45:
200:
1297:
63:
introduction of certain animals and plants; to amend the
Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act 1976; to amend the law relating to nature conservation, the countryside and National Parks and to make provision with respect to the Countryside Commission; to amend the law relating to public rights of way; and for connected purposes.
695:
strengthened protection of SSSIs; by increased
English Nature's enforcement power (allowed to combat neglect, prevent damaging activity, make public bodies responsible for conservation and enhancement of SSSIs) and increasing penalties for damage to a maximum of £20,000 per offence (along with court
763:
prosecution: only occurs when evidence collected makes conviction reasonably certain or where prosecution is in the public interest. Natural
England always try to recover costs and publicise prosecutions to the press. Specific penalties are applied, consideration of profit gained from offence is
62:
An Act to repeal and re-enact with amendments the
Protection of Birds Acts 1954 to 1967 and the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975; to prohibit certain methods of killing or taking wild animals; to amend the law relating to protection of certain mammals; to restrict the
380:(1979). Adopted in Bonn, West Germany in 1979 and coming into force in 1985, the Bonn Convention worked to conserve migratory species and their habitats. Listed in Appendix I are species which are endangered, Appendix II contains species which would benefit from international cooperation.
816:
Local authorities (e.g. Southampton City
Council) are responsible for regulating public rights of way and enforcing rights of way legislation. Issues such as obstructions and misleading signs are usually reported by members of the public and then are dealt with by the local authority.
739:
As well as being a regulator of the
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, Natural England acts as an advisor (to individuals, companies, government, etc.) in relation to nature conservation. Additionally Natural England helps with land management through grants, projects and information.
432:
Introduction into the wild of species that are not native to Great
Britain or are otherwise banned (Section 14): a list of affected animal and plant species was greatly expanded in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedule 9) (England and Wales) Order
342:
The convention became open for signature on 19 September 1979 as a binding international legal instrument; it came into force on 1 June 1982. The UK ratified the convention and adopted the
European Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds (among other directives).
302:
It provided that where any person was convicted of an offence against the Wild Birds
Protection Acts 1880 to 1896 (the 1880, 1881, 1894 and 1896 Acts), the court was empowered to dispose of any bird or bird's egg in respect of which the offence had been committed.
966:
an authorised person for example has obtained a licence for killing or injuring an animal in schedule 5 and can provide sufficient evidence stating it was necessary to prevent damage and protect livestock, crops, vegetables, fruit, growing timber and
166:
The legislation has strength; few amendments have been made to it, and it has acted as a foundation for later legislation to build upon. The compulsory 5 year review of schedules 5 and 8 make it dynamic in terms of the species which it protects.
647:
1985: Makes it necessary for local authorities to use
Countryside Commission guidelines in deciding whether area with natural beauty are important to conserve. Amendments were made to SSSI documentation, notification periods and maintenance of
634:
There have been a few simple amendments to the Wildlife and Countryside Act, such as word changes, increase in fines, etc. Every 5 years the JNCC coordinates a compulsory review of schedules 5 and 8 to add new species that may need protection.
970:
a wild bird or animal has been taken if injured and that person's intention is to tend and return the bird or animal to the wild when fully recovered. If it is so severely injured beyond recovery then it can be killed in the most humane way
807:
deal with reports from the public in relation to wildlife crime; under duties to prosecute environmental crimes, offences such as damage to habitats and wildlife are included. The EA work closely with the RSPB and wildlife crime officers.
327:
787:
The police are responsible for enforcing part I of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, often advised by Natural England and will investigate wildlife offences; usually performed by wildlife crime officers (WCOs).
377:
615:
Schedules 1 to 10 relate to powers under the "Wildlife" part of the Act. Schedule 1 lists over forty species of birds that are protected by special penalties. Schedule 2 lists Huntable birds and their close
334:
of Europe, as well as in some African countries. It encouraged European co-operation in protecting natural habitats; and the conservation of flora and fauna, including migratory species and particularly
356:
From 1981 several acts have passed as UK legislation to comply with the European Directive on the Conservation. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 strengthened protection of SSSIs introduced by the
963:
an authorised person for example by obtaining a licence from Natural England or DEFRA kills or takes a wild bird, damages or destroys the nest of a bird and damages or removes eggs from the nest.
982:
an individual can provide evidence showing it was necessary to kill or injure a protected animal or bird in order to protect livestock, crops, vegetables, fruit, growing timber and fisheries.
688:
1994: Conservation Regulations 1994. Built on Part I protecting habitats and species by implementing the requirement to assess plans/projects that will impact on European Protected Species.
491:
357:
160:
722:
700:
767:
civil action: in most serious cases where all other options have been explored, Natural England can take civil action to claim possession of SSSIs under serious threat.
764:
considered and often added to fines, application for a formal restoration order is made making the offender responsible for restoration of SSSI (at offender's expense).
1541:
1506:
501:
The duties of government bodies to identify, maintain and update records about Public Rights of Way and to keep maps showing rights of way under continuous review.
979:
it can be shown that the destruction of a nest, egg, bird, animal or an animal's shelter was accidental from a lawful operation and could not have been avoided.
897:
Failing to minimise any damage to an SSSI and if there is any damage, failing to restore it to its former state so far as is reasonably practical and possible."
747:(SSSIs) and enforce law when necessary. Damage, destruction or disturbance of SSSI habitats and features can lead to the following actions by Natural England:
1521:
760:
cautions: if prosecution is not an appropriate action then a caution is issued if necessary evidence has been collected (to have a good chance of conviction)
155:. In short, the act gives protection to native species (especially those at threat), controls the release of non-native species, enhances the protection of
1526:
1511:
696:
power to order restoration if damage occurs). Improved public rights of way giving people access to mountain, moor, heath, down and registered common land.
725:
made some major amendments with regard to control of non-native species, the protection of birds, protection of hares and rabbits and associated poaching.
931:
Tried with regards to each separate animal/site involved. If multiple organisms or sites are involved then defendant tried per animal/site involved:
910:
Killing, injuring a wild bird or animal, damaging or destroying the nest/shelter of a wild bird or animal (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
885:
Killing, injuring a wild bird or animal, damaging or destroying the nest/shelter of a wild bird or animal (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
857:
Killing, injuring a wild bird or animal, damaging or destroying the nest/shelter of a wild bird or animal (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
1462:
OPDM Circular (2005), 06/2005: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation, Statutory Obligations and their Impact within the Planning System, TSO, Uk.
464:
718:
allowed the creation of marine conservation zones and with the consent of the secretary of state, the creation of SSSIs below mean low water mark.
795:(NWCU) is a law enforcement unit which helps agencies with enforcement. Wildlife crime investigations, statistics and intelligence are provided.
349:
on the Conservation of Wild Birds was adopted on 2 April 1979. The main provisions included: protection of vulnerable species; classification of
1449:
936:
692:
222:
541:
An up-to-date map act as evidence that the public has right of way in relevant way (i.e. by foot on footpaths or on horseback on bridleways).
367:
99:
1531:
479:
454:
1318:
657:
1998: Variation of schedules 5 and 8; for example, Flamingo Moss (Desmatodon cernuus) was added to schedule 8 as well as 17 other species.
1158:
959:
There are various exemptions applied to part one providing protection for wildlife, thus no lawful act or offence will be committed, if:
945:
If the defendant is a corporation then the head of that corporation may also be tried as liable and face the fine and/or prison sentence.
744:
682:
156:
89:
715:
1340:
674:
390:
Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (which contains broadly equivalent provisions to the 1981 Act in respect of Northern Ireland)
836:
839:(PAW)- a multi-agency body which encourages both statutory and NGO organisations to work together in the combat of wildlife crime.
1516:
296:
204:
49:
894:
Carrying out or authorising operations likely to damage an SSSI without meeting the requirements to notify Natural England.
872:
Failing to maintain public rights of way; removing obstructions, surfacing, maintaining safe and easy to use access points.
597:"recognised dairy breed" means Ayrshire, British Friesian, British Holstein, Dairy Shorthorn, Guernsey, Jersey and Kerry.
907:
Failing to comply with the restrictions on methods to kill animals and birds (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
882:
Failing to comply with the restrictions on methods to kill animals and birds (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
854:
Failing to comply with the restrictions on methods to kill animals and birds (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
792:
346:
919:
Intentionally or recklessly damaging, destroying, obscuring or taking down a site notice put up on land within an SSSI.
1355:
1311:
1305:
1376:
784:
Within the police there are several aspects to regulating wildlife crime; intelligence, enforcement and prevention.
1536:
1221:
307:
268:
94:
1004:
995:
594:"byway open to all traffic" allows public to use highway for vehicles, on foot, leading a horse or riding a horse
1466:
1322:
869:
Failing to let the national conservation body know about a change in ownership or occupation of land in an SSSI"
935:
Up to £5,000 fine (incidents involving SSSIs can now incur fines of up to £20,000 under amendments made by the
651:
1991: Amendment making it an offence to knowingly cause or permit to cause actions listed in sections 5 and 11.
383:
Appendix 1 migratory species listed in the convention were amended into the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
350:
757:
formal investigations: collection of evidence by trained investigators following legal evidence requirements
1260:
916:
Intentionally or recklessly damaging, destroying or disturbing any of the habitats or features of an SSSI.
654:
1995: Restricts licenses issued to control wild birds in order to reduce damage to crops, livestock, etc.
469:
212:
57:
1073:
1028:
The Public General Acts Passed in the Second Year of the Reign of His Majesty King Edward the Seventh
1408:
The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999
591:"bridleway" allows the public to use highway on foot or bicycle, leading a horse or riding a horse.
566:
Part IV includes sections 67 to 74 of the Act. The legislation contained in these sections covers:
447:
Part II includes sections 28 to 52 of the Act. The legislation contained in these sections covers:
1456:
1428:
776:
Similar responsibilities to Natural England, but responsible in Wales and Scotland, respectively.
1490:
1143:
804:
704:
459:
416:
Part I includes sections 1 to 27 of the Act. The legislation contained in these sections covers:
336:
975:
All sick and injured birds and animals which are being cared for must be registered with DEFRA.
376:
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 came into force in 1982. In 1985 the UK ratified the Bonn
1170:
991:
Provided below is a list - probably incomplete - of documents modifying the W&C Act 1981.
891:
Release of non native species into the environment (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
292:
144:
1382:
HMSO, (2005). Planning Policy Statement 9: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation, TSO, UK.
331:
1369:
1008:
999:
708:
386:
Further UK legislation to comply with the European Directive on the Conservation include:
152:
353:, protection for all wild birds; and restrictions on killing/selling/keeping wild birds.
1473:
998:
1988 No. 288: The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedules) Order 1988
1407:
1362:
754:
warning letters: request harmful activity to stop and request agreement for restoration
678:
148:
1007:
1994 No. 1151: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedule 4) Order 1994
863:
Carrying out, causing or allowing operations likely to damage an SSSI without consent.
124:
1500:
829:
NGOs; the RSPB and RSPCA work with the police to prevent and identify wildlife crime.
163:. The Act is split into 4 parts covering 74 sections; it also includes 17 schedules.
544:
Changes of right of way requires a survey or review by the local surveying authority
17:
1386:
600:"relevant conservation body" means Natural England or Countryside Council for Wales
240:
1245:
1435:
711:. Introduced new offences involving the intentional and reckless damage of SSSIs.
660:
1999: Variation of schedule 9; several species of deer were added to schedule 9.
494:
which required local authorities to draw up maps defining public rights of way.
1486:
1139:
625:
Schedule 17 lists previous legislation that was repealed in favour of this Act.
131:
1489:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1142:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1074:
Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
328:
Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
1421:
1442:
1414:
288:
227:
1370:
Strategic Assessment, February 2009 Wildlife Crime in the UK (2009/2010)
552:
Some responsibilities of owners of land crossed by a Public Right of Way
1401:
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
373:
were repealed by the passing of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
1052:
913:
Removing any native plant (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
888:
Removing any native plant (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
860:
Removing any native plant (see Part I: Wildlife for further details).
263:
685:. JNCC made responsible for producing guidelines for SSSI selection.
112:
The Environment Act 1995 (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 1996
1400:
1393:
378:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
1385:
IEEM (Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management), (2010).
772:
Regulated by Natural Resources Wales and Scottish Natural Heritage
751:
information: awareness and education can stop harmful activities
490:
Part III includes sections 53 to 66 of the Act. Building on the
1272:
299:, given the royal assent on 22 July 1902 and repealed in 1954.
1290:
443:
Part II: Nature Conservation, Countryside & National Parks
1256:
1254:
622:
Schedules 14 to 16 relate to powers under Part III of the Act
1030:. London: printed for His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1902.
638:
A secretary of state can add or remove species at any time.
619:
Schedules 11 to 13 relate to powers under Part II of the Act
922:
Preventing one of our officers lawfully accessing an SSSI."
642:
Main amendments to the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1394:
Directive 2009/147/EC on the Conservation of Wild Birds
368:
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975
100:
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
153:
Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds
1241:
1239:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
533:
implementation of restrictions to public right of way
492:
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
358:
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
318:(AoSPs) under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
161:
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
723:
Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011
588:"footpath" allows the public to use highway on foot.
1443:/regulation/wildlife/licences/default.aspx Licenses
274:
262:
257:
249:
239:
234:
221:
211:
185:
130:
123:
116:
108:
82:
77:
67:
56:
1399:Joint Nature and Conservation Committee, (2010b).
1392:Joint Nature and Conservation Committee, (2010a).
1356:Farmer must work with CCW on damaged wildlife site
701:Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006
530:change in position of public path or traffic byway
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
90:Protection of Birds Act 1954 (Amendment) Act 1964
393:Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands Order 1985
538:Rights of way are maintained at public expense.
364:Protection of Birds Acts of 1954, 1964 and 1967
217:An Act to amend the Wild Birds Protection Acts.
159:and builds upon the rights of way rules in the
1387:National Wildlife Crime Unit, Role of the NWCU
509:Updating may be required after the following:
420:Protection of wild birds, their eggs and nests
1487:Text of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1377:The Alien Invaders Choking Britains Waterways
1273:Partnership for Action Against Wildlife Crime
1159:Animal welfare law- fifteen years of progress
1140:Text of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
837:Partnership for Action against Wildlife Crime
573:Application of the Act to the Isles of Scilly
555:Regulation of traffic on Public Rights of Way
399:Offshore Marine Conservation Regulations 2007
8:
1154:
1152:
585:"public path" means a footpath or bridleway.
151:implemented to comply with European Council
32:
1113:DEFRA Cross Compliance Handbook for England
506:Updating and changing public rights of way
436:The import or export of endangered species.
182:
31:
1341:Learn how and when to remove this message
306:The Act was repealed and replaced by the
1304:This article includes a list of general
1053:"Protected areas designations directory"
663:2004: Minor amendments of various words.
1542:Environmental law in the United Kingdom
1354:Countryside Council for Wales, (2000).
1020:
866:Failing to keep to a management notice.
314:(BSOs) under this Act were replaced by
1507:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1981
1429:Important Environmental Case Concludes
937:Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000
693:Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000
498:Ascertainment of public rights of way
1450:Standing Advice for Protected Species
1055:. Joint Nature Conservation Committee
668:Amendments from following legislation
125:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
1474:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
1436:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
826:Regulatory bodies (mentioned above).
745:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
570:Application of the Act to Crown land
562:Part IV: Miscellaneous & General
455:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
157:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
1522:Rural society in the United Kingdom
1422:Site of Special Scientific Interest
1263:, Southampton City Council, (2009)
1039:Chronological table of the statutes
799:Regulated by the Environment Agency
683:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
1527:Wildlife law in the United Kingdom
1512:Conservation in the United Kingdom
1310:it lacks sufficient corresponding
716:Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009
132:Revised text of statute as amended
25:
1467:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1415:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
675:Environmental Protection Act 1990
549:Miscellaneous & Supplemental
141:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
33:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1410:, N.O 293. legislation.gov.uk, .
1295:
1261:Maintaining Public Rights of Way
297:Parliament of the United Kingdom
205:Parliament of the United Kingdom
198:
50:Parliament of the United Kingdom
43:
611:The Act contains 17 schedules.
955:Exemptions to Part 1: Wildlife
812:Regulated by local authorities
703:merged English Nature and the
576:Offences by 'bodies corporate'
486:Part III: Public Rights of Way
285:Wild Birds Protection Act 1902
187:Wild Birds Protection Act 1902
176:Wild Birds Protection Act 1902
1:
942:Up to six months imprisonment
402:Conservation Regulations 2010
396:Conservation Regulations 1995
73:England & Wales; Scotland
1459:, naturalengland.org.uk. . .
1076:, Council of Europe, (2011)
793:National Wildlife Crime Unit
735:Regulated by Natural England
347:European Directive 79/409/EC
308:Protection of Birds Act 1954
269:Protection of Birds Act 1954
95:Protection of Birds Act 1967
1532:Birds in the United Kingdom
1406:National Archives, (2011).
1224:, Natural England, (2007) .
423:Protection of other animals
316:Areas of Special Protection
1558:
1455:Natural England, (2011b).
1452:, naturalengland.org.uk. .
1445:, naturalengland.org.uk. .
180:United Kingdom legislation
29:United Kingdom legislation
1448:Natural England, (2011).
1441:Natural England, (2010).
1438:, English-nature.org.uk .
1434:Natural England, (2009).
1431:, naturalengland.org.uk .
1427:Natural England, (2008).
1248:, Environmentlaw, (2010)
1171:SSSI legislative timeline
849:Land owners and occupiers
197:
192:
42:
37:
743:Legally responsible for
465:National nature reserves
351:Special Protection Areas
69:Territorial extent
1517:1981 in the environment
1325:more precise citations.
1246:Regulators and Agencies
1222:SSSI Enforcement Policy
780:Regulated by the police
1375:The Guardian, (2008).
877:Public bodies/industry
515:extension of a highway
512:diversion of a highway
470:Marine nature reserves
360:. The pre-dated acts:
1041:; HMSO, London. 1993.
524:addition of a highway
521:stopping of a highway
518:widening of a highway
312:Bird sanctuary orders
1420:Naturenet, (2009b).
1413:Naturenet, (2009a).
1005:Statutory Instrument
996:Statutory Instrument
579:Financial provisions
527:removal of a highway
451:Nature conservation
426:Protection of plants
18:Bird Sanctuary Order
1379:, guardian.co.uk. .
1363:Recent Prosecutions
460:Limestone pavements
34:
1491:legislation.gov.uk
1424:, naturenet.com. .
1417:, naturenet.com. .
1144:legislation.gov.uk
805:Environment Agency
705:Countryside Agency
337:endangered species
1537:Bird conservation
1372:, defra.gov.uk. .
1365:, defra.gov.uk. .
1351:
1350:
1343:
293:Act of Parliament
281:
280:
258:Other legislation
193:Act of Parliament
145:Act of Parliament
137:
136:
78:Other legislation
38:Act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
1549:
1476:, rspb.org.uk. .
1469:, rspb.org.uk. .
1403:, jncc.gov.uk. .
1396:, jncc.gov.uk. .
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1321:this article by
1312:inline citations
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276:Status: Repealed
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1472:RSPB, (2011b).
1368:Defra, (2009).
1361:Defra, (2007).
1358:, ccw.gov.uk. .
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1057:. Retrieved
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821:Monitored by
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582:Definitions
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330:covered the
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245:22 July 1902
241:Royal assent
165:
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138:
26:
1389:ieem.net. .
1331:August 2012
1323:introducing
1094:JNCC, 2010a
476:Countryside
264:Repealed by
1501:Categories
1457:What we do
1306:references
1284:RSPB, 2011
1233:IEEM, 2010
1085:JNCC, 2010
1015:References
987:Variations
967:fisheries.
950:Exemptions
902:Any person
730:Regulators
721:2011: The
714:2009: The
707:to create
699:2006: The
691:2000: The
673:1990: The
648:registers.
630:Amendments
213:Long title
109:Amended by
58:Long title
1059:2 January
971:possible.
927:Penalties
607:Schedules
326:The 1979
844:Offences
681:and the
616:seasons.
407:Overview
289:2 Edw. 7
250:Repealed
228:2 Edw. 7
223:Citation
1319:improve
295:of the
171:History
147:in the
1308:, but
230:. c. 6
143:is an
235:Dates
1061:2016
835:The
803:The
791:The
433:2010
283:The
253:1954
139:The
1503::
1253:^
1238:^
1178:^
1151:^
1146:.
1120:^
939:).
339:.
310:.
1493:.
1344:)
1338:(
1333:)
1329:(
1315:.
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287:(
20:)
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