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fovea points approximately 15° to the right or left of the head axis. Several raptor species repeatedly cock their heads into three distinct positions while observing an object. First, is straight ahead with their head pointed towards the object. Second and third are sideways to the right or left of the object, with their head axis positioned approximately 40° adjacent to the object. This movement is believed to be associated with lining up the incoming image to fall on the deep fovea. Raptors will choose which head position to use depending on the distance to the object. At distances as close as 8m, they used primarily binocular vision. At distances greater than 21m, they spent more time using monocular vision. At distances greater than 40m, they spent 80% or more time using their monocular vision. This suggests that raptors tilt their head to rely on the highly acute deep fovea.
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geographic dissimilarities may mask important relationships between life history traits and migratory behaviours. The West
Palearctic-Afrotropical and the North-South American migratory systems are fundamentally different from the East Palearctic-Indomalayan system, owing to the presence versus absence of ecological barriers." Maximum entropy modelling can help in answering the question: why species winters at one location while the others are elsewhere. Temperature and precipitation related factors differ in the limitation of species distributions. "This suggests that the migratory behaviours differ among the three main migratory routes for these species" which may have important conservational consequences in the protection of migratory raptors.
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1797:(by royal decree from 1741) given in return for the bills of birds of prey shown by hunters. In Britain, kites and buzzards were seen as destroyers of game and killed, for instance in 1684-5 alone as many as 100 kites were killed. Rewards for their killing were also in force in the Netherlands from 1756. From 1705 to 1800, it has been estimated that 624087 birds of prey were killed in a part of Germany that included Hannover, Luneburg, Lauenburg and Bremen with 14125 claws deposited just in 1796–97. Many species also develop
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1781:. Despite this, most raptors are still considered to primarily rely on vision, with raptor vision being extensively studied. A 2020 review of the existing literature combining anatomical, genetic, and behavioural studies showed that, in general, raptors have functional olfactory systems that they are likely to use in a range of different contexts.
1769:
has become more energetically favorable for male kestrels to remain smaller than their female counterparts because smaller males have an agility advantage when it comes to defending the nest and hunting. Larger females are favored because they can incubate larger numbers of offspring, while also being able to brood a larger clutch size.
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Birds of prey have incredible vision and rely heavily on it for a number of tasks. They utilize their high visual acuity to obtain food, navigate their surroundings, distinguish and flee from predators, mating, nest construction, and much more. They accomplish these tasks with a large eye in relation
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is a type of falcon in which males are the primary providers, and the females are responsible for nurturing the young. In this species, the smaller the kestrels are, the less food is needed and thus, they can survive in environments that are harsher. This is particularly true in the male kestrels. It
1709:
Migratory species of raptors may have had a southern origin because it seems that all of the major lineages within
Accipitridae had an origin in one of the biogeographic realms of the Southern Hemisphere. The appearance of migratory behaviour occurred in the tropics parallel with the range expansion
2729:
Jarvis, Erich D.; Mirarab, Siavash; Aberer, Andre J.; Li, Bo; Houde, Peter; Li, Cai; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Nabholz, Benoit; Howard, Jason T.; Suh, Alexander; Weber, Claudia C.; da
Fonseca, Rute R.; Li, Jianwen; Zhang, Fang; Li, Hui; Zhou, Long; Narula, Nitish; Liu, Liang; Ganapathy,
1814:
occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-year-old boy, survived and the eagle was killed), and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest. This would make it the only living bird known to prey on humans, although other
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between males and females. It appears that both sexes of the species play a role in the sexual dimorphism within raptors; females tend to compete with other females to find good places to nest and attract males, and males competing with other males for adequate hunting ground so they appear as the
1717:
A recent study discovered new connections between migration and the ecology, life history of raptors. A brief overview from abstract of the published paper shows that "clutch size and hunting strategies have been proved to be the most important variables in shaping distribution areas, and also the
1922:
There are two regions in the retina, called the deep and shallow fovea, that are specialized for acute vision. These regions contain the highest density of photoreceptors, and provide the highest points of visual acuity. The deep fovea points forward at an approximate 45° angle, while the shallow
1713:
Distribution and biogeographic history highly determine the origin of migration in birds of prey. Based on some comparative analyses, diet breadth also has an effect on the evolution of migratory behaviour in this group, but its relevance needs further investigation. The evolution of migration in
2641:
Breman, Floris C.; Jordaens, Kurt; Sonet, Gontran; Nagy, Zoltán T.; Van Houdt, Jeroen; Louette, Michel (23 September 2012). "DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in
Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives".
1741:. It is commonly believed that the dimorphisms found in raptors occur due to sexual selection or environmental factors. In general, hypotheses in favor of ecological factors being the cause for sexual dimorphism in raptors are rejected. This is because the ecological model is less
720:), whilst the diurnal raptors were divided into three families: Vulturini, Gypaëti, and Accipitrini. Thus Vieillot's families were similar to the Linnaean genera, with the difference that shrikes were no longer included amongst the birds of prey. In addition to the original
2677:
Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick; Steadman, David; Witt, Christopher; Braun, Edward (13 March 2013).
853:
were observed in many phylogenetic studies. More recent and detailed studies show similar results. However, according to the findings of a 2014 study, the sister relationship between larger clades of
Accipitriformes was well supported (e.g. relationship of
1310:
A recent phylogenomic study from Wu et al. (2024) has found an alternative phylogeny for the placement of the birds of prey. Their analysis has found support in a clade consisting of the
Strigiformes and Accipitrimorphae in new clade
3419:
Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Migotto, Rafael; Blanco, R. Ernesto (2013). "Body Mass
Estimations and Paleobiological Inferences on a New Species of Large Caracara (Aves, Falconidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Uruguay".
1701:
The earliest event occurred nearly 14 to 12 million years ago. This result seems to be one of the oldest dates published so far in the case of birds of prey. For example, a previous reconstruction of migratory behaviour in one
1761:, and is merely a stepping stone in the process of speciation, especially if the traits that define gender are independent across a species. Sexual dimorphism can be viewed as something that can accelerate the rate of speciation.
2730:
Ganesh; Boussau, Bastien; Bayzid, Md. Shamsuzzoha; Zavidovych, Volodymyr; Subramanian, Sankar; Gabaldón, Toni; Capella-Gutiérrez, Salvador; Huerta-Cepas, Jaime; Rekepalli, Bhanu; Munch, Kasper; et al. (12 December 2014).
1801:
after accidental consumption of lead shot when feeding on animals that had been shot by hunters. Lead pellets from direct shooting that the birds have escaped from also cause reduced fitness and premature deaths.
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are large, slender hawk-like birds with long tails and long thin legs. Most use a combination of keen eyesight and hearing to hunt small vertebrates, gliding on their long broad wings and circling low over
536:
are variable-sized, typically night-specialized hunting birds. They fly almost silently due to their special feather structure that reduces turbulence. They have particularly acute hearing and nocturnal
2562:
Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa A. (September 2007). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the
Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon".
2476:
Helbig, Andreas J.; Kocum, Annett; Seibold, Ingrid; Braun, Michael J. (April 2005). "A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level".
3042:
Massemin, S.; Korpimäki, Erkki; Wiehn, Jürgen (21 July 2000). "Reversed sexual size dimorphism in raptors: evaluation of the hypotheses in kestrels breeding in a temporally changing environment".
716:
used additional ranks: order, tribe, family, genus, species. Birds of prey (order
Accipitres) were divided into diurnal and nocturnal tribes; the owls remained monogeneric (family Ægolii, genus
3787:
Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. A classification of the bird species of
1024:
which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with passerines and several near-passerine lineages. The orders in bold text are birds of prey orders; this is to show the
2281:
McClure, Christopher J. W.; Schulwitz, Sarah E.; Anderson, David L.; Robinson, Bryce W.; Mojica, Elizabeth K.; Therrien, Jean-Francois; Oleyar, M. David; Johnson, Jeff (2019).
600:. As English-speaking people travelled further, the familiar names were applied to new birds with similar characteristics. Names that have generalised this way include: kite (
3138:(17 October 2012). "Size-biased allocation of prey from male to offspring via female: family conflicts, prey selection, and evolution of sexual size dimorphism in raptors".
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Joseph, Leo; Lessa, Enrique P.; Christidis, Leslie (March 1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography in the evolution of migration: shorebirds of the
Charadrius complex".
2519:
Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".
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584:, large South American birds with long, stilted legs that occupy a similar ecological niche to secretarybirds. They are also the closest relatives to the extinct
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grouped birds (class Aves) into orders, genera, and species, with no formal ranks between genus and order. He placed all birds of prey into a single order,
962:. The Cathartidae are sometimes placed separately in an enlarged stork family, Ciconiiformes, and may be raised to an order of their own, Cathartiiformes.
2151:
Mayr, Gerald (19 April 2018). "New data on the anatomy and palaeobiology of sandcoleid mousebirds (Aves, Coliiformes) from the early Eocene of Messel".
3886:
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do Amaral, Fábio Raposo; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Gamauf, Anita; Haring, Elisabeth; Riesing, Martin; Silveira, Luís F.; Wajntal, Anita (December 2009).
1440:
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within Raptores, formerly composed of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The clade was invalidated after 2012. Falconiformes is now placed in
419:
for various birds of prey are based on structure, but many of the traditional names do not reflect the evolutionary relationships between the groups.
3752:
Kenneth Newman's birds of prey of southern Africa : rulers of the skies : an identification guide to 67 species of southern African raptors
3513:
3560:
2787:
Wu, S.; Rheindt, F.E.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Quan, C.; Zhiheng, L.; Wang, M.; Wu, F.; Qu, Y; Edwards, S.V.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, L. (2024).
486:(see below). They are mainly woodland birds that hunt by sudden dashes from a concealed perch. They usually have long tails for tight steering.
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2031:"Predatory Functional Morphology in Raptors: Interdigital Variation in Talon Size Is Related to Prey Restraint and Immobilisation Technique"
1930:, however, due to their emphasis on visual acuity, many diurnal birds of prey have little ability to see ultraviolet light as this produces
4408:
2594:"Patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (Aves, Accipitridae)"
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of migratory species to temperate habitats. Similar results of southern origin in other taxonomic groups can be found in the literature.
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have long wings and relatively weak legs. They spend much of their time soaring. They will take live vertebrate prey, but mostly feed on
1764:
In non-predatory birds, males are typically larger than females. However, in birds of prey, the opposite is the case. For instance, the
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Mueller, Helmut C. (1986). "The Evolution of Reversed Sexual Dimorphism in Owls: An Empirical Analysis of Possible Selective Factors".
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are reported attacking human beings, but its unclear if they intend to eat them or if they have ever been successful in killing one.
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Steyn, P. 1982. Birds of prey of southern Africa: their identification and life histories. David Phillip, Cape Town, South Africa.
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The secretary bird and/or osprey are sometimes listed as subfamilies of Acciptridae: Sagittariinae and Pandioninae, respectively.
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3966:
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The order Accipitriformes is believed to have originated 44 million years ago when it split from the common ancestor of the
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el Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 107.
1579:
1247:
2891:"Evolution of Long-Distance Migration in and Historical Biogeography of Catharus Thrushes: A Molecular Phylogenetic Approach"
290:
Although the term "bird of prey" could theoretically be taken to include all birds that actively hunt and eat other animals,
20:
1777:
It is a long-standing belief that birds lack any sense of smell, but it has become clear that many birds do have functional
3854:
2680:"Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals"
2343:
4055:
3879:
24:
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are medium-size birds of prey with long pointed wings, and many are particularly swift flyers. They belong to the family
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4050:
2446:"Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes"
2403:"Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)"
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2453:
Raptors Worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003
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Some names have not generalised, and refer to single species (or groups of closely related (sub)species), such as the
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82:
2445:
1539:
1214:
3388:"A new species of giant marabou stork (Aves: Ciconiiformes) from the Pleistocene of Liang Bua, Flores (Indonesia)"
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is a single species with a large body and long, stilted legs endemic to the open grasslands of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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clade with a result of the origin of migration around 5 million years ago was also supported by that study.
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849:) and the accipitrid species. The phylogeny of Accipitriformes is complex and difficult to unravel. Widespread
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are similar in size to the Haast's eagle, implying that they similarly could pose a threat to a human being.
468:– their broad wings, naked faces and appetites of a generalist suggest some level of convergence with either
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2984:"Life history traits, bioclimate, and migratory systems of accipitrid birds of prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)"
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model. Additionally, ecological models are much harder to test because a great deal of data is required.
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954:
These families (with the exception of Cariamidae) were traditionally grouped together in a single order
713:
2789:"Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous"
1846:, an early human found in Africa, is believed to have been killed by an eagle-like bird similar to the
1827:
by accident. Many stories of Brazilian indigenous peoples speak about children mauled by Uiruuetê, the
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are medium-large raptors with robust bodies and broad wings, or, alternatively, any bird of the genus
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498:(also commonly known as "hawks" in North America, while "buzzard" is colloquially used for vultures).
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Some fossil evidence indicates large birds of prey occasionally preyed on prehistoric hominids. The
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Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Niu, Kecheng; Mai, Huijuan (29 October 2019).
1883:
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Mitkus, Mindaugas; Potier, Simon; Martin, Graham R.; Duriez, Olivier; Kelber, Almut (2018-04-26),
530:, a single species found worldwide that specializes in catching fish and builds large stick nests.
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2940:"Postglacial population expansion drives the evolution of long–distance migration in a songbird"
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Fowler, Denver W.; Freedman, Elizabeth A.; Scannella, John B.; Pizzari, Tom (25 November 2009).
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for tearing off flesh. Although predatory birds primarily hunt live prey, many species (such as
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373:. Some extinct predatory birds had talons similar to those of modern birds of prey, including
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most healthy mate. It has also been proposed that sexual dimorphism is merely the product of
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Birds of prey have been historically persecuted both directly and indirectly. In the Danish
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Sonerud, Geir A.; Steen, Ronny; Løw, Line M.; Røed, Line T.; Skar, Kristin; Selås, Vidar;
2344:"Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations"
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3476:"Avian Vision: A Review of Form and Function with Special Consideration to Birds of Prey"
2455:. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, MME/BirdLife Hungary. pp. 483–498.
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2099:. illustrated by Boyer, Trevor; Ellis, Malcolm; Thelwell, David. Gallery Books. p.
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to their skull, which allows for a larger image to be projected onto the retina. The
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2196:"A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine foot and tail feather preserved in Burmese amber"
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3095:"Sexual dimorphism and adaptive speciation: two sides of the same ecological coin"
2732:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds"
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animals seems to be a complex and difficult topic with many unanswered questions.
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and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators have
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Olsen, Jerry 2014, Australian High Country raptors, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne,
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of three different orders (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Cariamiformes).
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578:. Members of both groups have heads either partly or fully devoid of feathers.
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typically use the narrower definition followed in this page, excluding many
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for detecting prey from a distance or during flight, strong feet with sharp
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Lind, Olle; Mitkus, Mindaugas; Olsson, Peter; Kelber, Almut (15 May 2013).
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Dickinson, Rachel (2009). Falconer on the Edge. Houghton Mifflin-Harcourt.
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3304:. In Sarasola, José Hernán; Grande, Juan Manuel; Negro, Juan José (eds.).
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has twice the visual acuity of a typical human and six times that of the
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have legs and feet feathered to the toes and build very large stick nests.
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tend to be large, powerful birds with long, broad wings and massive feet.
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1990:) in Vulturini, though it is now known that they are related to falcons.
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hawks are sister taxa of the clade containing Aquilinae and Harpiinae).
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Outlaw, Diana C.; Voelker, Gary; Mila, Borja; Girman, Derek J. (2003).
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Migratory behaviour evolved multiple times within accipitrid raptors.
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group names originally referred to particular species encountered in
527:
520:
441:
362:
335:
276:
248:
104:
3652:
British birds of prey : a study of Britain's 24 diurnal raptors
3561:"The Deep Fovea, Sideways Vision and Spiral Flight Paths in Raptors"
698:(shrikes). This approach was followed by subsequent authors such as
554:
and carrion-eating raptors of two distinct biological families: the
3671:
Birds of Prey Hawks, Eagles, Falcons, and Vultures of North America
728:(now reduced in scope), Vieillot adopted four genera from Savigny:
4908:
4483:
4434:
4169:
3996:
3474:
Jones, Michael P.; Pierce, Kenneth E.; Ward, Daniel (April 2007).
1904:
1725:
1676:
1319:(which it includes the Cariamiformes and Falconiformes along with
885:
830:
510:
494:
470:
431:
421:
370:
351:
307:
299:
3859:
2938:
Milá, Borja; Smith, Thomas B.; Wayne, Robert K. (November 2006).
4241:
3933:
buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures
1745:, meaning that its explanation is more complex than that of the
881:
480:
are medium-sized birds of prey that usually belong to the genus
347:
315:
311:
264:
233:
124:
4390:
4124:
3955:
3868:
3849:
3607:"Ultraviolet sensitivity and colour vision in raptor foraging"
995:
984:
533:
164:
3308:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 251–272.
4446:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
2140:
https://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar752148
2014:
Perrins, Christopher M; Middleton, Alex L. A., eds. (1984).
1028:
of the group as well as their relationships to other birds.
2908:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0299:EOLMIA]2.0.CO;2
858:
kites to buzzards and sea eagles and these latter two with
3803:. London: Asian Raptor research and Conservation Network.
3226:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 1–5.
1737:
Birds of prey (raptors) are known to display patterns of
958:
but are now split into two orders, the Falconiformes and
2982:
Nagy, Jenő; Végvári, Zsolt; Varga, Zoltán (1 May 2017).
1315:. Hieraves was also recovered to be the sister clade to
460:
are a distinct subgroup of the Falconidae unique to the
3855:
The Arboretum at Flagstaff's Wild Birds of Prey Program
2322:
Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Saunders, Howard (ed.).
354:, alongside opportunistic predators from predominantly
3243:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
3237:
Benson, W. W.; Pharaoh, Barry; Miller, Pamela (1974).
3093:
Bolnick, Daniel I.; Doebeli, Michael (November 2003).
2328:(in French) (London 1883 ed.). Willughby Society.
2451:. In Chancellor, Robin D.; Meyburg, Bernd-U. (eds.).
4875:
4840:
4822:
4792:
4742:
4724:
4684:
4659:
4641:
4481:
4451:
4432:
4366:
4348:
4330:
4312:
4294:
4239:
4221:
4203:
4185:
4167:
4100:
4082:
4064:
4034:
4016:
3994:
3906:
263:for grasping or killing prey, and powerful, curved
192:
156:
76:
53:Montage of extant raptors. From top left to right:
38:
2092:
744:. He also introduced five new genera of vultures (
3654:. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers.
2276:
2274:
2283:"Commentary: Defining Raptors and Birds of Prey"
2793:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2337:
2335:
2325:Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire
1858:, and this conclusion would be consistent with
1810:Some evidence supports the contention that the
869:birds of prey are formally classified into six
3469:
3467:
1685:of the birds of prey is the bottleneck-shaped
4402:
4136:
3967:
3880:
3386:Meijer, Hanneke J.M.; Due, Rokus AWE (2010).
1911:are the highest known among vertebrates; the
987:—are classified separately as members of two
8:
3700:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
3518:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
1323:). Below is their phylogeny from the study.
2401:Nagy, Jenő; Tökölyi, Jácint (1 June 2014).
630:), harrier (simplified from "hen-harrier",
415:, meaning "to seize or take by force". The
4429:
4409:
4395:
4387:
4143:
4129:
4121:
3974:
3960:
3952:
3887:
3873:
3865:
44:
35:
3622:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3403:
3392:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3206:
3195:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3110:
2999:
2988:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2955:
2906:
2822:
2812:
2763:
2705:
2695:
2617:
2444:Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2004).
2428:
2418:
2298:
2229:
2219:
2153:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
2064:
2054:
2009:
2007:
1819:have killed humans in self-defense and a
764:) and eleven new genera of accipitrines (
196:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2086:
2084:
1919:, the vertebrate with the largest eyes.
1874:and anatomically modern humans, and the
2587:
2585:
2003:
1971:
1934:which decreases the clarity of vision.
1752:Dimorphisms can also be the product of
1346:(woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)
1161:(woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)
944:: New World vultures, including condors
3526:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
3698:Raptor : a journey through birds
3559:Tucker, Vance A. (15 December 2000).
2977:
2975:
2598:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2521:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2478:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
674:, subdividing this into four genera:
7:
3669:Dunne, Pete; Karlson, Kevin (2017).
3754:. Knysna, South Africa: Korck Pub.
1854:may have preyed on early humans in
1693:, here seen from Dinnammare mount,
1681:An obliged point of transit of the
1565:
1555:
1525:
1518:
1421:
1411:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1336:
1326:
1233:
1200:
1128:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1020:Below is a simplified phylogeny of
976:, although it is a nocturnal bird.
3727:. Toronto, Ont: Key Porter Books.
3696:Macdonald Lockhart, James (2017).
3239:"Lead poisoning in a bird of prey"
3112:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01489.x
2957:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01875.x
819:, while Strigiformes is placed in
14:
3850:Global Raptor Information Network
3302:"Lead Poisoning in Birds of Prey"
1978:Vieillot included the caracaras (
3405:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00616.x
2868:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00269.x
2576:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x
2371:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x
2018:. Guild Publishing. p. 102.
1944:
1926:Like all birds, raptors possess
1599:
1578:
1538:
1462:
1439:
1434:
1394:
1347:
1267:
1246:
1213:
1162:
1141:
1102:
1079:
1074:
686:(eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.),
474:or the vulturine birds, or both.
452:, only distantly related to the
81:
3841:on the Internet Bird Collection
3611:Journal of Experimental Biology
3565:Journal of Experimental Biology
1730:Male (left) and female (right)
811:Falconimorphae is a deprecated
409:is derived from the Latin word
3801:Field guide to Raptors of Asia
3793:American Ornithologists' Union
3723:Mackenzie, John P. S. (1997).
3480:Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine
1903:of some large raptors such as
21:Birds of Prey (disambiguation)
1:
4056:Greater yellow-headed vulture
3673:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1835:. Various large raptors like
25:Bird of Prey (disambiguation)
4051:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
3314:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_11
2056:10.1371/journal.pone.0007999
1815:birds such as ostriches and
606:), sparrowhawk or sparhawk (
574:), which occurs only in the
562:), which occurs only in the
426:Variations in shape and size
326:, as well as many primarily
4463:Black-chested buzzard-eagle
3222:Bijleveld, Maarten (1974).
2619:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.020
2541:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010
2498:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003
2342:Ericson, Per G. P. (2012).
2293:(4). BioOne COMPLETE: 419.
16:Paraphyletic group of birds
4958:
3492:10.1053/j.jepm.2007.03.012
2300:10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.419
2287:Journal of Raptor Research
2221:10.1038/s41598-019-51929-9
2016:The Encyclopaedia of Birds
1868:might have preyed on both
972:is a member of the family
662:Historical classifications
18:
4904:
4428:
4276:Himalayan griffon vulture
3208:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz121
3160:10.1007/s00442-012-2491-9
3001:10.1093/biolinnean/blw021
2656:10.1007/s10336-012-0892-5
2173:10.1007/s12549-018-0328-1
1593:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1454:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1341:
1334:
1261:
1238:
1231:
1205:
1198:
1156:
1133:
1126:
1094:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1039:
464:, and most common in the
200:
161:
78:Scientific classification
52:
43:
4251:Eurasian griffon vulture
3750:Newman, Kenneth (1999).
2564:Journal of Avian Biology
847:Sagittarius serpentarius
3860:Raptor Resource Project
3835:with The Peregrine Fund
3799:Yamazaki, Toru (2012).
3577:10.1242/jeb.203.24.3745
3422:Journal of Paleontology
3224:Birds of Prey in Europe
2848:Journal of Biogeography
2814:10.1073/pnas.2319696121
2756:10.1126/science.1253451
2351:Journal of Biogeography
2129:www.worldbookonline.com
2091:Burton, Philip (1989).
1598:(parrots and songbirds)
1266:(parrots and songbirds)
29:Raptor (disambiguation)
4271:Slender-billed vulture
4026:American black vulture
3795:. Accessed 2007-04-10.
3650:Brown, Leslie (2013).
3300:Krone, Oliver (2018).
3191:"Olfaction in raptors"
3189:Potier, Simon (2020).
2697:10.3390/biology2010419
2644:Journal of Ornithology
2420:10.2478/orhu-2014-0008
2253:Brown, Leslie (1997).
1876:Malagasy crowned eagle
1734:
1698:
838:
427:
389:, indicating possible
4852:Rufous-winged buzzard
3845:Bird of Prey Pictures
3839:Explore Birds of Prey
3833:Explore Birds of Prey
3064:10.1007/s004420050021
1812:African crowned eagle
1793:, there were rewards
1754:intrasexual selection
1729:
1680:
1433:(hawks and relatives)
1073:(hawks and relatives)
834:
714:Louis Pierre Vieillot
425:
4528:Rough-legged buzzard
4376:White-headed vulture
4358:Lappet-faced vulture
4281:White-backed vulture
4256:White-rumped vulture
2257:. Chancellor Press.
1932:chromatic aberration
1865:Leptoptilos robustus
1759:disruptive selection
1461:(New World vultures)
1101:(New World vultures)
391:convergent evolution
346:, songbirds such as
19:For other uses, see
4940:Paraphyletic groups
4857:Grasshopper buzzard
4734:Black-collared hawk
4568:White-throated hawk
4538:Red-shouldered hawk
4523:Long-legged buzzard
3434:2013JPal...87..151J
3255:1974BuECT..11..105B
3152:2013Oecol.172...93S
3056:2000Oecol.124...26M
3017:The Wilson Bulletin
2860:1999JBiog..26..329J
2805:2024PNAS..12119696W
2748:2014Sci...346.1320J
2742:(6215): 1320–1331.
2610:2009MolPE..53..703D
2533:2005MolPE..37..327L
2490:2005MolPE..35..147H
2363:2012JBiog..39..813E
2212:2019NatSR...915513X
2165:2018PdPe...98..639M
2047:2009PLoSO...4.7999F
1011:: barn and bay owls
393:in some cases, and
4867:Grey-faced buzzard
4862:White-eyed buzzard
4784:Semiplumbeous hawk
4779:Slate-colored hawk
4618:Red-necked buzzard
4608:Madagascar buzzard
4593:Rufous-tailed hawk
4508:Cape Verde buzzard
4340:Red-headed vulture
4152:Old World vultures
3983:New World vultures
3940:New World vultures
3624:10.1242/jeb.082834
3263:10.1007/BF01684587
2799:(8): e2319696121.
2200:Scientific Reports
1913:wedge-tailed eagle
1909:Old World vultures
1823:might have killed
1735:
1732:red-footed falcons
1699:
983:birds of prey—the
970:letter-winged kite
902:Old World vultures
839:
827:Modern systematics
615:Accipiter gentilis
576:Western Hemisphere
568:New World vultures
564:Eastern Hemisphere
556:Old World vultures
428:
298:predators such as
55:Eurasian eagle-owl
4922:
4921:
4900:
4899:
4759:White-necked hawk
4754:White-browed hawk
4701:Common black hawk
4676:White-rumped hawk
4563:Short-tailed hawk
4558:White-rumped hawk
4543:Broad-winged hawk
4503:Himalayan buzzard
4473:White-tailed hawk
4384:
4383:
4261:Rüppell's vulture
4195:Cinereous vulture
4118:
4117:
4074:California condor
3949:
3948:
3617:(10): 1819–1826.
3571:(24): 3745–3754.
3535:978-0-19-026408-6
3442:10.1666/12-026R.1
3374:978-0-618-80623-2
3323:978-3-319-73744-7
3105:(11): 2433–2449.
2950:(11): 2403–2409.
2462:978-963-86418-1-6
2264:978-1-85152-732-8
2110:978-0-8317-6381-7
1966:Explanatory notes
1871:Homo floresiensis
1806:Attacks on humans
1779:olfactory systems
1739:sexual dimorphism
1722:Sexual dimorphism
1687:Strait of Messina
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1115:
1114:
651:Falco columbarius
621:Falco tinninculus
216:
215:
4947:
4804:Grey-backed hawk
4764:Black-faced hawk
4711:Great black hawk
4706:Cuban black hawk
4696:Rufous crab hawk
4628:Archer's buzzard
4603:Mountain buzzard
4583:Zone-tailed hawk
4533:Ferruginous hawk
4430:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4322:Egyptian vulture
4231:Palm-nut vulture
4145:
4138:
4131:
4122:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3866:
3822:
3773:
3746:
3719:
3692:
3665:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2383:
2382:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2011:
1991:
1976:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1884:Woodward's eagle
1747:sexual selection
1603:
1596:Psittacopasserae
1582:
1566:
1560:Eufalconimorphae
1556:
1542:
1526:
1519:
1466:
1443:
1438:
1422:
1416:Accipitrimorphae
1412:
1398:
1382:
1375:
1365:
1351:
1337:
1327:
1321:Psittacopasserae
1271:
1264:Psittacopasserae
1250:
1234:
1228:Eufalconimorphae
1217:
1201:
1166:
1145:
1129:
1106:
1083:
1078:
1062:
1056:Accipitrimorphae
1052:
1042:
1032:
1005:: "typical owls"
817:Eufalconimorphae
666:The taxonomy of
594:English language
523:or even carrion.
231:hypercarnivorous
225:, also known as
209:Psittacopasserae
157:Groups included
86:
85:
63:peregrine falcon
48:
36:
4957:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4896:
4871:
4836:
4818:
4788:
4738:
4720:
4680:
4655:
4637:
4548:Swainson's hawk
4518:Red-tailed hawk
4513:Socotra buzzard
4498:Eastern buzzard
4477:
4447:
4424:
4415:
4385:
4380:
4362:
4344:
4326:
4308:
4290:
4235:
4217:
4213:Bearded vulture
4199:
4181:
4163:
4149:
4119:
4114:
4096:
4078:
4060:
4030:
4012:
3990:
3980:
3950:
3945:
3917:Sagittariidae (
3902:
3900:Accipitriformes
3893:
3829:
3811:
3798:
3762:
3749:
3735:
3722:
3708:
3695:
3681:
3668:
3662:
3649:
3646:
3644:Further reading
3641:
3640:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3514:"Raptor Vision"
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3136:Slagsvold, Tore
3133:
3132:
3128:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2407:Ornis Hungarica
2400:
2399:
2386:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1960:Origin of birds
1950:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1896:
1808:
1787:
1775:
1724:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1430:Accipitriformes
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1185:
1176:
1116:
1070:Accipitriformes
1018:
960:Accipitriformes
829:
664:
659:
609:Accipiter nisus
454:Accipitriformes
403:
383:Messelasturidae
223:predatory birds
175:Accipitriformes
80:
71:bearded vulture
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4892:Solitary eagle
4889:
4883:
4881:
4878:Harpyhaliaetus
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4832:Lizard buzzard
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Plumbeous hawk
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4623:Jackal buzzard
4620:
4615:
4613:Upland buzzard
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Forest buzzard
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Galapagos hawk
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4553:Ridgway's hawk
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:Common buzzard
4489:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4304:Hooded vulture
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Indian vulture
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:Turkey vulture
4042:
4040:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3989:: Cathartidae)
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3931:Accipitridae (
3929:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3827:External links
3825:
3824:
3823:
3809:
3796:
3785:
3774:
3761:978-0620245364
3760:
3747:
3733:
3720:
3706:
3693:
3679:
3666:
3660:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3597:
3546:
3534:
3504:
3463:
3428:(1): 151–158.
3411:
3398:(4): 707–724.
3378:
3361:
3344:
3335:
3322:
3292:
3249:(2): 105–108.
3229:
3214:
3201:(3): 713–721.
3181:
3126:
3085:
3034:
3023:(3): 387–406.
3007:
2971:
2930:
2881:
2854:(2): 329–342.
2838:
2779:
2721:
2690:(1): 419–444.
2669:
2650:(1): 265–287.
2633:
2604:(3): 703–715.
2581:
2570:(5): 587–602.
2554:
2527:(2): 327–346.
2511:
2484:(1): 147–164.
2468:
2461:
2436:
2384:
2357:(5): 813–824.
2331:
2314:
2270:
2263:
2245:
2186:
2159:(4): 639–651.
2143:
2116:
2109:
2080:
2021:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1939:
1936:
1917:common ostrich
1895:
1892:
1888:Caracara major
1860:Maori folklore
1807:
1804:
1799:lead poisoning
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1723:
1720:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1458:Cathartiformes
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1344:Coraciimorphae
1340:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1159:Coraciimorphae
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1098:Cathartiformes
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
952:
951:
945:
939:
937:forest falcons
922:
913:
904:
828:
825:
663:
660:
658:
655:
633:Circus cyaneus
627:Falco subbuteo
592:Many of these
590:
589:
586:"terror birds"
579:
545:
538:
531:
524:
514:
499:
487:
475:
439:
402:
399:
395:common descent
387:Enantiornithes
330:birds such as
292:ornithologists
239:that actively
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
204:Coraciimorphae
198:
197:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
170:Cathartiformes
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
50:
49:
41:
40:
39:Birds of prey
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Birds of prey
4933:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Harris's hawk
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4651:Roadside hawk
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:Augur buzzard
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Hawaiian hawk
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Variable hawk
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:Andean condor
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3941:
3938:Cathartidae (
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3924:Pandionidae (
3923:
3920:
3919:secretarybird
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:9786021963531
3806:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3789:South America
3786:
3783:
3782:9780643109162
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3734:9781550138030
3730:
3726:
3725:Birds of prey
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3707:9780226470580
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3680:9780544018440
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3661:9780007406487
3657:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3357:84-87334-15-6
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:Birds of Prey
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:(1): 93–107.
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2255:Birds of Prey
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:Birds of Prey
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:(11): e7999.
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:tetrachromacy
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:visual acuity
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:Haast's eagle
1849:
1848:crowned eagle
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:golden eagles
1834:
1833:Tupi language
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Faroe Islands
1784:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
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1634:
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1604:
1602:
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1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:Falconiformes
1568:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:Cariamiformes
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
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1470:
1467:
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1460:
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1407:
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1391:
1384:
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1377:
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1370:
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1345:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1302:
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1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:Falconiformes
1236:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:Cariamiformes
1203:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
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1188:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
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994:of the order
993:
990:
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975:
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966:
963:
961:
957:
956:Falconiformes
949:
946:
943:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
921:
920:secretarybird
917:
916:Sagittariidae
914:
912:
908:
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903:
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887:
883:
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837:
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814:
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696:
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668:Carl Linnaeus
661:
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652:
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641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
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604:
603:Milvus milvus
599:
595:
587:
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580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
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546:
543:
542:secretarybird
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
497:
496:
491:
488:
485:
484:
479:
476:
473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
437:
436:Booted eagles
433:
430:
429:
424:
420:
418:
414:
413:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:insectivorous
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:keen eyesight
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:hunt and feed
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Birds of prey
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
195:
194:Cladistically
191:
186:
185:Cariamiformes
183:
181:
180:Falconiformes
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
160:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
72:
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60:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
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4841:
4823:
4814:Mantled hawk
4793:
4745:Leucopternis
4743:
4725:
4716:Savanna hawk
4685:
4660:
4642:
4482:
4452:
4441:
4433:
4367:
4349:
4331:
4313:
4295:
4286:Cape vulture
4240:
4222:
4204:
4186:
4176:
4168:
4159:
4110:King vulture
4102:Sarcoramphus
4101:
4083:
4065:
4035:
4017:
4005:
3995:
3907:
3800:
3751:
3724:
3697:
3670:
3651:
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3610:
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3568:
3564:
3539:, retrieved
3517:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3486:(2): 69–87.
3483:
3479:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3364:
3347:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3305:
3295:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3223:
3217:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3143:
3139:
3129:
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3050:(1): 26–32.
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2994:(1): 63–71.
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2520:
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2471:
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2413:(1): 15–35.
2410:
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2350:
2324:
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2286:
2254:
2248:
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2203:
2199:
2189:
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2152:
2146:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2125:"World Book"
2119:
2094:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2015:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1952:Birds portal
1925:
1921:
1897:
1887:
1869:
1863:
1841:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1776:
1763:
1751:
1743:parsimonious
1736:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1673:
1594:
1572:
1571:
1532:
1531:
1456:
1455:
1428:
1427:
1390:Strigiformes
1388:
1387:
1342:
1309:
1262:
1240:
1239:
1207:
1206:
1157:
1137:Strigiformes
1135:
1134:
1096:
1095:
1068:
1067:
1019:
996:Strigiformes
978:
974:Accipitridae
968:Australia's
967:
964:
953:
878:Accipitridae
864:
859:
855:
846:
840:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
693:
692:(owls), and
687:
681:
680:(vultures),
675:
671:
665:
650:
644:
637:
636:), buzzard (
631:
625:
619:
618:), kestrel (
613:
612:), goshawk (
607:
601:
591:
560:Accipitridae
493:
481:
469:
417:common names
410:
406:
404:
401:Common names
379:Sandcoleidae
289:
226:
222:
218:
217:
165:Strigiformes
144:
131:
67:golden eagle
59:king vulture
33:
4887:Chaco eagle
4774:Barred hawk
4687:Buteogallus
4454:Geranoaetus
4368:Trigonoceps
4296:Necrosyrtes
2430:2437/197470
1856:New Zealand
1844:Taung Child
1829:Harpy Eagle
1821:lammergeier
1817:cassowaries
1785:Persecution
1513:Australaves
1317:Australaves
1195:Australaves
942:Cathartidae
907:Pandionidae
851:paraphylies
657:Systematics
639:Buteo buteo
624:), hobby (
572:Cathartidae
397:in others.
377:relatives (
367:cassowaries
360:herbivorous
356:frugivorous
324:kingfishers
296:piscivorous
269:fish eagles
245:vertebrates
4929:Categories
4824:Kaupifalco
4809:White hawk
4795:Pseudastur
4726:Busarellus
4422:Buteoninae
4223:Gypohierax
4160:Aegypiinae
3541:2023-07-30
3329:2021-12-28
2901:(2): 299.
2134:2023-10-05
1998:References
1795:Naebbetold
1695:Peloritani
1537:(seriemas)
1331:Telluraves
1212:(seriemas)
1036:Telluraves
1022:Telluraves
950:: seriemas
948:Cariamidae
925:Falconidae
836:Bald eagle
813:superorder
750:Catharista
672:Accipitres
566:; and the
552:scavengers
507:grasslands
478:True hawks
466:Neotropics
450:Falconidae
344:frogmouths
332:passerines
151:Telluraves
4662:Parabuteo
4578:Gray hawk
4418:Subfamily
4332:Sarcogyps
4156:subfamily
4066:Gymnogyps
4037:Cathartes
3819:857105968
3716:959200538
3689:953709935
3271:0007-4861
3140:Oecologia
3099:Evolution
3044:Oecologia
2944:Evolution
2309:207933673
2181:134450324
1988:Polyborus
1880:teratorns
1825:Aeschylus
1773:Olfaction
1683:migration
1670:Migration
1577:(falcons)
1245:(falcons)
1026:paraphyly
1016:Phylogeny
1009:Tytonidae
1003:Strigidae
981:nocturnal
933:caracaras
860:Accipiter
798:Spizaëtus
770:Circaëtus
762:Polyborus
734:Haliæetus
537:eyesight.
483:Accipiter
462:New World
458:Caracaras
405:The term
385:and some
375:mousebird
340:nightjars
243:on other
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
4843:Butastur
4643:Rupornis
4314:Neophron
4205:Gypaetus
4187:Aegypius
4018:Coragyps
3770:54470834
3743:37041161
3633:23785106
3585:11076738
3458:83648963
3450:23353814
3287:42626967
3176:17489247
3168:23073637
3121:14686521
3072:28308409
2966:17236431
2925:53002864
2876:86547121
2833:38346181
2824:10895254
2774:25504713
2716:24832669
2664:17933934
2628:19635577
2549:15925523
2506:15737588
2379:85599747
2240:31664115
2075:19946365
2035:PLOS ONE
1980:Daptrius
1938:See also
1369:Hieraves
1313:Hieraves
1046:Afroaves
992:families
894:harriers
890:buzzards
871:families
856:Harpagus
821:Afroaves
806:Sparvius
802:Asturina
754:Daptrius
582:Seriemas
548:Vultures
502:Harriers
490:Buzzards
446:kestrels
365:such as
320:penguins
283:and eat
281:scavenge
273:vultures
253:reptiles
247:(mainly
138:Passerea
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
4914:Buzzard
4443:Species
4178:Species
4007:Species
3430:Bibcode
3279:4433788
3251:Bibcode
3148:Bibcode
3080:8498728
3052:Bibcode
3029:4162266
2917:4090182
2895:The Auk
2856:Bibcode
2801:Bibcode
2765:4405904
2744:Bibcode
2736:Science
2707:4009869
2684:Biology
2606:Bibcode
2529:Bibcode
2486:Bibcode
2359:Bibcode
2231:6820775
2208:Bibcode
2161:Bibcode
2066:2776979
2043:Bibcode
1984:Ibycter
1766:kestrel
929:falcons
867:diurnal
790:Physeta
786:Ictinia
758:Ibycter
746:Gypagus
738:Pandion
598:Britain
521:insects
511:marshes
456:above.
442:Falcons
363:ratites
336:shrikes
285:carrion
279:) also
277:condors
249:mammals
237:species
227:raptors
121:Class:
4350:Torgos
4084:Vultur
3987:family
3926:osprey
3909:Family
3817:
3807:
3780:
3768:
3758:
3741:
3731:
3714:
3704:
3687:
3677:
3658:
3631:
3590:7 June
3583:
3532:
3497:7 June
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3448:
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3070:
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2179:
2107:
2073:
2063:
1986:, and
1905:eagles
1894:Vision
1850:. The
1691:Sicily
1393:(owls)
1140:(owls)
989:extant
935:, and
918:: the
911:osprey
909:: the
900:, and
886:eagles
794:Harpia
782:Milvus
774:Circus
766:Aquila
742:Elanus
740:, and
722:Vultur
708:Turton
704:Latham
700:Gmelin
695:Lanius
677:Vultur
647:merlin
528:osprey
432:Eagles
407:raptor
352:ravens
334:(e.g.
322:, and
308:herons
304:cranes
300:storks
261:talons
229:, are
27:, and
4909:Eagle
4484:Buteo
4435:Genus
4170:Genus
3997:Genus
3896:Order
3454:S2CID
3446:JSTOR
3283:S2CID
3172:S2CID
3076:S2CID
3025:JSTOR
2921:S2CID
2913:JSTOR
2872:S2CID
2660:S2CID
2449:(PDF)
2375:S2CID
2347:(PDF)
2305:S2CID
2177:S2CID
1704:Buteo
898:kites
882:hawks
778:Buteo
730:Phene
726:Falco
718:Strix
689:Strix
683:Falco
517:Kites
495:Buteo
471:Buteo
412:rapio
371:rheas
348:crows
316:skuas
312:gulls
265:beaks
145:Clade
132:Clade
4242:Gyps
3815:OCLC
3805:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3766:OCLC
3756:ISBN
3739:OCLC
3729:ISBN
3712:OCLC
3702:ISBN
3685:OCLC
3675:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3629:PMID
3592:2023
3581:PMID
3530:ISBN
3499:2023
3370:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3275:PMID
3267:ISSN
3164:PMID
3117:PMID
3068:PMID
2962:PMID
2829:PMID
2770:PMID
2712:PMID
2624:PMID
2545:PMID
2502:PMID
2457:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2236:PMID
2105:ISBN
2071:PMID
1907:and
1886:and
985:owls
979:The
865:The
724:and
706:and
550:are
540:The
534:Owls
526:The
509:and
444:and
369:and
350:and
275:and
234:bird
125:Aves
69:and
3619:doi
3615:216
3573:doi
3569:203
3522:doi
3488:doi
3438:doi
3400:doi
3396:160
3310:doi
3259:doi
3203:doi
3199:189
3156:doi
3144:172
3107:doi
3060:doi
3048:124
2996:doi
2992:121
2952:doi
2903:doi
2899:120
2864:doi
2819:PMC
2809:doi
2797:121
2760:PMC
2752:doi
2740:346
2702:PMC
2692:doi
2652:doi
2648:154
2614:doi
2572:doi
2537:doi
2494:doi
2425:hdl
2415:doi
2367:doi
2295:doi
2226:PMC
2216:doi
2169:doi
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