840:
636:
820:
624:
33:
609:
804:
209:
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lateral scales have white tips, giving the snake a velvety appearance. The top of the head is blue or green, overlaid with a distinct black arrow mark. The belly is dull green to dirty white, strongly marbled and blotched in black and gray. Western specimens are more blue, while those from the east are more green. After they shed their skins, the bright colors fade quickly as silt from their generally moist habitat accumulates on the rough scales.
52:
594:
652:
540:
556:(gaboon viper) grow to "between four and five feet" (about 120 to 150 cm) in Liberia. He also states that: "in case of the horned puff-adder, the young when born are a foot long" (~30 cm), which is 20 to 65 percent longer than the average birth length given by Spawls et al. (2004): 18–25 cm (7–10 in). Females grow larger than males.
547:
Large and stout, it ranges in total length (body + tail) from 72 to 107 cm (about 28 to 42 inches). Spawls et al. (2004) mentioned a maximum total length of 120 cm (47 in), but admitted this is exceptional, quoting an average total length of 60–90 cm (about 24–35 inches). Explorer
559:
The head is narrow, flat, triangular and relatively small compared to the rest of the body. The neck is thin. It has a distinctive set of two or three horn-like scales on the end of the nose, the front pair of which may be quite long. The eyes are small and set well forward. The fangs are not large:
586:
The color pattern consists of a series of 15–18 blue or blue-green, oblong markings, each with a lemon-yellow line down the center. These are enclosed within irregular, black, rhombic blotches. A series of dark crimson triangles run down the flanks, narrowly bordered with green or blue. Many of the
976:
When not in use, the rhino viper's fangs are folded up into the roof of the snake's mouth. The snake has the ability to control the movement of its fangs. When a rhino viper opens its mouth, it does not necessarily mean that the fangs will flip down into place. The fangs penetrate deep into the
839:
781:
They are slow moving, but capable of striking quickly, forwards or sideways, without coiling first or giving a warning. Holding them by the tail is not safe; as it is somewhat prehensile, they can use it to fling themselves upwards and strike.
797:. When approached, they often reveal their presence by hissing, said to be the loudest hiss of any African snake—almost a shriek. These adders also make a sort of hissing noise through their nose as part of their respiratory function.
1028:). Another showed little variation in the venom potency of these snakes, whether they were milked once every two days or once every three weeks. In rabbits, the venom is apparently slightly more toxic than that of
635:
819:
1925:
1039:, who was keeping a specimen as a pet, was bitten and subsequently died. At least one antivenom protects specifically against bites from this species: India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent.
862:
Preferring to hunt by ambush, it probably spends much of its life motionless, waiting for prey to wander by. Froesch (1967) described a captive specimen that would hardly ever leave its
471:
583:
number 16–32, with males having a higher count (25–30) than females (16–19). Spawls et al. (2004) stated there are 12–32 subcaudals, paired, and males have the higher numbers of them.
1826:
774:, they are also known to climb into trees and thickets, where they have been found up to 3 m (9.8 ft) above the ground. This climbing behavior is aided by a partially
1920:
766:, in holes, around fallen trees or tangled roots of forest trees. Their vivid coloration actually gives them excellent camouflage in the dappled light conditions of the
1743:
1059:
Penner, J.; Rödel, M.-O.; Luiselli, L.; Trape, J.-F.; Spawls, S.; Malonza, P.K.; Beraduccii, J.; Chippaux, J.-P.; LeBreton, M.; Kusamba, C.; Gonwouo, N.L. (2021).
1950:
1782:
961:, as well as hemotoxic venom, as do most other venomous snakes. The hemotoxic venom in rhinoceros vipers is much more dominant. This venom attacks the
1890:
1717:
1862:
1756:
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623:
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934:
is 18–25 cm (7–10 in) to a 1 foot (0.30 m) in total length when born. In eastern Africa, the breeding season is indefinite.
1035:
In only a few detailed reports of human envenomation, massive swelling, which may lead to necrosis, had been described. In 2003, a man in
1980:
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866:, even when hungry, and once waited for three days for a live mouse to enter its hide box before striking. Feeding mainly on small
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for several minutes after a strike before swallowing. It generally feeds on smaller prey than the closely related Gaboon viper (
1955:
1867:
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1177:
1761:
1262:
1540:
London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (
593:
1965:
1915:
1501:
1482:
1945:
1970:
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black and white illustration no. 306: Examples of the principal poisonous snakes of
Liberia, (Rhinoceros puff-adder)
1940:
1935:
1619:
1604:
1900:
1787:
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930:, the species gives birth to between six and 38 young in March–April at the beginning of the rainy season. Each
499:
The name "horned puff adder" (in relation to the viper subfamily "puff adders", today synonumous with the genus
694:
1512:
552:(1858 – 1927) mentions in his book 'Liberia' (1906) that adult "puff-adders" of the species B. nasicornis and
246:
32:
76:
1558:
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998:. The maximum wet venom yield is 200 mg. One study reported this venom has the highest intramuscular LD
734:
352:
198:
1631:
1538:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ.
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Because of its restricted geographic range, few bites have been reported. No statistics are available.
1083:
1704:
1678:
1112:
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Relatively little is known about the toxicity and composition of the venom. In mice, the intravenous
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600:
41:
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962:
771:
216:
71:
56:
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1748:
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496:. The common name butterfly viper is therefore more distinct and preferred to avoid confusion.
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778:. They are sometimes found in shallow pools and have been described as powerful swimmers.
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490:) but this introduced confusion after the reclassification of the closely related species
483:
475:
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that they sometimes inflict cuts on handlers when the snakes struggle. There are 117–140
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398:. This large viper is known for its striking coloration and prominent nasal "horns". No
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Historically this species was referred to as the rhinoceros viper (for example
1610:
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is 1.1 mg/kg. The venom is supposedly slightly less toxic than those of
458:
apparently call adult "puff-adders", such as the B. nasicornis, but also the
943:
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383:
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88:
1117:
Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
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They have been described as generally placid creatures, less so than
726:
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523:), while Bitis caudalis (horned adder) is named "horned puff adder" (
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victim and the venom flows through the hollow fangs into the wound.
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True Vipers: Natural
History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
1369:(1906). "Chapter XXV, Fauna: reptiles, amphibians, and fish".
1163:(1906). "Chapter XXV, Fauna: reptiles, amphibians, and fish".
1004:
value—8.6 mg/kg—of five different viperid venoms tested (
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1147:
1145:
1143:
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740:
It mainly occurs in forested areas, rarely venturing into
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1327:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp.
1234:
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1226:
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889:. One long-term captive specimen, regularly fed killed
515:
name for Bitis nasicornis is "rhinoceros puff adder" (
1348:. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.
1244:. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp.
953:, which uses a considerably larger amount of venom.
1837:
1638:
402:are currently recognized. Its common names include
1430:. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 543 pp.
560:rarely more than 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long.
1172:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 807–808.
1084:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13300910A13300919.en
1926:Reptiles of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
770:, making them almost invisible. Although mainly
1551:, ein Problem-Pflegling? Aquar. U. Terrar. Z.
744:. Its range is therefore more restricted than
737:is listed only as "interior parts of Africa."
579:is single. Mallow et al. (2003) reported the
511:) and can cause confusion. Interestingly the
8:
1428:A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa
1426:Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004.
1378:. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 809.
1626:
1499:Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit
1469:Firefighter Dies After Bite From Pet Snake
207:
50:
31:
20:
1451:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
1082:
1921:Reptiles of the Central African Republic
1563:The Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume III.
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430:Its common and historical names include
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1271:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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922:Like most vipers, Bitis nasicornis are
799:
589:
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1951:Reptiles of the Republic of the Congo
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942:Small doses of the snake's primarily
669:B. nasicornis is found from southern
567:rows. These are so rough and heavily
386:known as "puff-adders", found in the
7:
1323:Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003.
1449:Living Snakes of the World in Color
1070:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1119:. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
965:of the snake's victim, destroying
949:can be deadly. This is unlike the
926:(producing their young alive). In
14:
973:. Internal bleeding also occurs.
893:and frogs, always held on to its
415:
1891:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
838:
818:
802:
634:
622:
607:
592:
503:) is also a historical name for
418:). Like all other vipers, it is
75:
1242:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
762:, they hide during the day in
1:
1931:Reptiles of Equatorial Guinea
1622:. Accessed 16 September 2007.
1346:Poisonous Snakes of the World
1208:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
791:, but not as bad-tempered as
1591:. Accessed 24 November 2007.
1519:. Accessed 5 September 2006.
1489:. Accessed 5 September 2006.
877:, it is also known to take
414:and many more (see section:
1607:. Accessed 2 February 2007.
1210:. Accessed 3 February 2022.
614:Vivid blue-green patterned
599:Vivid blue-green patterned
1997:
1981:Reptiles described in 1792
1240:Spawls S, Branch B. 1995.
641:Vivid blue patterned adult
1976:Taxa named by George Shaw
222:
215:
206:
187:
180:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1596:Caring for River Jacks (
1077:: e.T13300910A13300919.
695:Central African Republic
647:Distribution and habitat
629:Muted blue-green pattern
563:Midbody there are 31–43
1961:Reptiles of South Sudan
1906:Reptiles of West Africa
444:rhinoceros horned viper
376:belonging to the genus
1474:April 1, 2006, at the
919:
813:hidden under tree root
666:
544:
528:
520:
487:
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1956:Vertebrates of Rwanda
1480:channelcincinnati.com
912:
829:resting flattened at
654:
542:
452:rhinoceros puff adder
1966:Reptiles of Tanzania
1916:Reptiles of Cameroon
1544:, pp. 500–501.)
1510:VenomousReptiles.org
848:held captive with a
660:Kibale National Park
1946:Reptiles of Nigeria
1447:Mehrtens JM. 1987.
278:Cerastes nasicornis
42:Conservation status
1971:Reptiles of Uganda
1911:Reptiles of Angola
1839:Coluber nasicornis
1571:Coluber nasicornis
1547:Froesch VP. 1967.
1515:2008-04-09 at the
1504:2008-12-20 at the
1485:2006-09-04 at the
963:circulatory system
920:
667:
545:
529:gehoornde pofadder
306:Echidna nasicornis
266:Arastes nasicornis
234:Coluber Nasicornis
226:Coluber Nasicornis
173:B. nasicornis
1941:Reptiles of Kenya
1936:Reptiles of Gabon
1878:
1877:
1809:Open Tree of Life
1632:Taxon identifiers
1344:U.S. Navy. 1991.
1115:, Touré T. 1999.
521:neushoornpofadder
488:Vipère rhinocéros
456:Americo-Liberians
448:horned puff adder
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310:— Hallowell, 1857
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1014:B. nasicornis
1011:
1007:
997:
993:
989:
981:
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971:blood vessels
968:
964:
960:
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917:B. nasicornis
915:
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846:B. nasicornis
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811:B. nasicornis
805:
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656:B. nasicornis
653:
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183:
182:Binomial name
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63:
58:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1838:
1639:
1615:eating a rat
1612:
1597:
1570:
1562:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1534:Boulenger GA
1494:
1464:
1448:
1443:
1427:
1395:
1389:. Retrieved
1371:
1361:
1345:
1340:
1324:
1274:. Retrieved
1264:
1257:
1241:
1202:
1183:. Retrieved
1165:
1116:
1088:. Retrieved
1074:
1068:
1062:
1037:Dayton, Ohio
1034:
1029:
1025:Vipera aspis
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
995:
991:
982:
979:
975:
954:
951:Gaboon viper
941:
921:
916:
905:Reproduction
898:
861:
850:Gaboon Viper
845:
826:
825:Fully adult
810:
792:
786:
784:
780:
768:forest floor
757:
745:
739:
729:and western
675:Sierra Leone
668:
655:
585:
565:dorsal scale
562:
558:
546:
509:horned adder
498:
491:
480:Nashornviper
468:
463:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
429:
426:Common names
416:common names
411:
407:
403:
382:, part of a
377:
365:
364:
363:
347:
335:
322:
318:
314:
305:
286:
277:
265:
253:
241:
237:— Shaw, 1802
233:
225:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
24:
18:
1731:iNaturalist
1664:Wikispecies
1569:& Co. (
1567:F.P. Nodder
1113:Campbell JA
1030:B. gabonica
1010:B. gabonica
1006:B. arietans
996:B. gabonica
992:B. arietans
928:West Africa
794:B. arietans
788:B. gabonica
772:terrestrial
764:leaf litter
747:B. gabonica
697:, southern
687:West Africa
554:B. gabonica
535:Description
460:B. gabonica
1885:Categories
1854:Q109513301
1827:nasicornis
1555:: 186–189.
1391:2023-05-09
1385:1166209008
1276:3 February
1185:2023-05-09
1179:1166209008
1127:(series).
1090:3 February
1043:References
959:neurotoxic
924:viviparous
758:Primarily
581:subcaudals
577:anal scale
440:river jack
412:river jack
400:subspecies
341:BĂĽttikofer
323:nasicornis
229:Shaw, 1792
135:Suborder:
57:Vulnerable
1135:(volume).
957:has both
944:hemotoxic
885:and even
870:, but in
760:nocturnal
742:woodlands
689:, and in
472:‹See Tfd›
384:subfamily
353:Boulenger
271:Hallowell
167:Species:
149:Viperidae
139:Serpentes
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1848:Wikidata
1775:13300910
1749:10363268
1655:Q2187394
1649:Wikidata
1565:London:
1561:. 1792.
1536:. 1896.
1513:Archived
1502:Archived
1483:Archived
1472:Archived
914:Juvenile
875:habitats
864:hide box
754:Behavior
715:DR Congo
703:Cameroon
601:juvenile
575:and the
420:venomous
217:Synonyms
145:Family:
129:Squamata
119:Reptilia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1868:1058593
1723:2444873
1710:1057051
1620:YouTube
1605:YouTube
1372:Liberia
1206:at the
1166:Liberia
932:neonate
872:wetland
868:mammals
858:Feeding
693:in the
679:Liberia
388:forests
374:species
319:Echidna
201:, 1792)
155:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1814:785603
1762:634956
1589:WhoZoo
1559:Shaw G
1455:
1434:
1382:
1352:
1331:
1248:
1176:
1131:
1123:
967:tissue
733:. The
727:Uganda
723:Rwanda
719:Angola
671:Guinea
664:Uganda
569:keeled
484:French
476:German
355:, 1896
343:, 1890
331:, 1863
301:, 1854
297:&
295:Bibron
273:, 1845
261:, 1842
249:, 1803
247:Daudin
1896:Bitis
1801:97466
1744:IRMNG
1736:30855
1697:68KF6
1376:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
947:venom
938:Venom
883:frogs
879:toads
833:, USA
731:Kenya
711:Congo
707:Gabon
699:Sudan
683:Ghana
616:adult
525:Dutch
517:Dutch
513:dutch
501:Bitis
379:Bitis
371:viper
369:is a
160:Bitis
1863:ITIS
1788:8695
1783:NCBI
1770:IUCN
1757:ITIS
1718:GBIF
1453:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1278:2022
1246:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1092:2022
1075:2021
1022:and
994:and
969:and
895:prey
891:mice
887:fish
809:Two
677:and
450:and
394:and
392:West
259:Gray
199:Shaw
1705:EoL
1692:CoL
1679:ADW
1618:on
1603:on
1587:at
1508:at
1478:at
1079:doi
901:).
685:in
681:to
658:in
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390:of
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1651::
1553:20
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1194:^
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1100:^
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1016:,
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1008:,
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507:(
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197:(
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