783:
Their bodies intertwine as they switch positions. They become oblivious to everything else, continuing even after they fall off a surface or into water. Sometimes, they intertwine and squeeze so tightly that their scales stand out from the pressure. They have also been observed to strike at each other with mouths closed. Occasionally, the combatants tire and break off the fight by "mutual consent", resting for a while before resuming once more. The event is settled when one of the two succeeds in pushing the other's head to the ground and raising his own by 20–30 cm. In captivity, combat may occur four or five times a week until courtship and copulation end. Females can have 50 to 60 babies at a time. The young are born live.
475:(2004) give a total length of 80–130 cm (32.0 to 51.5 in), with a maximum total length of 175 cm (69.3 in), saying the species may possibly grow larger still. They acknowledge reports of specimens over 1.8 m (6 ft), or even over 2 m (6.5 ft) in total length, but claim no evidence supports this. A large specimen of 1.8 m (5.9 ft) total length, caught in 1973, was found to have weighed 11.3 kg (25 lb) with an empty stomach. It is the heaviest venomous snake in Africa and one of the heaviest in the world along with the
533:
pale, subrectangular blotches running down the center of the back, interspaced with dark, yellow-edged, hourglass markings. The flanks have a series of fawn or brown rhomboidal shapes, with light vertical central bars. The belly is pale with irregular brown or black blotches. The head is white or cream with a fine, dark central line, black spots on the rear corners, and a dark blue-black triangle behind and below each eye. The iris colour is cream, yellow-white, orange, or silvery. A possible
Batesian mimic of the Gaboon viper has been found, which is the
457:
86:
226:
838:, the Gaboon viper does not release after a bite, which enables it to inject larger amounts of venom. Yield is probably related to body weight, as opposed to milking interval. Brown (1973) gives a venom yield range of 200–1000 mg (of dried venom). A range of 200–600 mg for specimens 125–155 cm in length has also been reported. Spawls and Branch (1995) state from 5 to 7 mL (450–600 mg) of venom may be injected in a single bite.
698:
61:
453:. The sexes may be distinguished by the length of the tail in relation to the total length of the body: around 12% for males and 6% for females. Adults, especially females, are very heavy and stout. One female measured at 174 cm (69 in) in total length, a head width of 12 cm (4.20 in), a width or circumference of 37 cm (14.65 in), and a weight of 8.5 kg (19 lb).
733:
direction of rotation. Also, if one eye looks forward, the other looks back, as if both are connected to a fixed position on an axis between them. In general, the eyes often flick back and forth in a rapid and jerky manner. When asleep, no eye movement occurs and the pupils are strongly contracted. The pupils dilate suddenly and eye movement resumes when the animal awakens.
42:
729:
touching them lightly on the top of the head with a pair of tongs to test their reactions. Hissing and anger were rarely displayed, so the tongs were usually set aside and the snakes firmly grasped by the neck with one hand and the body supported with the other as he picked them up and carried them to a box for containment. He said the snakes hardly ever struggled.
689:. They have been found in evergreen forests in Zambia. In Zimbabwe, they only occur in areas of high rainfall along the forested escarpment in the east of the country. In general, they may also be found in swamps, as well as in still and moving waters. They are commonly found in agricultural areas near forests and on roads at night.
706:
Ghana, they were regularly killed by ranch hands around some stables in an open field with the forest some 500 meters away—a sign that they were hunting rats in the grassland. They are usually very tolerant snakes, even when handled, and rarely bite or hiss, unlike most vipers. However, bites by bad-tempered individuals do occur.
849:
specimens (length 133–136 cm, girth 23–25 cm, weight 1.3–3.4 kg), yielding 1.3–7.6 mL (mean 4.4 mL) of venom. Two to three electrical bursts within a space of five seconds apart were enough to empty the venom glands. The Gaboon vipers used for the study were milked between seven and 11
791:
Bites from this species are extremely rare because they are seldom aggressive and their range is mostly confined to rainforest areas. Since they are sluggish and unwilling to move even when approached, the humans they bite are usually those accidentally stepping on them. However, not all of the cases
732:
Parry (1975) described how this species has a wider range of eye movement than other snakes. Along a horizontal plane, eye movement can be maintained even if the head is rotated up or down to an angle of up to 45°. If the head is rotated 360°, one eye will tilt up and the other down, depending on the
857:
were to the venom, Whaler (1971) estimated 14 mg of venom would be enough to kill a human being, equivalent to 0.06 mL of venom, or 1/50 to 1/1000 of what can be obtained in a single milking. Marsh and Whaler (1984) wrote that 35 mg (1/30 of the average venom yield) would be enough to kill
741:
Because of their large, heavy body size, the adults have no trouble eating prey as large as fully grown rabbits. When prey happens by, they strike from any angle. They can quickly reposition their fangs if they happen to miss or strike an unsuitable area of their prey. Once they strike their prey,
728:
Numerous descriptions have been given of their generally unaggressive nature. Sweeney (1961) wrote they are so docile that they "can be handled as freely as any nonvenomous species," although this is absolutely not recommended. In Lane (1963), Ionides explained he would capture specimens by first
705:
Primarily nocturnal, Gaboon vipers have a reputation for being slow-moving and placid. They usually hunt by ambush, often spending long periods motionless, waiting for suitable prey to pass by, though they have been known to hunt actively, mostly during the first six hours of the night. In Kumasi,
782:
During peak sexual activity, males engage in combat. This starts with one male rubbing his chin along the back of the other. The second male then raises his head as high as possible. As they both do the same, their necks intertwine. When the heads are level, they turn towards each other and push.
724:
If threatened, Gaboon vipers may hiss loudly as a warning, doing so in a deep and steady rhythm, slightly flattening the head at the expiration of each breath. Despite this, they are unlikely to strike unless severely provoked; however, they are one of the fastest-striking snakes in the world, so
532:
The color pattern is striking in the open, but in nature, typically among dead leaves under trees, it provides a high degree of camouflage; in a well-kept cage with a suitable base of dried leaves, overlooking several fully exposed specimens completely is easy. The pattern consists of a series of
742:
they hang on to it with their large fangs rather than letting it go and waiting for it to die. This behaviour is very different from that of other species of vipers. These snakes feed on a variety of amphibians, mammals, and birds such as
445:
Adults are typically 125–155 cm (4 to 5 ft) in total length (body and tail). The maximum total length of this species is often cited as 205 cm (81 in) for a specimen collected in
2099:
2169:
664:(2004) mention a maximum altitude of 2100 m. According to Broadley and Cock (1975), it is generally found in environments that are parallel to those occupied by its close relative,
486:
The head is large and triangular, while the neck is greatly narrowed, only about one-third the width of the head. A pair of "horns" is present between the raised nostrils—tiny in
1429:"A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)"
2051:
1735:
Bowler JK. 1975. Longevity of
Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections as of 1 November 1975. Athens, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
677:
plantations, and agricultural land under bushes and in thickets. In Uganda, they are found in forests and nearby grasslands. They also do well in reclaimed forest areas -
945:
Luiselli, L.; Beraduccii, J.; Howell, K.; Msuya, C.A.; Ngalason, W.; Chirio, L.; Kusamba, C.; Gonwouo, N.L.; LeBreton, M.; Zassi-Boulou, A.-G.; Chippaux, J.-P. (2021).
1981:
2124:
2020:
1632:
Busso, C.; Camino, E.; Cedrini, L.; Lovisolo, D. (January 1988). "The effects of Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) venom on voltage-clamped single heart cells".
660:
The Gaboon viper is usually found in rainforests and nearby woodlands, mainly at low altitudes, but sometimes as high as 1500 m above sea level. Spawls
2179:
2074:
1229:
ErpĂ©tologie gĂ©nĂ©rale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. — Deuxième partie. Comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux.
1955:
792:
of persons stepping on this species of snake results in the person getting bitten. When a bite does occur, it should always be considered a serious
841:
A study by Marsh and Whaler (1984) reported a maximum yield of 9.7 mL of wet venom, which translated to 2400 mg of dried venom. They attached
1994:
1196:
2174:
1619:
1369:
1249:
356:, and has the longest fangs of any venomous snake – up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length – and the highest venom yield of any snake. No
2164:
713:, in a sluggish "walking" motion of the ventral scales. They may writhe from side to side when alarmed, but only for short distances.
2129:
1754:
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1016:
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1999:
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London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (
2154:
2139:
850:
times over a 12-month period, during which they remained in good health and the potency of their venom remained the same.
1840:
1711:
402:
The snake's common names include Gaboon viper, butterfly adder, forest puff adder, whisper, swampjack, and Gaboon adder.
2119:
1162:
2149:
2144:
2089:
1031:
2109:
2104:
1260:
387:. According to their research, these two subspecies are as genetically different from each other as they are from
2084:
2025:
2159:
1427:
Vaughan, Eugene R.; Teshera, Mark S.; Kusamba, Chifundera; Edmonston, Theresa R.; Greenbaum, Eli (2019-08-11).
586:
1844:
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rows are strongly keeled except for the outer rows on each side. The lateral scales are slightly oblique. The
85:
2094:
1721:
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a man of 70 kilograms (150 lb). Branch (1992) suggested that 90–100 mg would be fatal in humans.
650:
260:
1856:
1476:
710:
622:
541:; this species of frog seems to resemble the viper's head, which contrasts with its darker-colored body.
1726:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ.
830:. Since their venom glands are enormous, each bite produces the second-largest quantity of venom of any
578:
190:
969:
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to any affected limb. Healing may be slow and fatalities during the recovery period are not uncommon.
1929:
1903:
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50:
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should be administered as soon as possible to save the affected limb or indeed the victim's life.
521:
number 124–140, rarely more than 132 in males, rarely less than 132 in females. With 17–33 paired
1749:. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp.
1742:
1544:
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862:
812:
495:
343:
238:
80:
65:
1224:
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care should be taken in handling them. It is best to avoid handling them in most circumstances.
1986:
1246:
510:. The fangs may reach a length of 55 mm (2.2 in), the longest of any venomous snake.
2012:
1916:
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379:(1999) discovered genetic differences between the two conventionally recognized subspecies of
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522:
450:
395:
389:
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Forbes CD, Turpie AGG, Ferguson JC, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. 1969. Effect of gaboon viper (
1715:
1502:
1264:
1253:
890:
714:
1385:
425:, and to a narrow strip of territory on either bank of this arm of the sea. As of 1909,
1645:
1444:
946:
2079:
1908:
1568:
1519:
Cundall, David (January 2009). "Viper Fangs: Functional
Limitations of Extreme Teeth".
842:
831:
827:
771:
666:
518:
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may occur. The blood may become incoagulable, with internal bleeding that may lead to
2068:
2007:
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955:
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70:
1785:
Lenk P, Herrmann H-W, Joger U, Wink M. 1999. Phylogeny and
Taxonomic Subdivision of
914:
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1968:
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357:
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17:
1879:
1768:) venom on blood coagulation, platelets, and the fibrinolytic enzyme system.
1460:
1297:
490:. The eyes are large and moveable, set well forward, and surrounded by 15–21
1942:
882:
804:
797:
796:. Even an average bite from an average-sized specimen is potentially fatal.
751:
328:
97:
41:
1540:
1829:. Zomba, Nyasaland: The Nyasaland Society and Nyasaland Government. 74 pp.
1661:
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1001:
Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
2038:
1873:
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898:
894:
614:
602:
566:
406:
137:
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1509:. Revised Edition. New York: The MacMillan Company. 329 pp. + 89 plates.
1037:
1960:
1257:
918:
886:
874:
642:
638:
562:
339:
331:
127:
1973:
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834:; this is partially because, unlike many African vipers, such as the
755:
674:
610:
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594:
550:
211:
107:
1850:
393:. Consequently, they regard the western form as a separate species,
1947:
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In humans, a bite from a Gaboon viper causes rapid and conspicuous
1681:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73–229.
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across the top of the head. Four or five scale rows separate the
1934:
866:
558:
525:, males have no fewer than 25, and females no more than 23. The
1854:
1141:
True Vipers: Natural
History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
1267:
of the
University of Wales, Bangor. Accessed 3 September 2006.
1301:
1747:
Field Guide to Snakes and Other
Reptiles of Southern Africa
1679:
Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes
449:, but individuals from this locale are now reclassified as
1812:
Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them
673:
In Tanzania, this species is found in secondary thickets,
1818:. New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (Gaboon viper,
1143:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp.
1814:. A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by
762:. More unlikely prey items, such as tree monkeys, the
877:. Other symptoms may include uncoordinated movements,
1072:. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp.
1247:
Venomous Snake Systematics Alert – 1999 Publications
1863:
1789:(Reptilia: Viperidae) Based on Molecular Evidence.
1357:
1338:. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 543 pp.
701:A Gaboon viper can blend in with its surroundings.
1612:A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa
970:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13300893A13300904.en
251:A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
2100:Reptiles of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1800:) its biology, venom components and toxinology.
1791:Kaupia, Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte
670:, which is normally found in more open country.
717:(1933) even described them as being capable of
1796:Marsh NE, Whaler BC. 1984. The Gaboon viper (
433:, south of the equator and lying between the
417:) refers to the estuary on which the town of
8:
1472:
1470:
1336:A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa
1334:Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004.
758:, including field mice and rats, as well as
1709:https://accesspd.co.za/species/gaboon-adder
1360:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
917:. Local tissue damage may require surgical
754:. They also hunt many different species of
2170:Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril
1851:
368:The Gaboon viper was described in 1854 as
224:
59:
40:
31:
1409:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
1330:
968:
1673:
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1231:Paris: Roret. xii + pp. 781–1536. (
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350:. It is the largest member of the genus
1703:Access Professional Development. 2022.
1562:
1560:
1558:
1197:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1103:
1101:
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1097:
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1091:
1089:
1087:
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991:
989:
987:
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1280:. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp.
1278:Reptiles – Their Latin Names Explained
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
940:
938:
885:, swelling of the tongue and eyelids,
2125:Reptiles of the Republic of the Congo
1521:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1027:
1025:
7:
1139:Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003.
506:, with 13–18 supralabials and 16–22
429:referred to the northern portion of
1407:Living Snakes of the World in Color
956:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1782:. London: Hamish-Hamilton. 157 pp.
1003:. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
25:
2075:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1302:New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia
845:to the angle of the open jaw of
583:Democratic Republic of the Congo
346:. Like all other vipers, it is
84:
1569:"Bitis gabonica (Gaboon Adder)"
1258:Homepage of Dr. Wolfgang WĂĽster
481:eastern diamondback rattlesnake
460:Complete skeleton and skull of
405:Originally a name given by the
1761:, p. 115 + Plates 3, 12.)
1070:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
1:
2180:Taxa named by Auguste Duméril
1770:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1705:Gaboon Adder (Bitis gabonica)
1614:. Cape Town: Struik. 214 pp.
1483:. Longman Africa, Salisbury.
1453:10.1080/00222933.2019.1669730
1038:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
549:This species can be found in
2175:Taxa named by Gabriel Bibron
1654:10.1016/0041-0101(88)90236-x
1263:September 25, 2006, at the
1040:. Accessed 3 February 2022.
843:"alligator" clip electrodes
2196:
2165:Reptiles described in 1854
1591:Smithsonian's National Zoo
1433:Journal of Natural History
685:and coffee plantations in
304:— Golay et al., 1993
1847:. Accessed 2 August 2007.
1822:, pp. 158–159, 182.)
1364:. Guinness Superlatives.
1167:. Sterling. p. 169.
901:may be extensive. Sudden
826:, and 5.0–6.0 mg/kg
296:Suzuki & Iwanga, 1970
244:
237:
232:
223:
196:
189:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2130:Reptiles of South Africa
1737:Herpetological Circulars
1161:Mark Carwardine (2008).
963:: e.T13300893A13300904.
587:Central African Republic
545:Distribution and habitat
494:. The species has 12–16
467:In their description of
2135:Reptiles of South Sudan
1304:. Accessed 8 July 2007.
585:, northern Angola, the
280:Bitis gabonica gabonica
2115:Reptiles of Mozambique
1718:(Accessed: 02/02/2022)
1237:, pp. 1428–1430.)
818:is 0.8–5.0 mg/kg
768:brush-tailed porcupine
702:
623:KwaZulu-Natal Province
535:Congolese giant toad (
464:
1841:Keeping Gaboon Vipers
1507:Reptiles of the World
1356:Wood, Gerald (1983).
803:The snake's venom is
770:, and even the small
709:Locomotion is mostly
700:
579:Republic of the Congo
537:Sclerophrys channingi
459:
284:— Mertens, 1951
2155:Reptiles of Zimbabwe
2140:Reptiles of Tanzania
1845:VenomousReptiles.org
1732:, pp. 499–500.)
1573:Animal Diversity Web
1567:Howard, Jacqueline.
1439:(29–30): 1853–1871.
905:, heart damage, and
774:have been reported.
492:circumorbital scales
437:and 12°E longitude.
2120:Reptiles of Nigeria
1827:Snakes of Nyasaland
1825:Sweeney RCH. 1961.
1646:1988Txcn...26..559B
1445:2019JNatH..53.1853V
1405:Mehrtens JM. 1987.
853:From how sensitive
764:Gambian pouched rat
513:Midbody, the 28–46
323:), also called the
233:Distribution range
51:Conservation status
2150:Reptiles of Zambia
2145:Reptiles of Uganda
2090:Reptiles of Angola
1714:2022-02-02 at the
1481:Snakes of Rhodesia
1479:, Cock EV (1975).
1390:Fresno Chaffee Zoo
1252:2006-09-04 at the
703:
496:interocular scales
465:
344:sub-Saharan Africa
2110:Reptiles of Kenya
2105:Reptiles of Gabon
2062:
2061:
1857:Taxon identifiers
1810:Morris PA. 1948.
1780:Life with Ionides
1620:978-1-86872-932-6
1371:978-0-85112-235-9
999:, Touré T. 1999.
824:intraperitoneally
822:, 2.0 mg/kg
794:medical emergency
760:hares and rabbits
679:cacao plantations
633:(2003) also list
571:Equatorial Guinea
311:
310:
305:
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285:
276:
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252:
74:
16:(Redirected from
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2085:Snakes of Africa
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1677:Brown JH. 1973.
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1610:Marais J. 2004.
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1276:Gotch AF. 1986.
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1234:Echidna gabonica
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972:
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621:, and northeast
523:subcaudal scales
451:Bitis rhinoceros
385:B. g. rhinoceros
370:Echidna gabonica
360:are recognized.
303:
295:
283:
270:
258:
250:
248:Echidna Gabonica
228:
202:
182:B. gabonica
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27:Species of snake
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2034:Observation.org
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1816:Jacques Cattell
1778:Lane, M. 1963.
1716:Wayback Machine
1699:
1697:Further reading
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891:unconsciousness
816:
811:. In mice, the
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1991:
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1965:
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1926:
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1909:Bitis_gabonica
1900:
1895:Bitis gabonica
1885:
1869:
1867:
1865:Bitis gabonica
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:External links
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1820:Bitis gabonica
1808:
1798:Bitis gabonica
1794:
1783:
1776:
1766:Bitis gabonica
1762:
1759:Bitis gabonica
1740:
1733:
1730:Bitis gabonica
1719:
1707:. Available:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1667:
1640:(6): 559–570.
1624:
1603:
1587:"Gaboon viper"
1578:
1554:
1533:10.1086/594380
1511:
1492:
1466:
1419:
1395:
1386:"Gaboon Viper"
1377:
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1306:
1290:
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1209:
1191:Bitis gabonica
1180:
1173:
1164:Animal Records
1153:
1081:
1042:
1033:Bitis gabonica
1021:
995:McDiarmid RW,
983:
949:Bitis gabonica
933:
932:
930:
927:
893:. Blistering,
832:venomous snake
828:subcutaneously
814:
788:
785:
779:
776:
772:royal antelope
738:
735:
694:
691:
546:
543:
519:ventral scales
442:
439:
435:Atlantic Ocean
421:was built, in
381:B. g. gabonica
365:
362:
320:Bitis gabonica
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:Bitis gabonica
298:
286:
277:
268:Cobra gabonica
265:
256:Bitis gabonica
253:
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241:
235:
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229:
221:
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216:A.H.A. Duméril
208:A.M.C. Duméril
205:
200:Bitis gabonica
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18:Bitis gabonica
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921:and possibly
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653:is given as "
652:
651:type locality
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396:B. rhinoceros
392:
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386:
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349:
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191:Binomial name
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78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Gaboon viper
33:
30:
19:
1864:
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1811:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1772:
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1743:Branch, Bill
1736:
1729:
1725:
1722:Boulenger GA
1704:
1678:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1611:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1593:. 2016-04-25
1590:
1581:
1572:
1527:(1): 63–79.
1524:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1480:
1436:
1432:
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1389:
1380:
1359:
1351:
1335:
1293:
1277:
1272:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1190:
1183:
1163:
1156:
1140:
1069:
1032:
1000:
974:. Retrieved
960:
954:
948:
915:haematemesis
873:, and local
860:
852:
847:anesthetized
840:
802:
790:
781:
778:Reproduction
740:
731:
727:
723:
708:
704:
672:
665:
661:
659:
657:" (Africa).
635:Sierra Leone
630:
627:South Africa
548:
536:
531:
515:dorsal scale
512:
504:supralabials
487:
485:
472:
468:
466:
461:
447:Sierra Leone
444:
431:French Congo
426:
414:
410:
404:
401:
394:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
369:
367:
351:
325:Gaboon adder
324:
319:
318:
315:Gaboon viper
314:
312:
300:
292:
288:
279:
267:
255:
247:
199:
197:
181:
180:
168:
29:
1969:iNaturalist
1889:Wikispecies
1793:(8): 31–38.
1477:Broadley DG
997:Campbell JA
903:hypotension
887:convulsions
809:cardiotoxic
719:sidewinding
711:rectilinear
687:East Africa
683:West Africa
667:B. arietans
647:West Africa
591:South Sudan
529:is single.
488:B. gabonica
469:B. gabonica
462:B. gabonica
441:Description
336:rainforests
2069:Categories
1775:: 312–316.
1739:(6): 1–32.
1597:2022-08-01
1503:Ditmars RL
1202:3 February
1064:Spawls S,
1011:(series).
976:3 February
929:References
923:amputation
911:haematuria
879:defecation
875:blistering
865:, intense
836:puff adder
752:francolins
748:guineafowl
619:Mozambique
613:, eastern
601:, eastern
527:anal scale
508:sublabials
500:suboculars
477:king cobra
419:Libreville
407:Portuguese
358:subspecies
144:Suborder:
66:Vulnerable
1549:205989168
1489:249318277
1461:0022-2933
1225:Duméril A
1019:(volume).
883:urination
869:, severe
805:cytotoxic
798:Antivenom
629:. Mallow
471:, Spawls
261:Boulenger
176:Species:
158:Viperidae
148:Serpentes
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2052:gabonica
2013:13300893
1987:10686716
1874:Wikidata
1745:. 2004.
1724:. 1896.
1712:Archived
1541:19025501
1505:. 1933.
1261:Archived
1250:Archived
1227:. 1854.
1221:Bibron G
1068:. 1995.
1066:Branch B
919:excision
907:dyspnoea
899:necrosis
895:bruising
863:swelling
693:Behavior
615:Zimbabwe
603:Tanzania
567:Cameroon
502:and the
364:Taxonomy
348:venomous
340:savannas
293:javonica
271:—
259:—
239:Synonyms
154:Family:
138:Squamata
128:Reptilia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1961:2444858
1935:1057054
1880:Q371183
1802:Toxicon
1662:2459807
1642:Bibcode
1634:Toxicon
1441:Bibcode
1036:at the
855:monkeys
737:Feeding
715:Ditmars
643:Liberia
639:Senegal
563:Nigeria
332:species
327:, is a
273:Mertens
218:, 1854)
164:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2000:634953
1948:BITIGA
1753:
1685:
1660:
1618:
1547:
1539:
1487:
1459:
1413:
1368:
1342:
1298:Gaboon
1284:
1171:
1147:
1076:
1015:
1007:
897:, and
889:, and
766:, the
756:rodent
750:, and
675:cashew
662:et al.
649:. The
641:, and
631:et al.
611:Malawi
607:Zambia
595:Uganda
581:, the
577:, the
551:Guinea
473:et al.
427:Gaboon
377:et al.
275:, 1937
263:, 1896
214:&
212:Bibron
2080:Bitis
2039:97463
1982:IRMNG
1974:30853
1787:Bitis
1545:S2CID
871:shock
787:Venom
744:doves
655:Gabon
599:Kenya
575:Gabon
555:Ghana
423:Gabon
415:GabĂŁo
411:Gabon
375:Lenk
353:Bitis
329:viper
169:Bitis
2026:8694
2021:NCBI
2008:IUCN
1995:ITIS
1956:GBIF
1943:EPPO
1922:LXL7
1751:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1658:PMID
1616:ISBN
1537:PMID
1485:OCLC
1457:ISSN
1411:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1204:2022
1169:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1013:ISBN
1005:ISBN
978:2022
961:2021
913:and
867:pain
807:and
559:Togo
479:and
383:and
338:and
313:The
1930:EoL
1917:CoL
1904:ADW
1843:at
1757:. (
1650:doi
1529:doi
1449:doi
1300:at
1256:at
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681:in
645:in
625:in
342:of
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2047:RD
2036::
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1876::
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813:LD
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
