together with non-federal partners, the ASPR, the Director of the CDC, and the Administrator of FEMA should identify requirements and capacities needed to achieve successful distribution and dispensing of MCM from the Strategic National Stockpile as well as from local caches.
1279:
departments and agencies what to do, especially in a critical area of responsibility like biodefense. A dedicated higher-level leader in the White House without responsibilities for multiple weapons of mass destruction, terrorist avenues, and national disasters is crucial.
954:
The Vice President should direct the Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Homeland Security, the Attorney General, and the DNI to establish and formalize this apparatus. The FBI should also take charge of the national Bioforensics Analysis Center.
1263:
in 2015. Despite warnings from public health professionals, experts, and the Commission, the country was caught unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. The Nation remains dangerously vulnerable to biological threats, despite some gains in preparedness and response.
2895:
3713:
1363:
Previously, the Commission teamed up with the Alliance for Biosecurity, and Trust for America's Health to conduct a survey of Americans' thoughts about biosecurity. According to the Alliance, Americans are concerned about biological threats.
822:, and for ten percent of those funds to be dedicated to building technology that would allow multiple antigens in a countermeasure to be delivered from a single platform. Similarly, the Commission called for ten percent of funds from the
734:
One of the key budgeting issues identified by the Commission is that all federal departments and many federal agencies have some biodefense responsibilities. Despite this multiplicity, there is not enough coordination. Lieberman said the
618:
296:
108:
752:
that obstacles exist that highlight the Nation's vulnerabilities to such an event. The Commission concluded that a comprehensive public health system that is able to respond before a biological disaster strikes is critical.
1373:
and responding to biological events. That is why this grant from Open Philanthropy is so critical. It will allow us to push forward the recommendations detailed in our National Blueprint and seek to put them into action."
641:. By making the Vice President responsible for biodefense, it would "transcend the bureaucratic and budgetary rivalries of various agencies in order to create an effective platform for dealing with biological attacks."
777:(PAHPA), which was due for reauthorization in September 2018. Information sharing across state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments was another large theme during the public meeting. In its December 2016
28:. According to the Commission's mission statement, the organization was formed to "provide for a comprehensive assessment of the state of U.S. biodefense efforts, and to issue recommendations that will foster change."
1912:
419:
1036:
The government should strengthen the Joint Counterterrorism Assessment Team, local police intelligence units and provide technical assistance to fusion centers to provide biological information and intelligence.
1235:
The Secretary of State should convene human and animal health leaders from throughout the world to evaluate current mechanisms and develop a strategy and implementation plan for global public health response.
2542:
3607:
1381:
pathogenic diseases, the development of biological weapons by other nation-states, and the ongoing threat of bioterrorism." Added Senator Lieberman, "The biological threats to our Nation remain all too real."
3686:
3652:
2910:
3669:
760:
not respond quickly to multiple locations in distress." Shalala's comments were prescient and perfectly described the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic as it spread to the United States in 2020.
2862:
706:(FBI) assume management of the NBFAC, as all specimens going into the facility come from the FBI. In 2018, DHS and the FBI signed a memorandum of agreement that transferred NBFAC management to the FBI.
1588:
1071:
Congress should amend the Public Health Service Act to require that no less than 97 percent of appropriated HPP funds go directly to HPP grantees. Congress should also regularly assess the program.
476:
Between 2001 and 2014, the U.S. spent around $ 80 billion on biodefense. Beginning in fall 2014, the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense conducted meetings, interviews, and research. It studied the
907:
At the start of each congressional session, Senate and House leadership should direct each committee with biodefense jurisdiction to convene for an in-depth classified biological threat briefing.
2620:
989:
The Secretary of Homeland Security should create an interagency biosurveillance planning committee the nexus for active collaboration with non-federal government and non-governmental partners.
2978:
2947:
1837:
665:
threats should be addressed by a single comprehensive strategy. By different types, they meant biological warfare, bioterrorism, naturally occurring deadly disease, and accidental release.
609:
The Commission also noted that the federal government had also failed to update its practices and procedures as they relate to biological threats. For example, there is a system within the
1999:
1247:
On the anniversary of the arrival of COVID-19 in the United States, the Commission released a report in March 2021 describing the status of federal implementation of recommendations from
3430:
789:
The report also suggested that the government merge duplicate processes by including all biological threats, not just those from terrorism, into a national strategy. For example, the "
3232:
2815:
3033:
2961:
823:
525:
2401:
874:
The Vice President should lead the primary designees and the members as a coalition that will prioritize needed activities, designate responsibilities, and ensure accountability.
3027:
3017:
2101:
460:
1201:
The Director of BARDA should determine the suite of rapid diagnostics that are needed for biological agents determined to be material threats and emerging infectious diseases.
606:
States in late 2014." Another estimated that the consequences of inaction on Commission recommendations would be that the report would serve as a "guidebook for placing blame."
2023:
1957:
678:
220:
174:
2150:
781:
report, the Commission recommended that the federal government "redouble its efforts to share information with SLTT governments" and described various action items to do so.
2595:
1919:
638:
260:
2710:
1224:
Congress should direct the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to undertake a systematic, evidence-based assessment and overhaul of the Select Agent Program.
840:
laid out 33 recommendations and 87 associated action items. The primary actions the U.S. government should take, according to the Commission's report, are the following:
414:
Senior Fellow for the Pandemic and Biosecurity Policy Programs at the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, The Bush School of Government & Public Service at
2759:
634:
1784:
677:
Nation. The Strategy was mandated by Congress and has five extensively detailed goals. It established a new cabinet-level Biodefense Steering Committee chaired by the
267:
2052:
3929:
3718:
3674:
2877:
3924:
3630:
3043:
1118:
The Director of the CDC should determine the necessary assessment, logistical, and funding requirements to forward deploy Strategic National Stockpile assets.
1357:
The Commission's bipartisan activities include meetings, research, issuing reports, testifying before Congress, and meeting with officials at the White House.
1862:
2800:
2205:
1687:
124:
3310:
1599:
3635:
3385:
3134:
2377:
978:
The plan must identify information required by decision makers (federal, state, local, territorial, tribal, private sector) to manage a biological event.
3148:
3059:
2871:
2854:
2232:
1943:
793:
approach" is one recommendation made by the Commission that would merge strategies for dealing with human, animal, and plant health biodefense programs.
2628:
1753:
3680:
3154:
1360:
Dr. George said that the Commission would stay engaged with Congress to help it understand and make the improvements that the Commission recommended.
774:
682:
151:
2568:"Survey Results Show Americans Are Concerned About Biosecurity Threats And Believe The Government Should Invest More In Preparedness (Press release)"
3793:
3192:
2916:
2768:
1533:
1439:
1287:
BioWatch activities until proven replacement technology is identified and confirmed to meet the needs of the Biodetection 2021 acquisition program.
1048:
Congress should appropriate the Public Health Emergency Preparedness funding to authorized levels or the President's request, whichever is higher.
3452:
3053:
3545:
3160:
2905:
1589:"The Nation's Medical Countermeasure Stockpile: Opportunities to Improve the Sustainability of the CDC Strategic National Stockpile, A Workshop"
2951:
2820:
1349:. The novel "depicts previous biological warfare events, the possibilities for the future, and the continued need for public health security."
201:
197:
170:
132:
2752:
2513:
1888:
810:
National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank, and increases federal funding to stockpile medical countermeasures for animals.
3237:
3540:
2867:
2843:
356:
334:
602:
report, the Commission said that almost no urgency within the federal government for dealing with the risk of a biological event existed.
2409:
2353:
3807:
3456:
2988:
2430:
3658:
3013:
2792:
617:
that would fast-track the approval of medical countermeasures in the event of a biological attack. However, during a hearing with the
3708:
3352:
3217:
3202:
3049:
2835:
128:
3369:
3207:
1025:
Services should establish reasonable personal protective equipment guidelines and requirements in advance of a biological event.
3838:
3744:
3574:
3466:
3357:
2745:
36:
3893:
3788:
3314:
3108:
2900:
736:
703:
24:, is an organization of former high-ranking government officials that analyzes US capabilities and capacity to defend against
1346:
1342:
1809:
3222:
2543:"Best-Selling Author Max Brooks And Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Provide A 'Very Graphic History' Of Germ Warfare"
3749:
3613:
3496:
3411:
3144:
3009:
2825:
819:
633:
One of the Commission's major recommendations was to place responsibility for biodefense leadership into the hands of the
610:
178:
1509:
1272:
actions on 6 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are still more vulnerable to the next pandemic than we should be.”
1056:
Establish and utilize a standard process to develop and issue clinical infection control guidance for biological events
896:
Congress should mandate the development of a unified budget that defines how the entire biodefense enterprise is funded.
3472:
3373:
3039:
2805:
673:
614:
530:
310:
235:
216:
3914:
3448:
3262:
1562:
40:
2000:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense warns Congress against delaying federal funds tied to comprehensive strategy"
3803:
3023:
2700:
1654:
3318:
800:
Aerial photo of the National Institutes of Health Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center in Bethesda, Maryland
182:
2178:
1714:
3770:
3103:
3087:
2887:
1863:"White House authorizes national biodefense strategy; HHS to take governance lead - Homeland Preparedness News"
440:
422:; Strategic Advisor for the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases (IIAD) at Texas A&M AgriLife Research
373:
155:
2024:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Calls for Strategic Budgeting Tied to New National Biodefense Strategy"
1958:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Calls for Strategic Budgeting Tied to New National Biodefense Strategy"
1021:
Provide emergency service providers with the resources they need to keep themselves and their families safe
967:
And both the Vice President and Congress should delegate studies of those exposed to disease-causing agents.
3883:
3460:
3241:
3226:
3197:
2684:
1333:
In early 2019, author Max Brooks partnered with the Commission to author and publish a graphic novel called
1295:
Since the release of its National Blueprint for Biodefense, the Commission has released nine other reports:
415:
2329:
3504:
3252:
2281:
484:
2305:
1971:
1541:
1166:
countermeasures for emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential, and establish an antigen bank.
439:
Director of the Complex Adaptive Systems Institute (CASI), Del E. Webb Professor of Health Innovation at
3919:
3878:
3873:
3759:
3663:
3640:
2993:
2716:
2704:
885:
The Vice President should develop a comprehensive national biodefense strategy and implementation plan.
796:
2567:
1045:
Fund the Public Health Emergency Preparedness cooperative agreement at no less than authorized levels
3272:
3218:
Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
2653:
55:
3754:
3422:
3405:
3329:
2053:"Biodefense panel convenes to address state and local cooperation in midst of major health disasters"
648:(the Commission's second status report describing federal implementation of its recommendations from
477:
147:
104:
1785:"Q&A with co-director of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense - Homeland Preparedness News"
519:
2257:
2151:"Blue Ribbon panel lauds Congress for passage of farm bill with provisions to protect food supply"
2076:
111:, Democratic candidate for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States
3853:
3765:
2693:
2102:"National disaster health care system needed, experts tell Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense"
1429:
1419:
773:. The public hearing occurred during the same week that the Senate began holding hearings on the
352:
264:
165:
2675:
1838:"Posting of the National Security Presidential Memorandum 14, "Support for National Biodefense""
1232:
Lead the way toward establishing a functional and agile global public health response apparatus
483:
In October 2015, the Commission released its recommendations to publicly and submitted them to
3848:
3569:
3440:
3334:
3267:
2519:
2509:
1937:
1414:
1095:
Services should develop new standards to accredit hospitals and provide funding accordingly.
591:
565:
314:
2694:"Holding the Line on Biodefense: State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Reinforcements Needed"
2667:
Biodefense Indicators: One Year Later, Events Outpacing Federal Efforts to Defend the Nation"
863:
Empower the Vice President with jurisdiction and authority over biodefense responsibilities.
3843:
3798:
3535:
3211:
2126:
1297:
Biodefense Indicators: One Year Later, Events Outpacing Federal Efforts to Defend the Nation
939:
Prioritize and align investments in medical countermeasures among all federal stakeholders
393:
32:
2737:
1309:
Holding The Line On Biodefense: State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Reinforcements Needed
1060:
guidelines during biological events as well as require training based on these guidelines.
1033:
Redouble efforts to share information with state, local, territorial, and tribal partners
871:
Establish a Biodefense Coordination Council at the White House, led by the Vice President
489:
A National Blueprint for Biodefense: Leadership and Major Reform Needed to Optimize Efforts
3858:
3601:
3564:
3344:
3324:
1409:
535:
327:
44:
2685:"Budget Reform for Biodefense: Integrated Budget Needed to Increase Return on Investment"
2666:
2233:"On Pandemic Anniversary, Commission Finds U.S. Remains at Catastrophic Biological Risk"
818:
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense also called for the new Innovation Funds at the
480:
and biodefense programs undertaken during the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administrations.
3828:
3556:
2621:"Commission Receives $ 2.62 Million Grant to Defend America Against Biological Threats"
1401:
1305:
Budget Reform for Biodefense: Integrated Budget Needed to Increase Return on Investment
729:
Budget Reform for Biodefense: Integrated Budget Needed to Increase Return on Investment
333:
Director of the Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies and Senior Fellow at the
1460:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense is now the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense"
860:
Institutionalize biodefense in the Office of the Vice President of the United States
512:
The report proposed congressional oversight hearings to address the following issues:
3908:
552:
546:
386:
284:
Deputy Executive Director, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
211:
99:
72:
2206:"Biodefense in Crisis - Immediate Action Needed to Address National Vulnerabilities"
1501:
904:
Determine and establish a clear congressional agenda to ensure national biodefense
3888:
3868:
3863:
2955:
1424:
433:
230:
25:
3714:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
1754:"Biodefense Blue Ribbon Panel Report Sends Strong Messages – Is Anyone Listening?"
1480:
1384:
The Commission has also received grants from Smith Richardson Foundation and NTI.
1079:
Provide the financial incentives hospitals need to prepare for biological events
919:
discrete intelligence topic, addressing bystanders, and distributing assessments.
2478:
2378:"The Apollo Program for Biodefense - Winning the Race Against Biological Threats"
1321:
Biodefense in Crisis: Immediate Action Needed to Address National Vulnerabilities
1253:
Biodefense in Crisis: Immediate Action Needed to Address National Vulnerabilities
1162:
Prioritize innovation over incrementalism in medical countermeasure development
3646:
3530:
3514:
3396:
3277:
685:
459:
President of the American Health Policy Institute, Deputy Secretary of the U.S.
397:
271:
142:
1395:
1174:
Fully prioritize, fund, and incentivize the medical countermeasure enterprise
629:
Need to Strengthen White House Leadership of the National Biodefense Enterprise
586:
3833:
2731:
2727:
2523:
1391:
1317:
The Apollo Program for Biodefense: Winning the Race Against Biological Threats
1001:
options and determine which are most viable for data and information sharing.
790:
192:
1623:
963:
Establish a national environmental decontamination and remediation capacity
927:
Integrate animal health and One Health approaches into biodefense strategies
882:
Develop, implement, and update a comprehensive national biodefense strategy
717:
more vulnerable today than it should be to a biological crisis of any scale.
1434:
1138:
Renew U.S. leadership of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC)
453:
297:
United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
119:
76:
1186:
Reform Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority contracting
1126:
Harden pathogen and advanced biotechnology information from cyber attacks
3193:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
3509:
3363:
2809:
2127:"H.R.2 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018"
1283:
1259:
of progress that has been made since the Commission released its seminal
1103:
Develop and implement a Medical Countermeasure (MCM) Response Framework
1009:
Improve surveillance of and planning for animal and zoonotic outbreaks
71:
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense is co-chaired by former Senator
1282:
The Commission also continues to recommend eliminating the ineffective
2503:
1190:
the Office of Management and Budget review of BioShield procurements.
986:
Empower non-federal entities to become equal biosurveillance partners
951:
Better support and informed decisions based on biological attribution
420:
Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
63:
2720:
2577:. Alliance for Biosecurity and Trust for America's Health. 2016-04-20
1655:"Improving the Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Biodefense Report"
1563:"Parker appointed to Blue Ribbon Panel on Biodefense - Vital Record"
1459:
1243:
Status of Federal Implementation of the Commission's Recommendations
1115:
Allow for forward deployment of Strategic National Stockpile assets
2728:
Discussion on Bioterrorism, Pandemics, and Preparing for the Future
3608:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
2983:
1889:"Pressing, multiplying biodefense issues plague U.S., experts say"
1068:
Minimize redirection of Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP) funds
672:, on September 18, 2018, President Donald Trump released the 2018
585:
35:
serves as the Commission's fiscal sponsor. Current donors include
3687:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
3653:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
2911:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
2596:"Blue Ribbon Biodefense Study Panel Receives Major Funding Award"
259:
Subcommittee staff director and senior professional staff at the
3670:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
3138:
3128:
3124:
2962:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
2402:"Insidious Scourge - Critical Infrastructure at Biological Risk"
2354:"Diagnostics for Biodefense - Flying Blind with No Plan to Land"
997:
Optimize the National Biosurveillance Integration System (NBIS)
2863:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2741:
1688:"Blue Ribbon Panel report: United States lacking in biodefense"
931:
prioritize emerging as well as reemerging infectious diseases.
173:, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation,
3125:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
1313:
Diagnostics for Biodefense - Flying Blind with No Plan to Land
805:
Need to Defend Food and Agriculture Against Biological Threats
668:
In accordance with the Commission's third recommendation from
619:
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
109:
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
2454:
2431:"Saving Sisyphus: Advanced Biodetection for the 21st Century"
1325:
Insidious Scourge: Critical Infrastructure at Biological Risk
1209:
Develop a 21st Century-worthy environmental detection system
1083:
incentives and reimbursement to new accreditation standards.
915:
Improve management of the biological intelligence enterprise
1329:
Saving Sisyphus: Advanced Biodetection for the 21st Century.
975:
Implement an integrated national biosurveillance capability
3546:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
3161:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
2979:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
2906:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
1709:
1707:
1198:
Incentivize development of rapid point-of-care diagnostics
943:
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
2948:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
2711:
Defending Against Bioterrorism: How Vulnerable is America?
722:—Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense, February 2018 report
1150:
Implement military-civilian collaboration for biodefense
764:
Need for a Stratified National Biodefense Hospital System
3431:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
1534:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Grant | GiveWell"
3233:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
2816:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
1819:. Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense. pp. 64–67
372:
Executive Director of National Research Initiatives at
75:
and former Secretary of Homeland Security and Governor
3238:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
3034:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
824:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
526:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
2713:" House Committee on Homeland Security hearing (2015)
814:
Need to Address Science and Technology for Biodefense
1130:
in the revised procurement model under development.
31:
The Commission is supported by donor organizations.
3821:
3779:
3735:
3728:
3699:
3623:
3594:
3587:
3555:
3523:
3495:
3486:
3439:
3421:
3395:
3343:
3303:
3294:
3251:
3183:
3174:
3117:
3096:
3080:
3073:
3002:
2971:
2938:
2929:
2886:
2853:
2834:
2791:
2782:
2775:
1154:update and implement military biodefense doctrine.
543:
Cyber vulnerabilities to the life sciences industry
351:Executive Vice President for Health and Policy of
261:United States House Committee on Homeland Security
747:Need to Prepare for Large-Scale Biological Events
635:Office of the Vice President of the United States
3659:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
3719:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
3675:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
3311:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
2878:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
714:
3203:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
2808:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
1598:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
644:Among the eleven new recommendations found in
3631:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
3370:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
2753:
2227:
2225:
2200:
2198:
2173:
2171:
1221:Review and overhaul the Select Agent Program
689:the Commission's third recommendation in its
418:; Associate Dean of Global One Health at the
8:
3208:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
2801:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
785:Need for a One Health Approach to Biodefense
51:Commissioners, staff, and ex officio members
3636:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
3135:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
697:Need for a Biological Attribution Apparatus
248:Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration
3732:
3591:
3492:
3300:
3180:
3077:
3060:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
2935:
2788:
2779:
2760:
2746:
2738:
561:Military-civilian biodefense collaboration
3681:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
3155:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
3109:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
2984:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
2896:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
775:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
3794:United States biological weapons program
2917:National Center for Medical Intelligence
2769:United States biological defense program
1440:United States biological defense program
842:
795:
558:Medical countermeasures (MCM) innovation
81:
62:
54:
3453:National Strategy for Homeland Security
1451:
1091:Establish a biodefense hospital system
656:Need for a National Biodefense Strategy
461:Department of Health and Human Services
3930:National security of the United States
2952:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
2821:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
1942:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1935:
679:Secretary of Health and Human Services
221:Secretary of Health and Human Services
202:House Committee on Energy and Commerce
175:House Committee on Energy and Commerce
3925:Public inquiries in the United States
3223:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
2701:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
2179:"A National Blueprint for Biodefense"
2046:
2044:
2028:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
1993:
1991:
1810:"A National Blueprint for Biodefense"
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1715:"A National Blueprint for Biodefense"
1483:. Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1462:. Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
838:The National Blueprint for Biodefense
337:, Professor of international studies
22:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
7:
3541:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
2868:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
2846:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
2844:National Counterproliferation Center
2826:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1528:
1526:
1341:and is a non-resident fellow at the
1335:GERM WARFARE: A Very Graphic History
357:World Organisation for Animal Health
335:Potomac Institute for Policy Studies
2989:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
2656:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
2625:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2483:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2435:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2406:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2382:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2358:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2334:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2310:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2286:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2262:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2237:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2210:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2183:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2081:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1976:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1719:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1686:Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (2015-10-28).
1506:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1249:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
832:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
670:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
650:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
507:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
496:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
18:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
3374:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
3040:Homeland Security Research Program
2717:Hearing on Biodefense Preparedness
2125:Conaway, K. Michael (2018-12-20).
1142:sentencing guidelines in statute.
571:PHEMCE coordination of MCM efforts
14:
3709:Global Health Security Initiative
3353:National Biosurveillance Strategy
3050:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1624:"Robert Kadlec M.D. | C-SPAN.org"
1269:National Blueprint for Biodefense
1261:National Blueprint for Biodefense
691:National Blueprint for Biodefense
639:House Homeland Security Committee
566:active pharmaceutical ingredients
3839:Biosecurity in the United States
3745:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
3575:Positive pressure personnel suit
3467:National Disaster Medical System
2330:"Holding the Line on Biodefense"
1394:
3894:Smallpox virus retention debate
3789:United States Army Medical Unit
3315:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2901:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2719:(with witnesses from BRSPB) on
2676:"Defense of Animal Agriculture"
2282:"Defense of Animal Agriculture"
1587:Carlin, Ellen P. (2016-02-05).
1512:from the original on 2022-05-29
1242:
737:Office of Management and Budget
704:Federal Bureau of Investigation
625:"vaccines-on-demand approach."
505:The group's report was titled
2306:"Budget Reform for Biodefense"
1972:"Budget Reform for Biodefense"
1291:Other reports and publications
826:(BARDA) for the same purpose.
502:released on October 28, 2015.
400:for National Security Affairs
125:Secretary of Homeland Security
1:
3750:1989 California medfly attack
3614:Biological Weapons Convention
3412:Personnel Reliability Program
3145:Epidemic Intelligence Service
3010:Galveston National Laboratory
2051:Galford, Chris (2018-01-17).
1301:Defense of Animal Agriculture
820:National Institutes of Health
727:In its February 2018 report,
710:Need to Budget for Biodefense
611:National Institutes of Health
590:The international symbol for
179:Pennsylvania General Assembly
3473:Strategic National Stockpile
3024:Integrated Research Facility
2806:DHS Office of Health Affairs
2627:. 2020-03-16. Archived from
674:National Biodefense Strategy
615:Food and Drug Administration
531:National Biodefense Strategy
311:Future of Humanity Institute
245:Margaret A. (Peggy) Hamburg
236:United States Representative
217:United States Representative
198:United States Representative
171:United States Representative
133:United States Representative
3536:Biological Materials MASINT
3449:National Response Framework
3358:Laboratory Response Network
3319:Biological Threat Reduction
3263:Battelle Memorial Institute
1013:zoonotic disease outbreak.
893:Unify biodefense budgeting
41:Smith Richardson Foundation
3946:
3804:Aeromedical Isolation Team
2155:Homeland Preparedness News
2106:Homeland Preparedness News
2057:Homeland Preparedness News
2004:Homeland Preparedness News
1893:Homeland Preparedness News
1867:Homeland Preparedness News
1789:Homeland Preparedness News
1337:. Brooks is the author of
771:Homeland Preparedness News
662:Homeland Preparedness News
398:Vice President Dick Cheney
295:Professional Staff at the
278:Deputy Executive Director
183:Pennsylvania State Senator
2100:Riley, Kim (2018-01-19).
1998:Riley, Kim (2018-02-28).
1887:Riley, Kim (2017-10-16).
683:National Security Advisor
582:Major Problems Identified
487:in the form of a report,
392:Senior Vice President of
3376:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
3104:State Health Departments
3088:Local Health Departments
600:Blueprint for Biodefense
540:Budgeting for biodefense
516:Major biological threats
441:Arizona State University
416:Texas A&M University
411:Gerald Parker, DVM, PhD
374:Arizona State University
156:Senate Democratic Leader
129:Governor of Pennsylvania
20:, formerly known as the
3884:Isolation (health care)
3854:Biological warfare (BW)
3227:University of Rochester
3198:Henry L. Stimson Center
2600:Homeland Security Today
2258:"Biodefense Indicators"
2077:"Biodefense Indicators"
549:protection and response
2730:- moderated by author
801:
719:
595:
577:Vulnerable populations
152:Senate Majority Leader
68:
60:
3879:Entomological warfare
3780:Defunct organizations
3760:Wood Green ricin plot
3664:Project Bioshield Act
3641:Executive Order 13139
2994:Dugway Proving Ground
1596:Institute of Medicine
1178:sector and academia.
830:Recommendations from
799:
779:Biodefense Indicators
589:
555:security and response
387:Lewis "Scooter" Libby
268:military intelligence
256:Asha M. George, DrPH
148:United States Senator
105:United States Senator
66:
59:Senator Joe Lieberman
58:
3755:2001 anthrax attacks
3423:Medical intelligence
3406:Select Agent Program
3330:Project Clear Vision
1343:Modern War Institute
1303:(October 2017); and
646:Biodefense in Crisis
574:Select Agent Program
478:2001 anthrax attacks
369:Rachel Levinson, MA
348:William Karesh, DVM
1960:. 26 February 2018.
1817:biodefensestudy.org
1502:"Sponsors / Donors"
755:In an op-ed in the
355:, President of the
303:Research Associate
253:Executive Director
3915:Biological warfare
3771:2013 ricin letters
3766:2003 ricin letters
3313:, implemented the
3242:George Mason Univ.
2547:www.prnewswire.com
1430:Pandemic influenza
1420:Biological warfare
1251:. In this report,
802:
596:
353:EcoHealth Alliance
200:, Chairman of the
107:, Chairman of the
69:
67:Governor Tom Ridge
61:
26:biological threats
3902:
3901:
3849:Biological hazard
3817:
3816:
3695:
3694:
3583:
3582:
3570:Biosafety cabinet
3482:
3481:
3441:Disaster response
3335:Project Jefferson
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3268:SRI International
3170:
3169:
3069:
3068:
2925:
2924:
2515:978-0-6556-8908-9
1415:Biological hazard
1315:(November 2020);
1299:(December 2016);
1240:
1239:
592:biological hazard
466:
465:
315:Oxford University
289:Policy Associate
281:Ambika Bumb, PhD
37:Open Philanthropy
3937:
3844:Biological agent
3799:Sunshine Project
3733:
3592:
3493:
3455:(DHS; including
3304:Threat reduction
3301:
3273:Idaho Technology
3212:Brown University
3184:Academic centers
3181:
3078:
2936:
2789:
2780:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2408:. Archived from
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:www.congress.gov
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1918:. Archived from
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1842:Federal Register
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:Security Debrief
1750:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1540:. Archived from
1530:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1311:(October 2018);
852:Specific Action
843:
723:
660:Dr. George told
436:, DVM, PhD, DSC
394:Hudson Institute
82:
33:Hudson Institute
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3874:Decontamination
3859:Biosurveillance
3813:
3781:
3775:
3737:
3736:Past biological
3724:
3701:
3691:
3619:
3602:Geneva Protocol
3579:
3565:Biosafety level
3551:
3519:
3488:
3478:
3435:
3417:
3391:
3345:Biosurveillance
3339:
3325:Project Bacchus
3296:
3282:
3254:
3247:
3186:and think tanks
3185:
3176:
3166:
3113:
3092:
3065:
2998:
2967:
2940:
2931:
2921:
2882:
2849:
2830:
2784:
2771:
2766:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2549:(Press release)
2541:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2516:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2479:"Graphic Novel"
2477:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:"Archived copy"
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1692:Washington Post
1685:
1684:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1410:9/11 Commission
1400:
1393:
1390:
1370:
1355:
1293:
1245:
849:Recommendation
835:
816:
807:
787:
766:
749:
725:
721:
712:
699:
658:
631:
584:
536:Biosurveillance
499:
474:
396:, Assistant to
328:Yonah Alexander
292:Robert Bradley
53:
45:Bavarian Nordic
12:
11:
5:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Agro-terrorism
3825:
3823:
3822:Related topics
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3702:representation
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3557:Biocontainment
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3021:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:administrative
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2661:
2648:
2647:External links
2645:
2642:
2641:
2612:
2587:
2559:
2534:
2514:
2494:
2470:
2446:
2422:
2393:
2369:
2345:
2321:
2297:
2273:
2249:
2221:
2194:
2167:
2142:
2117:
2092:
2068:
2040:
2015:
1987:
1963:
1949:
1904:
1879:
1854:
1829:
1801:
1769:
1730:
1703:
1671:
1639:
1628:www.c-span.org
1615:
1579:
1554:
1522:
1493:
1472:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:Biology portal
1389:
1386:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1351:
1292:
1289:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
976:
973:
969:
968:
964:
961:
957:
956:
952:
949:
945:
944:
940:
937:
933:
932:
928:
925:
921:
920:
916:
913:
909:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
880:
876:
875:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
847:
834:
828:
815:
812:
806:
803:
786:
783:
765:
762:
748:
745:
713:
711:
708:
698:
695:
657:
654:
630:
627:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
562:
559:
556:
550:
544:
541:
538:
533:
528:
523:
520:Animal disease
517:
498:
493:
473:
470:
464:
463:
457:
451:
444:
443:
437:
431:
424:
423:
412:
409:
402:
401:
390:
384:
377:
376:
370:
367:
360:
359:
349:
346:
339:
338:
331:
325:
318:
317:
307:
304:
300:
299:
293:
290:
286:
285:
282:
279:
275:
274:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
239:
238:
233:
228:
224:
223:
214:
209:
205:
204:
195:
190:
186:
185:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
140:
136:
135:
122:
117:
113:
112:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
86:
52:
49:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3942:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:International
3698:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:and equipment
3485:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:Organizations
2774:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2631:on 2021-05-07
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2576:
2575:media.wix.com
2569:
2563:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:Brooks, Max,
2498:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2412:on 2021-10-26
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1925:on 2017-07-10
1921:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1659:Just Security
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1605:on 2016-08-20
1601:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1544:on 2016-05-14
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
971:
970:
965:
962:
959:
958:
953:
950:
947:
946:
941:
938:
935:
934:
929:
926:
923:
922:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
867:
866:
862:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
845:
844:
841:
839:
833:
829:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
804:
798:
794:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
763:
761:
758:
753:
746:
744:
740:
738:
732:
730:
724:
718:
709:
707:
705:
696:
694:
692:
687:
684:
680:
675:
671:
666:
663:
655:
653:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
628:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
601:
593:
588:
581:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:Global health
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
508:
503:
497:
494:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
471:
469:
462:
458:
455:
452:
450:
446:
445:
442:
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
408:
404:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
385:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
361:
358:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
340:
336:
332:
329:
326:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
308:
306:John O'Brien
305:
302:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
242:Commissioner
241:
240:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:Commissioner
226:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
212:Donna Shalala
210:
208:Commissioner
207:
206:
203:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:Commissioner
188:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
167:
166:Jim Greenwood
164:
162:Commissioner
161:
160:
157:
153:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:Commissioner
138:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
121:
118:
115:
114:
110:
106:
103:
101:
100:Joe Lieberman
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
78:
74:
73:Joe Lieberman
65:
57:
50:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
27:
23:
19:
3920:Bioterrorism
3889:Select agent
3869:CBRN defense
3864:Bioterrorism
3782:and programs
3604:(1925, 1975)
3297:and projects
3177:governmental
2956:Fort Detrick
2941:departmental
2692:
2683:
2674:
2664:
2655:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:the original
2624:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2602:. 2016-09-21
2599:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2562:
2551:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2527:, retrieved
2504:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2473:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2455:"Max Brooks"
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2405:
2396:
2385:. Retrieved
2381:
2372:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:
2300:
2289:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2239:. 2021-03-30
2236:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2159:. Retrieved
2157:. 2018-12-26
2154:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2032:. Retrieved
2030:. 2018-02-01
2027:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1952:
1927:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1869:. 2018-09-18
1866:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1844:. 2018-10-18
1841:
1832:
1821:. Retrieved
1816:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1791:. 2016-03-17
1788:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1663:. Retrieved
1661:. 2016-02-25
1658:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1595:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1569:. 2015-01-27
1567:Vital Record
1566:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1537:
1514:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1454:
1425:Bioterrorism
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:(2021), and
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1246:
837:
836:
831:
817:
808:
788:
778:
770:
767:
757:Miami Herald
756:
754:
750:
741:
733:
728:
726:
720:
715:
700:
690:
669:
667:
661:
659:
649:
645:
643:
632:
623:
608:
604:
599:
597:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
488:
482:
475:
467:
448:
434:George Poste
428:
406:
381:
364:
343:
322:
309:Researcher,
270:officer and
231:Susan Brooks
70:
30:
21:
17:
15:
3647:Patriot Act
3624:Legislation
3531:Cell CANARY
3515:Respirators
3397:Biosecurity
3278:Phoenix Air
3255:contractors
2505:World War Z
1339:World War Z
686:John Bolton
547:Food supply
447:Ex Officio
427:Ex Officio
405:Ex Officio
380:Ex Officio
363:Ex Officio
342:Ex Officio
321:Ex Officio
272:paratrooper
143:Tom Daschle
91:Experience
3909:Categories
3834:Biodefense
3497:Protection
3487:Technology
3475:(CDC, DHS)
3399:/Biosurety
3388:(Civilian)
3366:(EPA, CDC)
3321:(DoD) plus
3253:Government
2964:(DHHS/DoD)
2913:(JPEO-CBD)
2732:Max Brooks
2635:2021-04-01
2606:2016-10-03
2581:2016-05-20
2553:2019-09-01
2529:2021-04-01
2524:1197945263
2488:2021-04-01
2464:2021-04-01
2459:Max Brooks
2440:2021-10-22
2416:2021-10-22
2387:2021-04-01
2363:2021-04-01
2339:2021-04-01
2315:2021-04-01
2291:2021-04-01
2267:2021-04-01
2243:2021-04-02
2215:2021-04-01
2188:2021-04-02
2161:2019-01-02
2136:2021-04-02
2111:2018-02-12
2086:2021-04-02
2062:2018-02-12
2034:2018-03-30
2009:2018-03-30
1981:2021-04-02
1929:2017-10-25
1898:2017-10-25
1873:2018-11-30
1848:2021-04-02
1823:2016-06-24
1795:2016-05-20
1763:2016-05-20
1724:2021-04-01
1697:2016-05-20
1665:2016-05-20
1633:2016-06-24
1609:2016-05-20
1573:2016-05-20
1548:2016-05-20
1516:2022-06-20
1487:2019-10-05
1466:2019-10-05
1446:References
1353:Activities
1347:West Point
791:One Health
564:Origin of
472:Background
193:Fred Upton
3738:incidents
3524:Detection
2691:Report -
2682:Report -
2673:Report -
2663:Report -
2652:Report -
1481:"Mission"
1435:Terrorism
522:reporting
468:Sources:
454:Tevi Troy
265:U.S. Army
120:Tom Ridge
116:Co-Chair
96:Co-Chair
77:Tom Ridge
3595:Treaties
3548:(JBAIDS)
3510:NBC suit
3372:(GBTI),
3364:BioWatch
3295:Programs
3240:(NCBID;
3074:Response
3003:Civilian
2972:Military
2932:research
2810:BioWatch
2705:Facebook
1938:cite web
1538:GiveWell
1510:Archived
1388:See also
1323:(2021),
1319:(2021);
1307:(2018);
1284:BioWatch
485:Congress
181:Member,
3729:History
3451:of the
3380:ESSENCE
3118:Federal
2930:Federal
2783:Federal
2723:(video)
846:Number
598:In the
449:Member
429:Member
407:Member
382:Member
365:Member
344:Member
323:Member
3762:(2002)
3721:(2004)
3683:(2006)
3677:(2005)
3666:(2004)
3655:(2002)
3649:(2001)
3643:(1999)
3616:(1972)
3610:(1969)
3469:(DHHS)
3131:, HHS)
3062:(USDA)
2939:Trans-
2734:(2017)
2726:Panel
2721:C-SPAN
2697:(2018)
2688:(2018)
2679:(2017)
2670:(2016)
2660:(2015)
2522:
2512:
1368:Grants
456:, PhD
330:, PhD
154:, and
43:, and
3414:(DoD)
3408:(CDC)
3382:(DoD)
3360:(CDC)
3163:(CDC)
3157:(CDC)
3097:State
3081:Local
3046:/DHS)
3036:(HHS)
3028:NIAID
3026:(HHS/
3018:NIAID
2571:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1916:(PDF)
1813:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
568:(API)
389:, JD
88:Name
85:Role
3505:MOPP
3459:and
3457:NIMS
3386:RODS
3317:and
3175:Non-
3139:USMC
3129:NDMS
3054:USDA
3014:UTMB
2855:DHHS
2520:OCLC
2510:ISBN
1944:link
613:and
16:The
3808:DoD
3588:Law
3461:ICS
3149:CDC
3044:EPA
2888:DoD
2872:CDC
2836:DNI
2793:DHS
2703:on
1345:at
1229:33
1218:32
1206:31
1195:30
1183:29
1171:28
1159:27
1147:26
1135:25
1123:24
1112:23
1100:22
1088:21
1076:20
1065:19
1053:18
1042:17
1030:16
1018:15
1006:14
994:13
983:12
972:11
960:10
3911::
2954:,
2623:.
2598:.
2573:.
2545:.
2518:,
2508:,
2481:.
2457:.
2433:.
2404:.
2380:.
2356:.
2332:.
2308:.
2284:.
2260:.
2235:.
2224:^
2208:.
2197:^
2181:.
2170:^
2153:.
2129:.
2104:.
2079:.
2055:.
2043:^
2026:.
2002:.
1990:^
1974:.
1940:}}
1936:{{
1891:.
1865:.
1840:.
1815:.
1787:.
1772:^
1756:.
1733:^
1717:.
1706:^
1690:.
1674:^
1657:.
1642:^
1626:.
1594:.
1565:.
1536:.
1525:^
1508:.
1504:.
948:9
936:8
924:7
912:6
901:5
890:4
879:3
868:2
857:1
693:.
681:.
313:,
263:,
219:,
177:,
150:,
131:,
127:,
79:.
47:.
39:,
3810:)
3806:(
3463:)
3244:)
3229:)
3225:(
3214:)
3210:(
3151:)
3147:(
3141:)
3137:(
3127:(
3056:)
3052:(
3042:(
3030:)
3020:)
3016:/
3012:(
2958:)
2950:(
2874:)
2870:(
2812:)
2761:e
2754:t
2747:v
2709:"
2665:"
2658:"
2654:"
2638:.
2609:.
2584:.
2556:.
2491:.
2467:.
2443:.
2419:.
2390:.
2366:.
2342:.
2318:.
2294:.
2270:.
2246:.
2218:.
2191:.
2164:.
2139:.
2114:.
2089:.
2065:.
2037:.
2012:.
1984:.
1946:)
1932:.
1901:.
1876:.
1851:.
1826:.
1798:.
1766:.
1727:.
1700:.
1668:.
1636:.
1612:.
1576:.
1551:.
1519:.
1490:.
1469:.
594:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
