255:, a large stream that drops down the southern flanks of the fell to the village of Ulpha in the Duddon Valley. The northern edge of the fell is marked by a steep range of crags which drop sharply to the floor of Eskdale. These crags are cut by the cascades of
250:
in the Lake
District. It lies at an altitude of 235 m (770 ft) and is approximately 1 km long (east-west) and 0.4 km wide. The southern border between Birker Fell and Ulpha Fell traces a line between Devoke Water and the valley of
387:). The main outcrop of the Devoke Water Member occurs to the south-west of Devoke Water itself, on Ulpha Fell. The south and south-eastern portion of the fell is composed of a sequence of tuff beds with highly variable composition: from
92:), lies in a shallow valley near the centre of the fell, but other than this the only human habitations are scattered hill farms. A road crosses the fell between
419:. Memoirs of the British Geological Survey, sheets 28, 37, 47 (England and Wales). British Geological Survey. Keyworth, Nottingham. pp. 138
355:
345:
205:
195:
185:
175:
165:
155:
145:
135:
125:
88:
52:
461:
445:
431:
226:
in the local terminology. Many of the becks rise in one of the numerous bogs which occur in the area, the largest of which are
216:
Water plays an important role in defining the character of Birker Fell. Between the crags flow many small streams, known as
341:
121:
84:
48:
466:
24:
415:
Akhurst, M.C.; Chadwick, R.A.; Holliday, D.W.; McCormac, M.; McMillan, A.A.; Millward, D.; & Young, B. (1997).
284:
276:
280:
426:. England and Wales Sheet 38. Solid Geology. 1:50 000. British Geological Survey. Keyworth, Nottingham.
65:
403:
302:
occurs throughout much of the western Lake
District. The BVG are thought to have formed in the early
256:
260:
252:
213:, separated by shallow valleys and bogs, giving the high fell an uneven and chaotic appearance.
61:
441:
427:
69:
440:(2nd ed.). Geologists' Association Guide No. 2. The Geologists' Association. pp. 213
395:
391:
through to basaltic. These overlie the BFF and form the next section of the BVG sequence.
336:
form a marker band that runs northeast-southwest across the fell, but are best seen at
76:
287:(BVG). The BFF forms the lowest, and hence oldest, portion of this famous sequence of
455:
315:
221:
101:
93:
80:
57:
243:
321:
The central and northern areas of Birker Fell are dominated by composite andesite
364:
247:
43:
and prominences scattered across its area. The highest point of the fell is at
372:
311:
307:
303:
44:
363:
material occurs approximately 1 km north of
Birkerthwaite, composed of
264:
39:
is a broad, undulating area, approximately 6 km square, with numerous
388:
368:
295:
288:
399:
380:
210:
32:
28:
360:
292:
97:
40:
332:
322:
36:
23:, is an upland wilderness area in the western portion of the
209:). Between these points are a plethora of smaller crags and
35:. Rather than being formed of one single high peak, the
394:
In the north-western corner of Birker Fell, extensive
275:Geologically, Birker Fell is of importance as the
116:, other notable high points on the fell include:
8:
325:flows. Within the andesitic lava flows, the
329:lava flow and the associated, underlying
242:. At the western edge of the fell lies
398:has juxtaposed the BVG rocks against
7:
417:Geology of the west Cumbria district
246:, which claims the title of largest
422:British Geological Survey (1996).
14:
56:). The fell is bordered by the
263:, two of the most spectacular
1:
375:andesite-basalt lavas (the
25:Lake District National Park
483:
462:Fells of the Lake District
436:Moseley, F. (Ed.) (1990).
314:during the closing of the
310:volcanic activity, due to
285:Borrowdale Volcanic Group
402:of the late Ordovician
68:to the north-east, and
327:Great Whinscale Dacite
267:in the Lake District.
281:Birker Fell Formation
300:Birker Fell Andesite
467:Borough of Copeland
385:Devoke Water Member
359:). A small area of
72:to the north-west.
64:to the south-west,
60:to the south-east,
377:Birkby Fell Member
438:The Lake District
404:Eskdale Intrusion
474:
379:), and tuff and
358:
348:
208:
198:
188:
178:
168:
158:
148:
138:
128:
91:
55:
19:, also known as
482:
481:
477:
476:
475:
473:
472:
471:
452:
451:
412:
354:
351:Great Whinscale
344:
273:
204:
201:Brantrake Crags
194:
184:
174:
164:
154:
144:
141:Great Worm Crag
134:
124:
110:
87:
51:
12:
11:
5:
480:
478:
470:
469:
464:
454:
453:
450:
449:
434:
420:
411:
408:
342:grid reference
272:
269:
122:grid reference
109:
106:
85:grid reference
49:grid reference
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
479:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
457:
447:
446:0-900717-73-4
443:
439:
435:
433:
432:0-7518-2889-0
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
413:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
331:Little Stand
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:Iapetus Ocean
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:(BFF) of the
282:
278:
277:type locality
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
257:Stanley Force
254:
249:
245:
241:
240:Foxbield Moss
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
214:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
102:Duddon Valley
99:
95:
94:Eskdale Green
90:
86:
82:
81:Birkerthwaite
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:Duddon Valley
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
437:
423:
416:
393:
384:
383:-tuffs (the
376:
350:
337:
330:
326:
320:
299:
274:
261:Birker Force
244:Devoke Water
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
217:
215:
200:
190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
130:
117:
113:
111:
74:
20:
16:
15:
365:plagioclase
298:rocks. The
253:Crosby Gill
236:Tewitt Moss
161:Kepple Crag
112:Apart from
66:Harter Fell
21:Birker Moor
17:Birker Fell
456:Categories
410:References
338:Silver How
312:subduction
308:island arc
304:Ordovician
265:waterfalls
228:White Moss
191:Water Crag
181:Rough Crag
171:Great Crag
118:Crook Crag
114:Green Crag
75:One small
62:Ulpha Fell
45:Green Crag
424:Ambleside
389:rhyolitic
232:Sike Moss
151:Iron Crag
131:White How
108:Landscape
100:, in the
400:granites
396:faulting
369:pyroxene
361:basaltic
356:SD197989
346:SD195983
296:volcanic
289:andesite
206:SD148982
196:SD154975
186:SD162977
176:SD187978
166:SD198999
156:SD211972
146:SD194969
136:SD204974
126:SD200987
89:SD179982
53:SD200983
381:lapilli
279:of the
271:Geology
203:(259m,
199:); and
193:(305m,
183:(319m,
173:(323m,
153:(408m,
143:(427m,
133:(444m,
120:(469m,
70:Eskdale
47:(489m,
33:England
29:Cumbria
444:
430:
373:phyric
367:- and
349:) and
293:dacite
211:knolls
163:(328m,
77:hamlet
223:gills
218:becks
98:Ulpha
41:crags
27:, in
442:ISBN
428:ISBN
333:Tuff
323:lava
291:and
259:and
248:tarn
238:and
96:and
37:fell
306:by
220:or
189:);
179:);
169:);
159:);
149:);
139:);
129:);
458::
406:.
318:.
234:,
230:,
104:.
79:,
31:,
448:.
371:-
353:(
340:(
83:(
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