404:
450:. (2017) found that Birman cats have a high serum concentration of creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine, but most Birman cats have higher concentrations of creatinine than SDMA. Creatinine is a creatine phosphate and is produced during metabolism of creatine, and is excreted through urination. SDMA is a methylated form of the amino acid arginine and is released during normal catabolisms of body proteins. Levels of creatinine and SDMA are found when Birman cats are tested for chronic kidney disease, for which they are at high risk. Birman cats are also at risk of developing feline infectious
416:
314:, save for the contrasting pure white, symmetrical "gloves" on each paw that are the trademark of the breed. The white must involve all toes and in front must stop at the articulation or at the transition of toes to metacarpals. These gloves should extend noticeably further up the back of the leg (referred to as the "laces"), finishing with an inverted V extended half to three-fourths up the hock. Any other spot of white on the points is considered a serious fault. The base body colour is white to cream, with a wash of colour that corresponds to the points, but is much paler.
295:
392:
378:
366:
329:
2072:
340:
48:
473:
Many Birman breeders follow the French tradition of assigning all kittens born in a particular year given names that begin with the same letter of the alphabet. Countries with breeders using this convention include
Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.K., and the U.S. Kittens born in 2016
239:
Birmans were almost wiped out as a breed during World War II. Only two cats were alive in Europe at the end of the war, a pair named Orloff and Xenia de Kaabaa, both belonging to
Baudoin-Crevoisier. The foundation of the breed in postwar France were offspring of this pair. They had to be heavily
227:
No clear record of the breed's origin exists. They are most often claimed to have originated as the companions of temple priests in northern Burma in the Mount of Lugh. Many stories exist of how the cats first came to France, including pairs of cats being given as a reward for helping defend a
302:
Birmans have a medium-sized, rectangular body with a broad face and distinct Roman nose. Their ears are ideally as wide on the base as they are tall and should be set as much on top of the head as on the side. The eyes are rounded and should be a deep sapphire blue.
868:
Paltrinieri, Saverio; Giraldi, Marco; Prolo, Amanda; Scarpa, Paola; Piseddu, Eleonora; Beccati, Massimo; Graziani, Benedetta; Bo, Stefano (10 October 2017). "Serum symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in Birman cats compared with cats of other breeds".
403:
247:
The first Birman cats were seal point. The blue point colour was introduced in 1959 using blue
Persian lines. New colours were later added by English breeders including chocolate, red, and
765:
Lipinski, M. J.; Froenicke, L.; Baysac, K. C.; Billings, N. C.; Leutenegger, C. M.; Levy, A. M.; Longeri, M.; Niini, T.; Ozpinar, H.; Slater, M. R.; Pedersen, N. C.; Lyons, L. A. (2008).
415:
244:
and
Siamese to rebuild the Birman breed. By the early 1950s, pure Birman litters were again being produced. The restored breed was recognized in Britain in 1965 and by the CFA in 1966.
928:
923:
391:
443:
A study in the UK of veterinary records found the Birman to have a life expectancy of 14.39 years based on a sample of 38 cats, higher than the 11.74 average overall.
236:) were said to have been stolen and later imported to France by Thadde Haddisch. The first traces of historical Birmans go back to a Mme Leotardi in Nice, France.
2106:
2101:
1883:
1418:
103:
465:
Feline audiogenic reflex seizures (FARS), a recently discovered type of epilepsy in cats, is believed to be particularly common in Birman cats.
1398:
1037:
365:
2026:
519:
1933:
1423:
989:
268:
167:
1438:
1393:
579:
280:
160:
139:
115:
454:; a disease that alters the renal function (creatinine levels in blood and urine) in the cats. In a review of over 5,000 cases of
377:
1467:
1923:
1918:
591:
132:
1988:
1413:
1152:
564:
339:
272:
91:
2052:
1938:
1913:
1433:
1301:
1251:
1408:
1030:
143:
2031:
1888:
1306:
317:
Recognized point colours are seal, chocolate, red and the corresponding dilute varieties: blue, lilac and cream.
127:
1182:
1998:
1908:
1403:
276:
172:
155:
2047:
2011:
1858:
20:
2016:
455:
267:
The Birman breed was first recognized in France by the Cat Club de France in 1925, then in
England by the
2057:
1963:
1928:
1428:
1311:
1296:
1023:
294:
963:
1655:
1550:
1448:
1271:
229:
435:
found that the Birman has one of the lowest levels of genetic diversity of all the breeds studied.
2096:
2021:
1903:
1750:
1535:
1505:
1286:
1236:
409:
A 5-month-old chocolate-point Birman kitten, with developing point markings on face, legs and tail
1973:
1878:
1670:
1580:
1495:
1461:
1443:
1164:
904:
712:
325:
variations in seal, chocolate, blue or lilac are also allowed; other colours are in development.
96:
767:"The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations"
208:
cat distinguished by a silky coat, deep blue eyes, and contrasting white "gloves" on each paw.
2006:
1953:
1510:
1231:
1204:
1187:
1119:
1093:
945:
896:
837:
796:
575:
322:
513:
1625:
1605:
1585:
1338:
1226:
937:
886:
878:
845:
827:
786:
778:
311:
205:
997:
1958:
1650:
1375:
1221:
1197:
1157:
568:
523:
307:
850:
816:"Life tables of annual life expectancy and risk factors for mortality in cats in the UK"
815:
1948:
1796:
1765:
1695:
1485:
1328:
791:
766:
487:
397:
Adult chocolate tortie-point female with kittens, showing initial development of points
740:
328:
148:
2090:
2075:
1983:
1968:
1873:
1806:
1755:
1725:
1705:
1600:
1490:
1368:
1137:
310:, they have no undercoat, thus are much less prone to matting. Coat colour is always
306:
The Birman's fur is medium-long and should have a silky texture. Unlike a
Persian or
241:
1801:
1730:
1720:
1700:
1645:
1610:
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1276:
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1142:
1099:
1062:
782:
451:
27:
814:
Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C; Church, David B; OâNeill, Dan G (2024).
1943:
1838:
1833:
1828:
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1735:
1635:
1615:
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1520:
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1241:
1129:
1109:
1054:
832:
599:
459:
252:
882:
841:
559:
421:
A 7-month-old Birman kitten: The seal point markings are now clearly visible.
1685:
1680:
1565:
1545:
1540:
1323:
1114:
1104:
1072:
941:
483:
201:
120:
949:
900:
800:
255:. Birmans have also been used in the development of new breeds such as the
108:
47:
1898:
1893:
1820:
1745:
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1530:
1358:
1291:
1281:
1147:
1087:
1848:
1791:
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891:
256:
216:
922:
Albasan, H.; Osborne, C. A.; Lulich, J. P.; Lekcharoensuk, C. (2012).
1843:
1760:
1660:
1333:
1192:
1077:
75:
71:
621:
964:"Feline Audiogenic Reflex Seizures (FARS) | International Cat Care"
1630:
1620:
741:"Birman Cat Club Fanciers of Queensland ~ Birman Cats and Kittens"
327:
318:
293:
248:
79:
550:
Saint RaphaĂȘl: 1930: Ed. des
Tablettes, pp.52 Dr. Philippe Jumaud
1978:
1214:
1209:
1015:
1019:
1343:
1046:
180:
660:
538:
Paris: Vinot FrĂšres ed. 1926, pp.40-41. Dr. Philippe Jumaud
232:. Another pair of Birmans (or a pregnant female called
228:
temple, or being smuggled out of Burma and Sweden by a
200:, also called the "Sacred Cat of Burma", is a domestic
929:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
863:
861:
686:
371:
Blue point Birman, showing symmetrical white "gloves"
219:. The breed was first recognised in 1925 in France.
2040:
1997:
1857:
1819:
1779:
1476:
1457:
1384:
1250:
1173:
1128:
1053:
166:
154:
138:
126:
114:
102:
90:
85:
67:
57:
40:
474:would start with 'N', and in 2017 'O', and so on.
647:"Everything You Need To Know About Ragdoll Breed"
707:
705:
703:
1031:
275:(CFA) in 1967. It was also recognized by the
8:
561:Interview of Simone Poirier by Gisele Barnay
271:(GCCF) in 1966 and in United States by the
1473:
1038:
1024:
1016:
46:
37:
924:"Risk factors for urate uroliths in cats"
890:
849:
831:
790:
240:outcrossed with long-hair breeds such as
458:the Birman was over-represented with an
516:Breed Article: The Sacred Cats of Burma
499:
387:
335:
1399:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
871:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
820:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
573:Les Secrets du Chat Sacré de Birmanie
509:
507:
505:
503:
486:(born 2011), pet of fashion designer
446:Paltrinieri, Giraldi, Prolo, Scarpa,
7:
661:"Governing Council of the Cat Fancy"
622:"Birman Color Chart â TARON BIRMANS"
687:"The International Cat Association"
536:Le Chat. Races - Ălevage - Maladies
1424:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
383:Posterior "laces" of an adult male
269:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
63:Sacred Birman, Sacred Cat of Burma
14:
2107:Cat breeds originating in Myanmar
1884:Congenital sensorineural deafness
1439:The International Cat Association
1394:American Cat Fanciers Association
359:-year-old blue point Birman male
281:the International Cat Association
2102:Cat breeds originating in France
2071:
2070:
1419:Fédération Internationale Féline
414:
402:
390:
376:
364:
338:
211:The breed name is derived from
204:. The Birman is a long-haired,
1:
2053:List of longest-living cats
1934:Lower urinary tract disease
1914:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1434:Southern Africa Cat Council
988:Association, Cat Fanciers.
783:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009
2125:
1409:Cat Aficionado Association
25:
18:
2066:
1889:Feline corneal sequestrum
1414:Cat Fanciers' Association
833:10.1177/1098612X241234556
720:Cat Fanciers' Association
514:Cat Fanciers Association
469:Birman naming conventions
273:Cat Fanciers' Association
178:
45:
1404:Canadian Cat Association
883:10.1177/1098612X17734066
571:Interview from the book
522:21 November 2010 at the
431:A 2008 study by Lipinski
277:Canadian Cat Association
26:Not to be confused with
2048:List of individual cats
942:10.2460/javma.240.7.842
526:Retrieved 16 April 2010
21:Birman (disambiguation)
1924:Infectious peritonitis
1919:Immunodeficiency virus
333:
299:
298:Chocolate Point Birman
1989:Viral rhinotracheitis
1964:Tritrichomonas foetus
1429:New Zealand Cat Fancy
1297:Cats in ancient Egypt
331:
297:
215:, the French form of
1551:Colorpoint Shorthair
1449:World Cat Federation
1183:Catâdog relationship
602:on 11 September 2015
567:7 April 2022 at the
19:For other uses, see
1751:Traditional Persian
1536:California Spangled
1506:Brazilian Shorthair
1302:Cultural depictions
1287:Cat-scratch disease
596:Pixydustbirmans.net
234:Poupée de Maldapour
52:A seal point Birman
1671:Oriental Shorthair
1581:European Shorthair
1496:American Shorthair
1444:World Cat Congress
1000:on 8 December 2015
548:Les races de Chats
478:Famous Birman cats
456:urate urolithiasis
334:
300:
2084:
2083:
1909:Hepatic lipidosis
1815:
1814:
1511:British Shorthair
1120:Tortoiseshell cat
745:Birmanclubqld.com
713:"Birman Standard"
427:Genetic diversity
263:Breed recognition
194:
193:
2114:
2074:
2073:
2058:Cats in folklore
1656:Norwegian Forest
1626:Kurilian Bobtail
1606:Japanese Bobtail
1586:Exotic Shorthair
1474:
1339:National Cat Day
1096:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:. Archived from
990:"Birman Article"
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
960:
954:
953:
919:
913:
912:
894:
865:
856:
855:
853:
835:
811:
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804:
794:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
717:
709:
698:
697:
695:
693:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
657:
651:
650:
649:. 17 March 2017.
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
618:
612:
611:
609:
607:
598:. Archived from
588:
582:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
511:
418:
406:
394:
380:
368:
358:
357:
353:
350:
342:
283:(TICA) in 1979.
189:
183:
60:
50:
38:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2062:
2036:
1999:Cats by country
1993:
1860:
1853:
1811:
1775:
1651:Neva Masquerade
1478:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1380:
1253:
1246:
1237:Righting reflex
1169:
1124:
1092:
1049:
1044:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1001:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
962:
961:
957:
921:
920:
916:
877:(10): 905â912.
867:
866:
859:
813:
812:
808:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
715:
711:
710:
701:
691:
689:
684:
683:
679:
669:
667:
659:
658:
654:
645:
644:
640:
630:
628:
620:
619:
615:
605:
603:
590:
589:
585:
569:Wayback Machine
558:
554:
546:
542:
534:
530:
524:Wayback Machine
512:
501:
496:
480:
471:
441:
429:
422:
419:
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407:
398:
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384:
381:
372:
369:
360:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
292:
286:
265:
225:
185:
179:
86:Breed standards
58:
53:
36:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:United Kingdom
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:Skin disorders
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Leukemia virus
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
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1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:Turkish Angora
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
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1683:
1678:
1673:
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1663:
1658:
1653:
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1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
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1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Chinese Li Hua
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
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1471:
1455:
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1436:
1431:
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1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
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1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Cats and Islam
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
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1258:
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1234:
1229:
1224:
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1185:
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1177:
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1126:
1125:
1123:
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1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1011:
980:
955:
936:(7): 842â847.
914:
857:
806:
757:
732:
699:
677:
652:
638:
613:
583:
552:
540:
528:
498:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
488:Karl Lagerfeld
479:
476:
470:
467:
440:
437:
428:
425:
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382:
375:
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344:
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291:
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264:
261:
224:
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206:colour-pointed
192:
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136:
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69:
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61:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2032:United States
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Toxoplasmosis
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Panleukopenia
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
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1890:
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1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
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1784:
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1772:
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1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Scottish Fold
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
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1667:
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1662:
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1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
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1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
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1491:American Curl
1489:
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1232:Play and toys
1230:
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1205:Communication
1203:
1199:
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1153:dental health
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1094:Coat genetics
1091:
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1047:Domestic cats
1041:
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1021:
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580:2-85182-335-3
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22:
1859:Diseases and
1701:Russian Blue
1576:Egyptian Mau
1515:
1468:experimental
1319:Dog-like cat
1262:Ailurophobia
1227:Intelligence
1083:Odd-eyed cat
1002:. Retrieved
998:the original
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
968:icatcare.org
967:
958:
933:
927:
917:
874:
870:
823:
819:
809:
777:(1): 12â21.
774:
770:
760:
748:. Retrieved
744:
735:
723:. Retrieved
719:
690:. Retrieved
680:
668:. Retrieved
665:Gccfcats.org
664:
655:
641:
629:. Retrieved
625:
616:
604:. Retrieved
600:the original
595:
586:
572:
560:
555:
547:
543:
535:
531:
515:
472:
464:
447:
445:
442:
432:
430:
316:
305:
301:
285:
266:
246:
238:
233:
226:
212:
210:
197:
195:
186:
181:Domestic cat
35:Breed of cat
32:
16:Breed of cat
2022:New Zealand
1949:Polydactyly
1879:Calicivirus
1771:Turkish Van
1711:Selkirk Rex
1666:Ojos Azules
1556:Cornish Rex
1364:Library cat
1349:Working cat
1277:Cat massage
1272:Cat killers
1254:interaction
1165:Vaccination
1100:Bicolor cat
1004:15 December
973:27 February
892:2434/551054
750:15 December
725:13 February
631:15 December
606:15 December
452:peritonitis
253:lynx points
187:Felis catus
59:Other names
28:Burmese cat
2097:Cat breeds
2091:Categories
1944:Giardiasis
1797:Highlander
1696:Ragamuffin
1636:Maine Coon
1616:Khao Manee
1596:German Rex
1486:Abyssinian
1386:Registries
1369:Ship's cat
1354:Bodega cat
1110:Calico cat
1055:Felinology
626:birman.net
494:References
460:odds ratio
290:Appearance
279:(CCA) and
230:Vanderbilt
2007:Australia
1969:Roundworm
1904:Heartworm
1861:disorders
1821:Landraces
1807:Serengeti
1756:Tonkinese
1726:Singapura
1686:Pixie-bob
1681:Peterbald
1601:Himalayan
1566:Devon Rex
1541:Chartreux
1462:full list
1324:Feral cat
1307:fictional
1267:Cat cafés
1252:Humanâcat
1143:Declawing
1115:Tabby cat
1105:Black cat
1073:Dwarf cat
842:1098-612X
670:8 October
592:"History"
484:Choupette
462:of 6.77.
332:Blue eyes
308:Himalayan
202:cat breed
2076:Category
1959:Ringworm
1899:Coccidia
1802:Savannah
1731:Snowshoe
1721:Siberian
1646:Munchkin
1611:Javanese
1531:Burmilla
1501:Balinese
1479:domestic
1376:Zoonosis
1359:Farm cat
1312:Internet
1292:Cat show
1282:Cat meat
1222:Kneading
1198:valerian
1188:Catfight
1175:Behavior
1088:Squitten
1068:Genetics
950:22443437
901:28994640
851:11156239
801:18060738
771:Genomics
565:Archived
520:Archived
213:Birmanie
173:standard
161:standard
149:standard
133:standard
121:standard
109:standard
97:standard
2041:Related
1792:Chausie
1716:Siamese
1691:Ragdoll
1676:Persian
1571:Donskoy
1526:Burmese
1344:Pet cat
1063:Anatomy
994:cfa.org
909:6832566
792:2267438
354:⁄
312:pointed
257:Ragdoll
242:Persian
223:History
156:CCA-AFC
2012:Canada
1954:Rabies
1874:Asthma
1844:Sokoke
1839:Kellas
1834:Cyprus
1829:Aegean
1787:Bengal
1780:Hybrid
1761:Toyger
1741:Sphynx
1736:Somali
1661:Ocicat
1591:Foldex
1561:Cymric
1521:Bombay
1516:Birman
1458:Breeds
1334:Lolcat
1242:Senses
1193:Catnip
1158:senior
1130:Health
1078:Kitten
948:
907:
899:
848:
840:
799:
789:
692:8 July
685:TICA.
578:
439:Health
433:et al.
323:tortie
198:Birman
76:France
72:Sweden
68:Origin
41:Birman
2017:Japan
1631:Lykoi
1621:Korat
1477:Fully
1138:Aging
905:S2CID
826:(5).
716:(PDF)
448:et al
319:Tabby
249:tabby
217:Burma
80:Burma
1979:Tick
1894:Flea
1869:Acne
1746:Thai
1641:Manx
1215:Purr
1210:Meow
1148:Diet
1006:2017
975:2021
946:PMID
897:PMID
838:ISSN
797:PMID
752:2017
727:2024
694:2007
672:2014
633:2017
608:2017
576:ISBN
321:and
196:The
168:GCCF
140:ACFA
116:TICA
104:FIFe
1849:Van
938:doi
934:240
887:hdl
879:doi
846:PMC
828:doi
787:PMC
779:doi
144:CAA
128:ACF
92:CFA
2093::
992:.
966:.
944:.
932:.
926:.
903:.
895:.
885:.
875:20
873:.
860:^
844:.
836:.
824:26
822:.
818:.
795:.
785:.
775:91
773:.
769:.
743:.
718:.
702:^
663:.
624:.
594:.
502:^
345:A
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940::
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881::
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830::
803:.
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729:.
696:.
674:.
635:.
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356:2
352:1
349:+
347:2
251:/
190:)
184:(
142:/
30:.
23:.
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