1934:
fovea points approximately 15° to the right or left of the head axis. Several raptor species repeatedly cock their heads into three distinct positions while observing an object. First, is straight ahead with their head pointed towards the object. Second and third are sideways to the right or left of the object, with their head axis positioned approximately 40° adjacent to the object. This movement is believed to be associated with lining up the incoming image to fall on the deep fovea. Raptors will choose which head position to use depending on the distance to the object. At distances as close as 8m, they used primarily binocular vision. At distances greater than 21m, they spent more time using monocular vision. At distances greater than 40m, they spent 80% or more time using their monocular vision. This suggests that raptors tilt their head to rely on the highly acute deep fovea.
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geographic dissimilarities may mask important relationships between life history traits and migratory behaviours. The West
Palearctic-Afrotropical and the North-South American migratory systems are fundamentally different from the East Palearctic-Indomalayan system, owing to the presence versus absence of ecological barriers." Maximum entropy modelling can help in answering the question: why species winters at one location while the others are elsewhere. Temperature and precipitation related factors differ in the limitation of species distributions. "This suggests that the migratory behaviours differ among the three main migratory routes for these species" which may have important conservational consequences in the protection of migratory raptors.
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1808:(by royal decree from 1741) given in return for the bills of birds of prey shown by hunters. In Britain, kites and buzzards were seen as destroyers of game and killed, for instance in 1684-5 alone as many as 100 kites were killed. Rewards for their killing were also in force in the Netherlands from 1756. From 1705 to 1800, it has been estimated that 624087 birds of prey were killed in a part of Germany that included Hannover, Luneburg, Lauenburg and Bremen with 14125 claws deposited just in 1796–97. Many species also develop
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1792:. Despite this, most raptors are still considered to primarily rely on vision, with raptor vision being extensively studied. A 2020 review of the existing literature combining anatomical, genetic, and behavioural studies showed that, in general, raptors have functional olfactory systems that they are likely to use in a range of different contexts.
1780:
has become more energetically favorable for male kestrels to remain smaller than their female counterparts because smaller males have an agility advantage when it comes to defending the nest and hunting. Larger females are favored because they can incubate larger numbers of offspring, while also being able to brood a larger clutch size.
1909:
Birds of prey have incredible vision and rely heavily on it for a number of tasks. They utilize their high visual acuity to obtain food, navigate their surroundings, distinguish and flee from predators, mating, nest construction, and much more. They accomplish these tasks with a large eye in relation
1779:
is a type of falcon in which males are the primary providers, and the females are responsible for nurturing the young. In this species, the smaller the kestrels are, the less food is needed and thus, they can survive in environments that are harsher. This is particularly true in the male kestrels. It
1720:
Migratory species of raptors may have had a southern origin because it seems that all of the major lineages within
Accipitridae had an origin in one of the biogeographic realms of the Southern Hemisphere. The appearance of migratory behaviour occurred in the tropics parallel with the range expansion
2740:
Jarvis, Erich D.; Mirarab, Siavash; Aberer, Andre J.; Li, Bo; Houde, Peter; Li, Cai; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Nabholz, Benoit; Howard, Jason T.; Suh, Alexander; Weber, Claudia C.; da
Fonseca, Rute R.; Li, Jianwen; Zhang, Fang; Li, Hui; Zhou, Long; Narula, Nitish; Liu, Liang; Ganapathy,
1825:
occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-year-old boy, survived and the eagle was killed), and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest. This would make it the only living bird known to prey on humans, although other
1767:
between males and females. It appears that both sexes of the species play a role in the sexual dimorphism within raptors; females tend to compete with other females to find good places to nest and attract males, and males competing with other males for adequate hunting ground so they appear as the
1728:
A recent study discovered new connections between migration and the ecology, life history of raptors. A brief overview from abstract of the published paper shows that "clutch size and hunting strategies have been proved to be the most important variables in shaping distribution areas, and also the
1933:
There are two regions in the retina, called the deep and shallow fovea, that are specialized for acute vision. These regions contain the highest density of photoreceptors, and provide the highest points of visual acuity. The deep fovea points forward at an approximate 45° angle, while the shallow
1724:
Distribution and biogeographic history highly determine the origin of migration in birds of prey. Based on some comparative analyses, diet breadth also has an effect on the evolution of migratory behaviour in this group, but its relevance needs further investigation. The evolution of migration in
2652:
Breman, Floris C.; Jordaens, Kurt; Sonet, Gontran; Nagy, Zoltán T.; Van Houdt, Jeroen; Louette, Michel (23 September 2012). "DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in
Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives".
1752:. It is commonly believed that the dimorphisms found in raptors occur due to sexual selection or environmental factors. In general, hypotheses in favor of ecological factors being the cause for sexual dimorphism in raptors are rejected. This is because the ecological model is less
731:), whilst the diurnal raptors were divided into three families: Vulturini, Gypaëti, and Accipitrini. Thus Vieillot's families were similar to the Linnaean genera, with the difference that shrikes were no longer included amongst the birds of prey. In addition to the original
2688:
Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick; Steadman, David; Witt, Christopher; Braun, Edward (13 March 2013).
864:
were observed in many phylogenetic studies. More recent and detailed studies show similar results. However, according to the findings of a 2014 study, the sister relationship between larger clades of
Accipitriformes was well supported (e.g. relationship of
1321:
A recent phylogenomic study from Wu et al. (2024) has found an alternative phylogeny for the placement of the birds of prey. Their analysis has found support in a clade consisting of the
Strigiformes and Accipitrimorphae in new clade
3430:
Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Migotto, Rafael; Blanco, R. Ernesto (2013). "Body Mass
Estimations and Paleobiological Inferences on a New Species of Large Caracara (Aves, Falconidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Uruguay".
1712:
The earliest event occurred nearly 14 to 12 million years ago. This result seems to be one of the oldest dates published so far in the case of birds of prey. For example, a previous reconstruction of migratory behaviour in one
1772:, and is merely a stepping stone in the process of speciation, especially if the traits that define gender are independent across a species. Sexual dimorphism can be viewed as something that can accelerate the rate of speciation.
2741:
Ganesh; Boussau, Bastien; Bayzid, Md. Shamsuzzoha; Zavidovych, Volodymyr; Subramanian, Sankar; Gabaldón, Toni; Capella-Gutiérrez, Salvador; Huerta-Cepas, Jaime; Rekepalli, Bhanu; Munch, Kasper; et al. (12 December 2014).
1812:
after accidental consumption of lead shot when feeding on animals that had been shot by hunters. Lead pellets from direct shooting that the birds have escaped from also cause reduced fitness and premature deaths.
515:
are large, slender hawk-like birds with long tails and long thin legs. Most use a combination of keen eyesight and hearing to hunt small vertebrates, gliding on their long broad wings and circling low over
547:
are variable-sized, typically night-specialized hunting birds. They fly almost silently due to their special feather structure that reduces turbulence. They have particularly acute hearing and nocturnal
2573:
Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa A. (September 2007). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the
Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon".
2487:
Helbig, Andreas J.; Kocum, Annett; Seibold, Ingrid; Braun, Michael J. (April 2005). "A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level".
3053:
Massemin, S.; Korpimäki, Erkki; Wiehn, Jürgen (21 July 2000). "Reversed sexual size dimorphism in raptors: evaluation of the hypotheses in kestrels breeding in a temporally changing environment".
727:
used additional ranks: order, tribe, family, genus, species. Birds of prey (order
Accipitres) were divided into diurnal and nocturnal tribes; the owls remained monogeneric (family Ægolii, genus
3798:
Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. A classification of the bird species of
1035:
which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with passerines and several near-passerine lineages. The orders in bold text are birds of prey orders; this is to show the
2292:
McClure, Christopher J. W.; Schulwitz, Sarah E.; Anderson, David L.; Robinson, Bryce W.; Mojica, Elizabeth K.; Therrien, Jean-Francois; Oleyar, M. David; Johnson, Jeff (2019).
611:. As English-speaking people travelled further, the familiar names were applied to new birds with similar characteristics. Names that have generalised this way include: kite (
3149:(17 October 2012). "Size-biased allocation of prey from male to offspring via female: family conflicts, prey selection, and evolution of sexual size dimorphism in raptors".
2857:
Joseph, Leo; Lessa, Enrique P.; Christidis, Leslie (March 1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography in the evolution of migration: shorebirds of the
Charadrius complex".
2530:
Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".
2135:
595:, large South American birds with long, stilted legs that occupy a similar ecological niche to secretarybirds. They are also the closest relatives to the extinct
1406:
1153:
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grouped birds (class Aves) into orders, genera, and species, with no formal ranks between genus and order. He placed all birds of prey into a single order,
973:. The Cathartidae are sometimes placed separately in an enlarged stork family, Ciconiiformes, and may be raised to an order of their own, Cathartiiformes.
2162:
Mayr, Gerald (19 April 2018). "New data on the anatomy and palaeobiology of sandcoleid mousebirds (Aves, Coliiformes) from the early Eocene of Messel".
3897:
2603:
do Amaral, Fábio Raposo; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Gamauf, Anita; Haring, Elisabeth; Riesing, Martin; Silveira, Luís F.; Wajntal, Anita (December 2009).
1451:
1091:
826:
within Raptores, formerly composed of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The clade was invalidated after 2012. Falconiformes is now placed in
430:
for various birds of prey are based on structure, but many of the traditional names do not reflect the evolutionary relationships between the groups.
3763:
Kenneth Newman's birds of prey of southern Africa : rulers of the skies : an identification guide to 67 species of southern African raptors
3524:
3571:
2798:
Wu, S.; Rheindt, F.E.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Quan, C.; Zhiheng, L.; Wang, M.; Wu, F.; Qu, Y; Edwards, S.V.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, L. (2024).
497:(see below). They are mainly woodland birds that hunt by sudden dashes from a concealed perch. They usually have long tails for tight steering.
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3332:
2471:
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2119:
2042:"Predatory Functional Morphology in Raptors: Interdigital Variation in Talon Size Is Related to Prey Restraint and Immobilisation Technique"
1941:, however, due to their emphasis on visual acuity, many diurnal birds of prey have little ability to see ultraviolet light as this produces
4419:
2605:"Patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (Aves, Accipitridae)"
1721:
of migratory species to temperate habitats. Similar results of southern origin in other taxonomic groups can be found in the literature.
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have long wings and relatively weak legs. They spend much of their time soaring. They will take live vertebrate prey, but mostly feed on
1775:
In non-predatory birds, males are typically larger than females. However, in birds of prey, the opposite is the case. For instance, the
3026:
Mueller, Helmut C. (1986). "The Evolution of Reversed Sexual Dimorphism in Owls: An Empirical Analysis of Possible Selective Factors".
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are reported attacking human beings, but its unclear if they intend to eat them or if they have ever been successful in killing one.
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Steyn, P. 1982. Birds of prey of southern Africa: their identification and life histories. David Phillip, Cape Town, South Africa.
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The secretary bird and/or osprey are sometimes listed as subfamilies of Acciptridae: Sagittariinae and Pandioninae, respectively.
4146:
3977:
852:
The order Accipitriformes is believed to have originated 44 million years ago when it split from the common ancestor of the
3362:
el Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 107.
1590:
1258:
2902:"Evolution of Long-Distance Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes: A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach"
301:
Although the term "bird of prey" could theoretically be taken to include all birds that actively hunt and eat other animals,
31:
1788:
It is a long-standing belief that birds lack any sense of smell, but it has become clear that many birds do have functional
3865:
2691:"Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals"
2354:
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35:
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are medium-size birds of prey with long pointed wings, and many are particularly swift flyers. They belong to the family
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4061:
2457:"Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes"
2414:"Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)"
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2464:
Raptors Worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003
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Some names have not generalised, and refer to single species (or groups of closely related (sub)species), such as the
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93:
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1550:
1225:
3399:"A new species of giant marabou stork (Aves: Ciconiiformes) from the Pleistocene of Liang Bua, Flores (Indonesia)"
555:
is a single species with a large body and long, stilted legs endemic to the open grasslands of Sub-Saharan Africa.
1717:
clade with a result of the origin of migration around 5 million years ago was also supported by that study.
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860:) and the accipitrid species. The phylogeny of Accipitriformes is complex and difficult to unravel. Widespread
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are similar in size to the Haast's eagle, implying that they similarly could pose a threat to a human being.
479:– their broad wings, naked faces and appetites of a generalist suggest some level of convergence with either
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2995:"Life history traits, bioclimate, and migratory systems of accipitrid birds of prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)"
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model. Additionally, ecological models are much harder to test because a great deal of data is required.
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These families (with the exception of Cariamidae) were traditionally grouped together in a single order
724:
2800:"Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous"
1857:, an early human found in Africa, is believed to have been killed by an eagle-like bird similar to the
1838:
by accident. Many stories of Brazilian indigenous peoples speak about children mauled by Uiruuetê, the
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are medium-large raptors with robust bodies and broad wings, or, alternatively, any bird of the genus
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509:(also commonly known as "hawks" in North America, while "buzzard" is colloquially used for vultures).
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Some fossil evidence indicates large birds of prey occasionally preyed on prehistoric hominids. The
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Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Niu, Kecheng; Mai, Huijuan (29 October 2019).
1894:
3523:
Mitkus, Mindaugas; Potier, Simon; Martin, Graham R.; Duriez, Olivier; Kelber, Almut (2018-04-26),
541:, a single species found worldwide that specializes in catching fish and builds large stick nests.
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2951:"Postglacial population expansion drives the evolution of long–distance migration in a songbird"
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Fowler, Denver W.; Freedman, Elizabeth A.; Scannella, John B.; Pizzari, Tom (25 November 2009).
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for tearing off flesh. Although predatory birds primarily hunt live prey, many species (such as
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384:. Some extinct predatory birds had talons similar to those of modern birds of prey, including
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most healthy mate. It has also been proposed that sexual dimorphism is merely the product of
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Birds of prey have been historically persecuted both directly and indirectly. In the Danish
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Sonerud, Geir A.; Steen, Ronny; Løw, Line M.; Røed, Line T.; Skar, Kristin; Selås, Vidar;
2355:"Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations"
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3487:"Avian Vision: A Review of Form and Function with Special Consideration to Birds of Prey"
2466:. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, MME/BirdLife Hungary. pp. 483–498.
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2110:. illustrated by Boyer, Trevor; Ellis, Malcolm; Thelwell, David. Gallery Books. p.
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to their skull, which allows for a larger image to be projected onto the retina. The
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2207:"A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine foot and tail feather preserved in Burmese amber"
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3106:"Sexual dimorphism and adaptive speciation: two sides of the same ecological coin"
2743:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
1725:
animals seems to be a complex and difficult topic with many unanswered questions.
266:
and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators have
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Olsen, Jerry 2014, Australian High Country raptors, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne,
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of three different orders (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Cariamiformes).
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589:. Members of both groups have heads either partly or fully devoid of feathers.
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typically use the narrower definition followed in this page, excluding many
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for detecting prey from a distance or during flight, strong feet with sharp
251:
105:
17:
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Lind, Olle; Mitkus, Mindaugas; Olsson, Peter; Kelber, Almut (15 May 2013).
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Dickinson, Rachel (2009). Falconer on the Edge. Houghton Mifflin-Harcourt.
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3315:. In Sarasola, José Hernán; Grande, Juan Manuel; Negro, Juan José (eds.).
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1926:
has twice the visual acuity of a typical human and six times that of the
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have legs and feet feathered to the toes and build very large stick nests.
445:
tend to be large, powerful birds with long, broad wings and massive feet.
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125:
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2001:) in Vulturini, though it is now known that they are related to falcons.
873:
hawks are sister taxa of the clade containing Aquilinae and Harpiinae).
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3634:
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2900:
Outlaw, Diana C.; Voelker, Gary; Mila, Borja; Girman, Derek J. (2003).
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Migratory behaviour evolved multiple times within accipitrid raptors.
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705:
607:
group names originally referred to particular species encountered in
538:
531:
452:
373:
346:
287:
259:
115:
3663:
British birds of prey : a study of Britain's 24 diurnal raptors
3572:"The Deep Fovea, Sideways Vision and Spiral Flight Paths in Raptors"
709:(shrikes). This approach was followed by subsequent authors such as
565:
and carrion-eating raptors of two distinct biological families: the
3682:
Birds of Prey Hawks, Eagles, Falcons, and Vultures of North America
739:(now reduced in scope), Vieillot adopted four genera from Savigny:
4919:
4494:
4445:
4180:
4007:
3485:
Jones, Michael P.; Pierce, Kenneth E.; Ward, Daniel (April 2007).
1915:
1736:
1687:
1330:(which it includes the Cariamiformes and Falconiformes along with
896:
841:
521:
505:
481:
442:
432:
381:
362:
318:
310:
3870:
2949:
Milá, Borja; Smith, Thomas B.; Wayne, Robert K. (November 2006).
4252:
3944:
buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures
1756:, meaning that its explanation is more complex than that of the
892:
491:
are medium-sized birds of prey that usually belong to the genus
358:
326:
322:
275:
244:
135:
4401:
4135:
3966:
3879:
3860:
3618:"Ultraviolet sensitivity and colour vision in raptor foraging"
1006:
995:
544:
175:
3319:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 251–272.
4457:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
2151:
https://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar752148
2025:
Perrins, Christopher M; Middleton, Alex L. A., eds. (1984).
1039:
of the group as well as their relationships to other birds.
2919:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0299:EOLMIA]2.0.CO;2
869:
kites to buzzards and sea eagles and these latter two with
3814:. London: Asian Raptor research and Conservation Network.
3237:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 1–5.
1748:
Birds of prey (raptors) are known to display patterns of
969:
but are now split into two orders, the Falconiformes and
2993:
Nagy, Jenő; Végvári, Zsolt; Varga, Zoltán (1 May 2017).
1326:. Hieraves was also recovered to be the sister clade to
471:
are a distinct subgroup of the Falconidae unique to the
3866:
The Arboretum at Flagstaff's Wild Birds of Prey Program
2333:
Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Saunders, Howard (ed.).
365:, alongside opportunistic predators from predominantly
3254:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
3248:
Benson, W. W.; Pharaoh, Barry; Miller, Pamela (1974).
3104:
Bolnick, Daniel I.; Doebeli, Michael (November 2003).
2339:(in French) (London 1883 ed.). Willughby Society.
2462:. In Chancellor, Robin D.; Meyburg, Bernd-U. (eds.).
4886:
4851:
4833:
4803:
4753:
4735:
4695:
4670:
4652:
4492:
4462:
4443:
4377:
4359:
4341:
4323:
4305:
4250:
4232:
4214:
4196:
4178:
4111:
4093:
4075:
4045:
4027:
4005:
3917:
274:for grasping or killing prey, and powerful, curved
203:
167:
87:
64:Montage of extant raptors. From top left to right:
49:
2103:
755:. He also introduced five new genera of vultures (
3665:. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers.
2287:
2285:
2294:"Commentary: Defining Raptors and Birds of Prey"
2804:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2348:
2346:
2336:Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire
1869:, and this conclusion would be consistent with
1821:Some evidence supports the contention that the
880:birds of prey are formally classified into six
3480:
3478:
1696:of the birds of prey is the bottleneck-shaped
4413:
4147:
3978:
3891:
3397:Meijer, Hanneke J.M.; Due, Rokus AWE (2010).
1922:are the highest known among vertebrates; the
998:—are classified separately as members of two
8:
3711:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
3529:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
1334:). Below is their phylogeny from the study.
2412:Nagy, Jenő; Tökölyi, Jácint (1 June 2014).
641:), harrier (simplified from "hen-harrier",
426:, meaning "to seize or take by force". The
4440:
4420:
4406:
4398:
4154:
4140:
4132:
3985:
3971:
3963:
3898:
3884:
3876:
55:
46:
3633:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3414:
3403:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3217:
3206:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3121:
3010:
2999:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2966:
2917:
2833:
2823:
2774:
2716:
2706:
2628:
2455:Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2004).
2439:
2429:
2309:
2240:
2230:
2164:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
2075:
2065:
2020:
2018:
1830:have killed humans in self-defense and a
775:) and eleven new genera of accipitrines (
207:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2097:
2095:
1930:, the vertebrate with the largest eyes.
1885:and anatomically modern humans, and the
2598:
2596:
2014:
1982:
1945:which decreases the clarity of vision.
1763:Dimorphisms can also be the product of
1357:(woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)
1172:(woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)
955:: New World vultures, including condors
3537:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
3709:Raptor : a journey through birds
3570:Tucker, Vance A. (15 December 2000).
2988:
2986:
2609:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2532:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2489:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
685:, subdividing this into four genera:
7:
3680:Dunne, Pete; Karlson, Kevin (2017).
3765:. Knysna, South Africa: Korck Pub.
1865:may have preyed on early humans in
1704:, here seen from Dinnammare mount,
1692:An obliged point of transit of the
1576:
1566:
1536:
1529:
1432:
1422:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1347:
1337:
1244:
1211:
1139:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1031:Below is a simplified phylogeny of
987:, although it is a nocturnal bird.
3738:. Toronto, Ont: Key Porter Books.
3707:Macdonald Lockhart, James (2017).
3250:"Lead poisoning in a bird of prey"
3123:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01489.x
2968:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01875.x
830:, while Strigiformes is placed in
25:
3861:Global Raptor Information Network
3313:"Lead Poisoning in Birds of Prey"
1989:Vieillot included the caracaras (
3416:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00616.x
2879:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00269.x
2587:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x
2382:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x
2029:. Guild Publishing. p. 102.
1955:
1937:Like all birds, raptors possess
1610:
1589:
1549:
1473:
1450:
1445:
1405:
1358:
1278:
1257:
1224:
1173:
1152:
1113:
1090:
1085:
697:(eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.),
485:or the vulturine birds, or both.
463:, only distantly related to the
92:
3852:on the Internet Bird Collection
3622:Journal of Experimental Biology
3576:Journal of Experimental Biology
1741:Male (left) and female (right)
822:Falconimorphae is a deprecated
420:is derived from the Latin word
3812:Field guide to Raptors of Asia
3804:American Ornithologists' Union
3734:Mackenzie, John P. S. (1997).
3491:Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
1914:of some large raptors such as
32:Birds of Prey (disambiguation)
1:
4067:Greater yellow-headed vulture
3684:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1846:. Various large raptors like
36:Bird of Prey (disambiguation)
4062:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
3325:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_11
2067:10.1371/journal.pone.0007999
1826:birds such as ostriches and
617:), sparrowhawk or sparhawk (
585:), which occurs only in the
573:), which occurs only in the
437:Variations in shape and size
337:, as well as many primarily
4474:Black-chested buzzard-eagle
3233:Bijleveld, Maarten (1974).
2630:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.020
2552:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010
2509:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003
2353:Ericson, Per G. P. (2012).
2304:(4). BioOne COMPLETE: 419.
27:Paraphyletic group of birds
4967:
3503:10.1053/j.jepm.2007.03.012
2311:10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.419
2298:Journal of Raptor Research
2232:10.1038/s41598-019-51929-9
2027:The Encyclopaedia of Birds
1879:might have preyed on both
983:is a member of the family
673:Historical classifications
29:
4915:
4439:
4287:Himalayan griffon vulture
3219:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz121
3171:10.1007/s00442-012-2491-9
3012:10.1093/biolinnean/blw021
2667:10.1007/s10336-012-0892-5
2184:10.1007/s12549-018-0328-1
1604:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1465:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1352:
1345:
1272:
1249:
1242:
1216:
1209:
1167:
1144:
1137:
1105:
1077:
1070:
1060:
1050:
475:, and most common in the
211:
172:
89:Scientific classification
63:
54:
4262:Eurasian griffon vulture
3761:Newman, Kenneth (1999).
2575:Journal of Avian Biology
858:Sagittarius serpentarius
3871:Raptor Resource Project
3846:with The Peregrine Fund
3810:Yamazaki, Toru (2012).
3588:10.1242/jeb.203.24.3745
3433:Journal of Paleontology
3235:Birds of Prey in Europe
2859:Journal of Biogeography
2825:10.1073/pnas.2319696121
2767:10.1126/science.1253451
2362:Journal of Biogeography
2140:www.worldbookonline.com
2102:Burton, Philip (1989).
1609:(parrots and songbirds)
1277:(parrots and songbirds)
40:Raptor (disambiguation)
4282:Slender-billed vulture
4037:American black vulture
3806:. Accessed 2007-04-10.
3661:Brown, Leslie (2013).
3311:Krone, Oliver (2018).
3202:"Olfaction in raptors"
3200:Potier, Simon (2020).
2708:10.3390/biology2010419
2655:Journal of Ornithology
2431:10.2478/orhu-2014-0008
2264:Brown, Leslie (1997).
1887:Malagasy crowned eagle
1745:
1709:
849:
438:
400:, indicating possible
4863:Rufous-winged buzzard
3856:Bird of Prey Pictures
3850:Explore Birds of Prey
3844:Explore Birds of Prey
3075:10.1007/s004420050021
1823:African crowned eagle
1804:, there were rewards
1765:intrasexual selection
1740:
1691:
1444:(hawks and relatives)
1084:(hawks and relatives)
845:
725:Louis Pierre Vieillot
436:
4539:Rough-legged buzzard
4387:White-headed vulture
4369:Lappet-faced vulture
4292:White-backed vulture
4267:White-rumped vulture
2268:. Chancellor Press.
1943:chromatic aberration
1876:Leptoptilos robustus
1770:disruptive selection
1472:(New World vultures)
1112:(New World vultures)
402:convergent evolution
357:, songbirds such as
30:For other uses, see
4951:Paraphyletic groups
4868:Grasshopper buzzard
4745:Black-collared hawk
4579:White-throated hawk
4549:Red-shouldered hawk
4534:Long-legged buzzard
3445:2013JPal...87..151J
3266:1974BuECT..11..105B
3163:2013Oecol.172...93S
3067:2000Oecol.124...26M
3028:The Wilson Bulletin
2871:1999JBiog..26..329J
2816:2024PNAS..12119696W
2759:2014Sci...346.1320J
2753:(6215): 1320–1331.
2621:2009MolPE..53..703D
2544:2005MolPE..37..327L
2501:2005MolPE..35..147H
2374:2012JBiog..39..813E
2223:2019NatSR...915513X
2176:2018PdPe...98..639M
2058:2009PLoSO...4.7999F
1022:: barn and bay owls
404:in some cases, and
4878:Grey-faced buzzard
4873:White-eyed buzzard
4795:Semiplumbeous hawk
4790:Slate-colored hawk
4629:Red-necked buzzard
4619:Madagascar buzzard
4604:Rufous-tailed hawk
4519:Cape Verde buzzard
4351:Red-headed vulture
4163:Old World vultures
3994:New World vultures
3951:New World vultures
3635:10.1242/jeb.082834
3274:10.1007/BF01684587
2810:(8): e2319696121.
2211:Scientific Reports
1924:wedge-tailed eagle
1920:Old World vultures
1834:might have killed
1746:
1743:red-footed falcons
1710:
994:birds of prey—the
981:letter-winged kite
913:Old World vultures
850:
838:Modern systematics
626:Accipiter gentilis
587:Western Hemisphere
579:New World vultures
575:Eastern Hemisphere
567:Old World vultures
439:
309:predators such as
66:Eurasian eagle-owl
4933:
4932:
4911:
4910:
4770:White-necked hawk
4765:White-browed hawk
4712:Common black hawk
4687:White-rumped hawk
4574:Short-tailed hawk
4569:White-rumped hawk
4554:Broad-winged hawk
4514:Himalayan buzzard
4484:White-tailed hawk
4395:
4394:
4272:Rüppell's vulture
4206:Cinereous vulture
4129:
4128:
4085:California condor
3960:
3959:
3628:(10): 1819–1826.
3582:(24): 3745–3754.
3546:978-0-19-026408-6
3453:10.1666/12-026R.1
3385:978-0-618-80623-2
3334:978-3-319-73744-7
3116:(11): 2433–2449.
2961:(11): 2403–2409.
2473:978-963-86418-1-6
2275:978-1-85152-732-8
2121:978-0-8317-6381-7
1977:Explanatory notes
1882:Homo floresiensis
1817:Attacks on humans
1790:olfactory systems
1750:sexual dimorphism
1733:Sexual dimorphism
1698:Strait of Messina
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1126:
1125:
662:Falco columbarius
632:Falco tinninculus
227:
226:
16:(Redirected from
4958:
4815:Grey-backed hawk
4775:Black-faced hawk
4722:Great black hawk
4717:Cuban black hawk
4707:Rufous crab hawk
4639:Archer's buzzard
4614:Mountain buzzard
4594:Zone-tailed hawk
4544:Ferruginous hawk
4441:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4399:
4333:Egyptian vulture
4242:Palm-nut vulture
4156:
4149:
4142:
4133:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3833:
3784:
3757:
3730:
3703:
3676:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3394:
3388:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2921:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2409:
2394:
2393:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2109:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2002:
1987:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1895:Woodward's eagle
1758:sexual selection
1614:
1607:Psittacopasserae
1593:
1577:
1571:Eufalconimorphae
1567:
1553:
1537:
1530:
1477:
1454:
1449:
1433:
1427:Accipitrimorphae
1423:
1409:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1362:
1348:
1338:
1332:Psittacopasserae
1282:
1275:Psittacopasserae
1261:
1245:
1239:Eufalconimorphae
1228:
1212:
1177:
1156:
1140:
1117:
1094:
1089:
1073:
1067:Accipitrimorphae
1063:
1053:
1043:
1016:: "typical owls"
828:Eufalconimorphae
677:The taxonomy of
605:English language
534:or even carrion.
242:hypercarnivorous
236:, also known as
220:Psittacopasserae
168:Groups included
97:
96:
74:peregrine falcon
59:
47:
21:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4907:
4882:
4847:
4829:
4799:
4749:
4731:
4691:
4666:
4648:
4559:Swainson's hawk
4529:Red-tailed hawk
4524:Socotra buzzard
4509:Eastern buzzard
4488:
4458:
4435:
4426:
4396:
4391:
4373:
4355:
4337:
4319:
4301:
4246:
4228:
4224:Bearded vulture
4210:
4192:
4174:
4160:
4130:
4125:
4107:
4089:
4071:
4041:
4023:
4001:
3991:
3961:
3956:
3928:Sagittariidae (
3913:
3911:Accipitriformes
3904:
3840:
3822:
3809:
3773:
3760:
3746:
3733:
3719:
3706:
3692:
3679:
3673:
3660:
3657:
3655:Further reading
3652:
3651:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3525:"Raptor Vision"
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3147:Slagsvold, Tore
3144:
3143:
3139:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2418:Ornis Hungarica
2411:
2410:
2397:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1971:Origin of birds
1961:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1907:
1819:
1798:
1786:
1735:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1441:Accipitriformes
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1196:
1187:
1127:
1081:Accipitriformes
1029:
971:Accipitriformes
840:
675:
670:
620:Accipiter nisus
465:Accipitriformes
414:
394:Messelasturidae
234:predatory birds
186:Accipitriformes
91:
82:bearded vulture
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4903:Solitary eagle
4900:
4894:
4892:
4889:Harpyhaliaetus
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4843:Lizard buzzard
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Plumbeous hawk
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:Jackal buzzard
4631:
4626:
4624:Upland buzzard
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Forest buzzard
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4584:Galapagos hawk
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4564:Ridgway's hawk
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Common buzzard
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4437:
4436:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4315:Hooded vulture
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Indian vulture
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Turkey vulture
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4003:
4002:
4000:: Cathartidae)
3992:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3942:Accipitridae (
3940:
3933:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3839:
3838:External links
3836:
3835:
3834:
3820:
3807:
3796:
3785:
3772:978-0620245364
3771:
3758:
3744:
3731:
3717:
3704:
3690:
3677:
3671:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3608:
3557:
3545:
3515:
3474:
3439:(1): 151–158.
3422:
3409:(4): 707–724.
3389:
3372:
3355:
3346:
3333:
3303:
3260:(2): 105–108.
3240:
3225:
3212:(3): 713–721.
3192:
3137:
3096:
3045:
3034:(3): 387–406.
3018:
2982:
2941:
2892:
2865:(2): 329–342.
2849:
2790:
2732:
2701:(1): 419–444.
2680:
2661:(1): 265–287.
2644:
2615:(3): 703–715.
2592:
2581:(5): 587–602.
2565:
2538:(2): 327–346.
2522:
2495:(1): 147–164.
2479:
2472:
2447:
2395:
2368:(5): 813–824.
2342:
2325:
2281:
2274:
2256:
2197:
2170:(4): 639–651.
2154:
2127:
2120:
2091:
2032:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1950:
1947:
1928:common ostrich
1906:
1903:
1899:Caracara major
1871:Maori folklore
1818:
1815:
1810:lead poisoning
1797:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1734:
1731:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1469:Cathartiformes
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1355:Coraciimorphae
1351:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1170:Coraciimorphae
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1109:Cathartiformes
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1017:
963:
962:
956:
950:
948:forest falcons
933:
924:
915:
839:
836:
674:
671:
669:
666:
644:Circus cyaneus
638:Falco subbuteo
603:Many of these
601:
600:
597:"terror birds"
590:
556:
549:
542:
535:
525:
510:
498:
486:
450:
413:
410:
406:common descent
398:Enantiornithes
341:birds such as
303:ornithologists
250:that actively
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
215:Coraciimorphae
209:
208:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
181:Cathartiformes
178:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
61:
60:
52:
51:
50:Birds of prey
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4963:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Birds of prey
4944:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Harris's hawk
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4662:Roadside hawk
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4644:Augur buzzard
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Hawaiian hawk
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Variable hawk
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4103:Andean condor
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3952:
3949:Cathartidae (
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3935:Pandionidae (
3934:
3931:
3930:secretarybird
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3821:9786021963531
3817:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3800:South America
3797:
3794:
3793:9780643109162
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3745:9781550138030
3741:
3737:
3736:Birds of prey
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3718:9780226470580
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3691:9780544018440
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3672:9780007406487
3668:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:84-87334-15-6
3365:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:Birds of Prey
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:(1): 93–107.
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2266:Birds of Prey
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:Birds of Prey
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:(11): e7999.
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:tetrachromacy
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:visual acuity
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Haast's eagle
1860:
1859:crowned eagle
1856:
1851:
1849:
1848:golden eagles
1845:
1844:Tupi language
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Faroe Islands
1795:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
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1686:
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1672:
1664:
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1655:
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1636:
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1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:Falconiformes
1579:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:Cariamiformes
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
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1471:
1470:
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1395:
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1381:
1378:
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1370:
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1366:
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1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
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1295:
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1286:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
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1254:
1253:Falconiformes
1247:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:Cariamiformes
1214:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
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1181:
1178:
1176:
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1130:
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1121:
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1102:
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1082:
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1044:
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1026:
1021:
1018:
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1012:
1011:
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1005:of the order
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
977:
974:
972:
968:
967:Falconiformes
960:
957:
954:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
932:
931:secretarybird
928:
927:Sagittariidae
925:
923:
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916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
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894:
890:
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886:
885:
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848:
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794:
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722:
720:
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712:
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
695:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:Carl Linnaeus
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
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652:
651:
646:
645:
640:
639:
634:
633:
628:
627:
622:
621:
616:
615:
614:Milvus milvus
610:
606:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
553:secretarybird
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
514:
511:
508:
507:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
448:
447:Booted eagles
444:
441:
440:
435:
431:
429:
425:
424:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:insectivorous
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:keen eyesight
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:hunt and feed
249:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Birds of prey
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
206:
205:Cladistically
202:
197:
196:Cariamiformes
194:
192:
191:Falconiformes
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
171:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4887:
4852:
4834:
4825:Mantled hawk
4804:
4756:Leucopternis
4754:
4736:
4727:Savanna hawk
4696:
4671:
4653:
4493:
4463:
4452:
4444:
4378:
4360:
4342:
4324:
4306:
4297:Cape vulture
4251:
4233:
4215:
4197:
4187:
4179:
4170:
4121:King vulture
4113:Sarcoramphus
4112:
4094:
4076:
4046:
4028:
4016:
4006:
3918:
3811:
3762:
3735:
3708:
3681:
3662:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3579:
3575:
3550:, retrieved
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3497:(2): 69–87.
3494:
3490:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3375:
3358:
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3316:
3306:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3061:(1): 26–32.
3058:
3054:
3048:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3005:(1): 63–71.
3002:
2998:
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2568:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2463:
2450:
2424:(1): 15–35.
2421:
2417:
2365:
2361:
2335:
2328:
2301:
2297:
2265:
2259:
2217:(1): 15513.
2214:
2210:
2200:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2136:"World Book"
2130:
2105:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2026:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1963:Birds portal
1936:
1932:
1908:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1852:
1820:
1805:
1799:
1787:
1774:
1762:
1754:parsimonious
1747:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1684:
1605:
1583:
1582:
1543:
1542:
1467:
1466:
1439:
1438:
1401:Strigiformes
1399:
1398:
1353:
1320:
1273:
1251:
1250:
1218:
1217:
1168:
1148:Strigiformes
1146:
1145:
1107:
1106:
1079:
1078:
1030:
1007:Strigiformes
989:
985:Accipitridae
979:Australia's
978:
975:
964:
889:Accipitridae
875:
870:
866:
857:
851:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
704:
703:(owls), and
698:
692:
691:(vultures),
686:
682:
676:
661:
655:
648:
647:), buzzard (
642:
636:
630:
629:), kestrel (
624:
623:), goshawk (
618:
612:
602:
571:Accipitridae
504:
492:
480:
428:common names
421:
417:
415:
412:Common names
390:Sandcoleidae
300:
237:
233:
229:
228:
176:Strigiformes
155:
142:
78:golden eagle
70:king vulture
44:
18:Bird-of-prey
4898:Chaco eagle
4785:Barred hawk
4698:Buteogallus
4465:Geranoaetus
4379:Trigonoceps
4307:Necrosyrtes
2441:2437/197470
1867:New Zealand
1855:Taung Child
1840:Harpy Eagle
1832:lammergeier
1828:cassowaries
1796:Persecution
1524:Australaves
1328:Australaves
1206:Australaves
953:Cathartidae
918:Pandionidae
862:paraphylies
668:Systematics
650:Buteo buteo
635:), hobby (
583:Cathartidae
408:in others.
388:relatives (
378:cassowaries
371:herbivorous
367:frugivorous
335:kingfishers
307:piscivorous
280:fish eagles
256:vertebrates
4940:Categories
4835:Kaupifalco
4820:White hawk
4806:Pseudastur
4737:Busarellus
4433:Buteoninae
4234:Gypohierax
4171:Aegypiinae
3552:2023-07-30
3340:2021-12-28
2912:(2): 299.
2145:2023-10-05
2009:References
1806:Naebbetold
1706:Peloritani
1548:(seriemas)
1342:Telluraves
1223:(seriemas)
1047:Telluraves
1033:Telluraves
961:: seriemas
959:Cariamidae
936:Falconidae
847:Bald eagle
824:superorder
761:Catharista
683:Accipitres
577:; and the
563:scavengers
518:grasslands
489:True hawks
477:Neotropics
461:Falconidae
355:frogmouths
343:passerines
162:Telluraves
4673:Parabuteo
4589:Gray hawk
4429:Subfamily
4343:Sarcogyps
4167:subfamily
4077:Gymnogyps
4048:Cathartes
3830:857105968
3727:959200538
3700:953709935
3282:0007-4861
3151:Oecologia
3110:Evolution
3055:Oecologia
2955:Evolution
2320:207933673
2192:134450324
1999:Polyborus
1891:teratorns
1836:Aeschylus
1784:Olfaction
1694:migration
1681:Migration
1588:(falcons)
1256:(falcons)
1037:paraphyly
1027:Phylogeny
1020:Tytonidae
1014:Strigidae
992:nocturnal
944:caracaras
871:Accipiter
809:Spizaëtus
781:Circaëtus
773:Polyborus
745:Haliæetus
548:eyesight.
494:Accipiter
473:New World
469:Caracaras
416:The term
396:and some
386:mousebird
351:nightjars
254:on other
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
4854:Butastur
4654:Rupornis
4325:Neophron
4216:Gypaetus
4198:Aegypius
4029:Coragyps
3781:54470834
3754:37041161
3644:23785106
3596:11076738
3469:83648963
3461:23353814
3298:42626967
3187:17489247
3179:23073637
3132:14686521
3083:28308409
2977:17236431
2936:53002864
2887:86547121
2844:38346181
2835:10895254
2785:25504713
2727:24832669
2675:17933934
2639:19635577
2560:15925523
2517:15737588
2390:85599747
2251:31664115
2086:19946365
2046:PLOS ONE
1991:Daptrius
1949:See also
1380:Hieraves
1324:Hieraves
1057:Afroaves
1003:families
905:harriers
901:buzzards
882:families
867:Harpagus
832:Afroaves
817:Sparvius
813:Asturina
765:Daptrius
593:Seriemas
559:Vultures
513:Harriers
501:Buzzards
457:kestrels
376:such as
331:penguins
294:and eat
292:scavenge
284:vultures
264:reptiles
258:(mainly
149:Passerea
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
4925:Buzzard
4454:Species
4189:Species
4018:Species
3441:Bibcode
3290:4433788
3262:Bibcode
3159:Bibcode
3091:8498728
3063:Bibcode
3040:4162266
2928:4090182
2906:The Auk
2867:Bibcode
2812:Bibcode
2776:4405904
2755:Bibcode
2747:Science
2718:4009869
2695:Biology
2617:Bibcode
2540:Bibcode
2497:Bibcode
2370:Bibcode
2242:6820775
2219:Bibcode
2172:Bibcode
2077:2776979
2054:Bibcode
1995:Ibycter
1777:kestrel
940:falcons
878:diurnal
801:Physeta
797:Ictinia
769:Ibycter
757:Gypagus
749:Pandion
609:Britain
532:insects
522:marshes
467:above.
453:Falcons
374:ratites
347:shrikes
296:carrion
290:) also
288:condors
260:mammals
248:species
238:raptors
132:Class:
4361:Torgos
4095:Vultur
3998:family
3937:osprey
3920:Family
3828:
3818:
3791:
3779:
3769:
3752:
3742:
3725:
3715:
3698:
3688:
3669:
3642:
3601:7 June
3594:
3543:
3508:7 June
3467:
3459:
3383:
3366:
3331:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3185:
3177:
3130:
3089:
3081:
3038:
2975:
2934:
2926:
2885:
2842:
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2773:
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2715:
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2637:
2558:
2515:
2470:
2388:
2318:
2272:
2249:
2239:
2190:
2118:
2084:
2074:
1997:, and
1916:eagles
1905:Vision
1861:. The
1702:Sicily
1404:(owls)
1151:(owls)
1000:extant
946:, and
929:: the
922:osprey
920:: the
911:, and
897:eagles
805:Harpia
793:Milvus
785:Circus
777:Aquila
753:Elanus
751:, and
733:Vultur
719:Turton
715:Latham
711:Gmelin
706:Lanius
688:Vultur
658:merlin
539:osprey
443:Eagles
418:raptor
363:ravens
345:(e.g.
333:, and
319:herons
315:cranes
311:storks
272:talons
240:, are
38:, and
4920:Eagle
4495:Buteo
4446:Genus
4181:Genus
4008:Genus
3907:Order
3465:S2CID
3457:JSTOR
3294:S2CID
3183:S2CID
3087:S2CID
3036:JSTOR
2932:S2CID
2924:JSTOR
2883:S2CID
2671:S2CID
2460:(PDF)
2386:S2CID
2358:(PDF)
2316:S2CID
2188:S2CID
1715:Buteo
909:kites
893:hawks
789:Buteo
741:Phene
737:Falco
729:Strix
700:Strix
694:Falco
528:Kites
506:Buteo
482:Buteo
423:rapio
382:rheas
359:crows
327:skuas
323:gulls
276:beaks
156:Clade
143:Clade
4253:Gyps
3826:OCLC
3816:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3777:OCLC
3767:ISBN
3750:OCLC
3740:ISBN
3723:OCLC
3713:ISBN
3696:OCLC
3686:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3640:PMID
3603:2023
3592:PMID
3541:ISBN
3510:2023
3381:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3286:PMID
3278:ISSN
3175:PMID
3128:PMID
3079:PMID
2973:PMID
2840:PMID
2781:PMID
2723:PMID
2635:PMID
2556:PMID
2513:PMID
2468:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2247:PMID
2116:ISBN
2082:PMID
1918:and
1897:and
996:owls
990:The
876:The
735:and
717:and
561:are
551:The
545:Owls
537:The
520:and
455:and
380:and
361:and
286:and
245:bird
136:Aves
80:and
3630:doi
3626:216
3584:doi
3580:203
3533:doi
3499:doi
3449:doi
3411:doi
3407:160
3321:doi
3270:doi
3214:doi
3210:189
3167:doi
3155:172
3118:doi
3071:doi
3059:124
3007:doi
3003:121
2963:doi
2914:doi
2910:120
2875:doi
2830:PMC
2820:doi
2808:121
2771:PMC
2763:doi
2751:346
2713:PMC
2703:doi
2663:doi
2659:154
2625:doi
2583:doi
2548:doi
2505:doi
2436:hdl
2426:doi
2378:doi
2306:doi
2237:PMC
2227:doi
2180:doi
2072:PMC
2062:doi
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