1712:
503:
2197:
2132:
491:
2167:
2225:
2144:
67:
3007:
2120:
2179:
1860:
2111:
80:
627:
515:
2213:
1406:
527:
3405:
475:
454:
ridges. It is green to white in colour. Between these two extremes are any number of intermediate forms. Some bear miniature fruit of only 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) in length, which may be served individually as stuffed vegetables. These miniature fruits are popular in
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and other countries in South Asia. The sub-continent variety is most popular in Bangladesh and India.
569:
334:
58:
1494:
3417:
463:
417:
The fruit has a distinctive warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with large, flat seeds and pith. The fruit is most often eaten green, or as it is beginning to turn yellow. At this stage, the
433:
Some sources claim the flesh (rind) becomes somewhat tougher and more bitter with age, but other sources claim that at least for the common
Chinese variety the skin does not change and bitterness decreases with age. The Chinese variety is best harvested light green possibly with a slight yellow
453:
common in China is 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, oblong with bluntly tapering ends and pale green in colour, with a gently undulating, warty surface. The bitter melon more typical of India has a narrower shape with pointed ends and a surface covered with jagged, triangular "teeth" and
2554:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1704:, is prepared stuffed with minced pork and garlic, in a clear broth. It is also served sliced and stir-fried with garlic and fish sauce until just tender. Varieties found in Thailand range from large fruit to small fruit. The smallest fruit variety (
1348:, a curry in which bitter melons are stuffed with onions, cooked lentils, and grated coconut mix, then tied with thread and fried in oil. In the Konkan region of Maharashtra, salt is added to the finely chopped bitter gourd, known as
1642:, and also stir-fried, cooked in coconut milk, or steamed. In Christian areas in Eastern Indonesia it is cooked with pork and chili, the sweetness of the pork balancing against the bitterness of the vegetable.
1674:, are common dishes. Bitter melons stuffed with ground pork are commonly served as a summer soup in the south. It is also used as the main ingredient of stewed bitter melon. This dish is usually cooked for the
1451:, bitter melon is sauteéd with garlic, tomatoes, spices, and dried shrimp and is served as an accompaniment to other dishes. Such a dish is available at street stalls and deli counters throughout the country.
1362:, and then it is squeezed, removing its bitter juice to some extent. After frying this with different spices, the less bitter and crispy preparation is served with grated coconut. Bitter melon is known as
2422:
1149:
2917:
1427:, is prepared as a fresh pickle. For this, the vegetable is cut into cubes or slices, and sautéed with oil and a sprinkle of water. When it is softened and reduced, it is crushed in a
4016:
2533:
2178:
3695:
3907:
3773:
1762:, consists mainly of bitter melons, eggplant, okra, string beans, tomatoes, lima beans, and other various regional vegetables all stewed together with a little
1394:(উচ্ছে) in Bengali, bitter melon is often simply eaten boiled and mashed with salt, mustard oil, sliced thinly and deep fried, added to lentils to make "tetor"
2726:
Beloin, Nadine; Gbeassor, Messanvi; Akpagana, Koffi; Hudson, Jim; de Soussa, Komlan; Koumaglo, Kossi; Arnason, J. Thor (January 2005). "Ethnomedicinal uses of
430:, but bitter. The skin is tender and edible. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits; they are not intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking.
434:
tinge or just before. The pith becomes sweet and intensely red; it can be eaten uncooked in this state and is a popular ingredient in some
Southeast Asian
2399:
2224:
1584:
seeds. Another dish in
Pakistan calls for whole, unpeeled bitter melon to be boiled and then stuffed with cooked minced beef, served with either hot
1158:
Bitter melon is generally consumed cooked in the green or early yellowing stage. The young shoots and leaves of the bitter melon may also be eaten as
1932:
3633:
2432:
2297:
1304:, a tamarind-based soup with mini shallots or fried onions and other spices, thickened with chickpea flour. In Karnataka, bitter melon is known as
3721:
3646:
2825:
502:
490:
3881:
2863:
2813:
3529:
2566:
4011:
586:
441:
When the fruit is fully ripe, it turns orange and soft and splits into segments that curl back to expose seeds covered in bright red pulp.
351:
2196:
1481:) which are served mainly with rice in a main meal. Sometimes large grated coconut pieces are added, which is more common in rural areas.
3791:
2143:
1711:
2561:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
4006:
3986:
2669:
608:
373:
3006:
2525:
2955:
402:. In the Northern Hemisphere, flowering occurs from June to July, and fruiting from September to November. It is a frost-tender
3682:
2030:
1402:, a Bengali vegetable medley that is a mixture of several vegetables like raw banana, drumstick stems, bori, and sweet potato.
304:
hunter-gatherers. Wild or semi-domesticated variants spread across Asia in prehistory, and it was likely fully domesticated in
3976:
3860:
3739:
2166:
2131:
590:
355:
3726:
2580:
3760:
2026:
399:
2732:
2691:
2521:
3708:
3516:
2018:
2330:"Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies"
2288:
398:
4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) across, with three to seven deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow
3971:
3894:
3169:
1725:
1708:) is generally not cultivated but is occasionally found in the wild and is considered the most nutritious variety.
1290:'s diet. Other popular recipes include preparations with curry, deep-frying with peanuts or other ground nuts, and
79:
2119:
4021:
4001:
3981:
3966:
3778:
3734:
3534:
3093:
2253:
1678:
holiday, where its "bitter" name is taken as a reminder of the bitter living conditions experienced in the past.
2395:
1899:
1162:. The fruit is bitter raw and can be soaked in cold water and drained to remove some of those strong flavours.
3899:
3477:
3961:
3620:
3284:
579:
344:
317:
3625:
3599:
514:
3594:
3439:
3343:
2014:
1145:
2203:
3061:
2494:
1007:
196:
3651:
1136:
3814:
3612:
3568:
3369:
3067:
2948:
2465:
2343:
2261:
2212:
1848:
1812:
1250:
1235:
1059:
1020:
3207:
3199:
3098:
2603:"Characterization of a Soluble Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase in Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)"
2452:
2245:
1875:
1859:
1800:
1663:
1629:
546:
313:
66:
3752:
1191:
3996:
3933:
3886:
3607:
3560:
3421:
3269:
2885:
2482:
2427:
1883:
1651:
1617:
994:
974:
736:
526:
309:
74:
38:
2928:
3700:
3835:
3542:
3388:
3192:
3152:
2838:
2749:
2708:
2665:
2642:
2624:
2572:
2562:
2371:
2268:
2006:
of dried slices of the bitter melon. It is sold as a medicinal tea, and a culinary vegetable.
1887:
1788:
1733:
1625:
1531:
1512:
1428:
1072:
859:
31:
1931:
3840:
3674:
3380:
3322:
3244:
3182:
3103:
2897:
2830:
2792:
2784:
2741:
2700:
2632:
2614:
2474:
2361:
2351:
2110:
2042:
1741:
1543:
1539:
1466:
1367:
1359:
1315:
876:
294:
3991:
3822:
3409:
3215:
2941:
2507:
1911:
1844:
1448:
1424:
1301:
1266:
1171:
117:
1148:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
301:
3873:
3488:
2347:
1176:
3868:
3279:
3162:
2797:
2768:
2637:
2602:
2366:
2329:
1405:
1333:
1159:
551:
305:
104:
3912:
2788:
3955:
3187:
2859:
2730:(Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity".
2601:
Cao, Heping; Sethumadhavan, Kandan; Grimm, Casey C.; Ullah, Abul H. J. (2014-09-09).
2486:
1701:
1223:
794:
692:
274:
212:
163:
2685:
Grover, J.K; Yadav, S.P (July 2004). "Pharmacological actions and potential uses of
3938:
3547:
3289:
3264:
3239:
3234:
3177:
3134:
3053:
3046:
2973:
2834:
1745:
1687:
1569:
1379:
668:
626:
474:
403:
153:
2901:
3850:
3521:
3508:
2619:
1914:
in pregnant women because it can induce bleeding, contractions, and miscarriage.
3765:
3747:
3659:
3471:
3299:
3294:
3274:
3249:
3157:
2478:
2010:
1436:
652:
632:
568:
427:
395:
333:
267:
3498:
2923:
2556:
1238:, it is often served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, used in
462:
3317:
3259:
3254:
3147:
3142:
3039:
3032:
2886:"Cytogenetics of two Indian varieties of Momordica charantia L. (bittergourd)"
2745:
2704:
1999:
1942:
1667:
1215:
1211:
1046:
893:
842:
802:
387:
3804:
3462:
2628:
2445:
1473:) in Sri Lanka and it is an ingredient in many different curry dishes (e.g.,
3581:
3374:
3016:
2989:
2356:
2150:
1824:
1776:
1638:
1577:
1493:
1033:
952:
939:
926:
790:
411:
407:
394:-bearing vine grows up to 5 m (16 ft) in length. It bears simple,
300:
Bitter melon originated in Africa, where it was a dry-season staple food of
286:
173:
17:
3713:
2842:
2753:
2712:
2646:
2576:
2389:
2375:
1771:
The name of the fruit is rooted in the bitterness of its taste, (Filipino:
3925:
3827:
3920:
3786:
3456:
2003:
1750:
1598:
1586:
1573:
1287:
1283:
1201:
825:
450:
419:
263:
130:
1675:
57:
3799:
3638:
3555:
3118:
2884:
Ghosh, Ipshita; Bhowmick, Biplab Kumar; Jha, Sumita (20 October 2018).
2812:
Ooi, Cheow Peng; Yassin, Zaitun; Hamid, Tengku-Aizan (15 August 2012).
1879:
1871:
1764:
1604:
1278:
1272:
770:
593: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
423:
391:
358: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1983:
Traditional medicinal. Makes a green, earthy broth also used in soup.
3664:
2186:
1968:
1755:
1671:
1439:
to golden brown, stuffed, or as a curry on its own or with potatoes.
1432:
1399:
1383:
1255:
1206:
1181:
909:
799:
282:
143:
3433:
30:"Bitter melon" redirects here. For "bitter melon" in Australia, see
3687:
3586:
3088:
2964:
2301:
1858:
1759:
1710:
1581:
1492:
1404:
1239:
682:
625:
435:
290:
91:
37:"Bitter squash" redirects here. For another "bitter squash", see
2334:
2022:
1592:
1565:
1219:
1085:
278:
270:
3573:
3437:
2937:
1568:-speaking areas, bitter melon is often cooked with onions, red
297:
differ substantially in the shape and bitterness of the fruit.
1395:
1375:
712:
562:
327:
1418:
418:
fruit's flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to
2526:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2473:. Datasheet. CABI Digital Library, CABI Compendium. 2022.
449:
Bitter melon comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The
2933:
1843:
Bitter melon has been used in various Asian and
African
1460:
1435:, salt, and a red or green pepper. It is also eaten
1413:
In northern India and Nepal, bitter melon, known as
1234:
Bitter gourd is commonly eaten throughout India. In
3446:
3362:
3335:
3308:
3227:
3127:
3116:
3079:
3025:
3014:
2982:
2971:
1979:
1964:
1953:
1938:
1924:
1121:
1109:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1006:
993:
972:
951:
938:
925:
908:
892:
875:
858:
841:
824:
789:
768:
733:
709:
691:
681:
665:
651:
646:
2558:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2464:
1851:of India, different parts of the plant are used.
1775:) which means bitter. In pre-colonial Spanish in
1398:(bitter lentils), and is a key ingredient of the
1336:. In these regions, a special preparation called
984:
780:
2423:"Food for thought: Green 'karela' for Red China"
1516:
1246:or stuffed with spices and then cooked in oil.
1870:does not significantly decrease fasting blood
1811:, are usually sautéed with onion, garlic, and
1538:is also used), is a significant ingredient in
1523:
1506:
1497:A soft drink made from bitter melon from Japan
647:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2949:
1690:, the Chinese variety of green bitter melon,
1353:
1309:
8:
1295:
639:
4017:Plants used in traditional African medicine
2323:
2321:
2021:), or in the Phytochemical Database of the
1327:
3434:
3124:
3022:
2979:
2956:
2942:
2934:
2522:United States Food and Drug Administration
1930:
1748:, or with eggs and diced tomato. The dish
1695:
1636:), is prepared in various dishes, such as
1559:
1282:(which is considered a medicinal food for
1222:as the bittering ingredient in some beers
750:
638:
65:
56:
45:
2796:
2777:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease
2773:(bitter melon) and its medicinal potency"
2664:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 331–332.
2662:Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants
2636:
2618:
2402:, Documentary Educational Resources. 1966
2365:
2355:
2190:, onion, and red bird's-eye chili peppers
2017:(Medicinal Plants of Native America, see
2013:'s herbal database, the MPNA database at
1744:, may be stir-fried with ground beef and
609:Learn how and when to remove this message
374:Learn how and when to remove this message
2854:
2852:
2298:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
2233:(mixed vegetables and spices) from India
2082:are the long-fruited varieties, whereas
1253:, it is used in numerous dishes such as
27:Bitter melon, tropical & subtropical
2826:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2280:
2162:
2106:
555:, a fly known to prefer Cucurbitaceae.
486:
308:. It is widely used in the cuisines of
2864:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
2503:
2492:
2041:The plant has one subspecies and four
1921:
1485:juice is also sometimes served there.
1218:). It has also been used in place of
410:in the tropics. It grows best in the
7:
3815:7747a87b-3d2d-4db0-ad98-1e79489b820a
3416:
2924:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
2065:Momordica charantia L. var. muricata
1779:, the name is locally translated to
591:adding citations to reliable sources
356:adding citations to reliable sources
2328:Renner, Suzanne (October 6, 2020).
2050:Momordica charantia var. abbreviata
1654:, raw bitter melon slices known as
1560:
1344:, is common. Also commonly seen is
1276:(cooked with roasted coconut), and
2060:Momordica charantia ssp. macroloba
2055:Momordica charantia var. charantia
1554:In Pakistan, where it is known as
25:
2421:Bagchi, Indrani (11 April 2005).
1670:floss and bitter melon soup with
1608:(a mixture of lentils and rice).
496:Two halved and two cross sections
3900:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:293413-1
3415:
3404:
3403:
3005:
2223:
2211:
2195:
2177:
2165:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2109:
1994:Bitter melon tea, also known as
567:
525:
513:
501:
489:
473:
461:
332:
78:
2583:from the original on 2024-05-09
2536:from the original on 2024-03-27
2031:National Plant Germplasm System
1318:; in Tamil Nadu it is known as
1196:
630:A raw bitter melon compared to
578:needs additional citations for
343:needs additional citations for
2835:10.1002/14651858.CD007845.pub3
2070:Momordica charantia var. pavel
1542:, and is increasingly used in
1186:
1:
2902:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.027
2818:for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
2789:10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60052-3
2767:Joseph, B.; Jini, D. (2013).
2184:Malaysian-style, cooked with
2027:Agricultural Research Service
1827:, bitter melons are known as
1263:(mixed with grated coconut),
2733:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2692:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2620:10.1371/journal.pone.0106403
2009:Gohyah is not listed in the
1534:(although the Okinawan word
1144:Percentages estimated using
406:in the temperate zone and a
4012:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2479:10.1079/cabicompendium.8741
2076:M. charantia var. charantia
2019:Native American ethnobotany
1957:Bitter melon, balsam pear,
1900:gastrointestinal discomfort
1517:
1461:
1378:where it is used widely in
1137:Link to USDA Database entry
4038:
2084:M. charantia var. muricata
1898:A possible side effect is
1803:, bitter melons, known as
1726:cuisine of the Philippines
1507:
1371:
1270:(stir-fried with spices),
36:
29:
3399:
3094:Watermelon rind preserves
3003:
2769:"Antidiabetic effects of
2746:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.009
2705:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035
2254:Momordica cochinchinensis
1987:
1974:
1948:
1929:
1728:, bitter melon, known as
1696:
1620:, bitter melon, known as
1524:
1470:
1419:
1354:
1328:
1310:
1296:
1175:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1105:
1097:
968:
964:
764:
760:
753:
749:
729:
725:
705:
701:
661:
657:79 kJ (19 kcal)
259:
202:
195:
75:Scientific classification
73:
64:
55:
48:
4007:Plants described in 1753
3987:Medicinal plants of Asia
2929:Bitter Melon Cultivation
2396:Watertown, Massachusetts
2094:feature smaller fruits.
1863:Inside of a bitter melon
642:boiled, drained, no salt
2357:10.1073/pnas.2014454117
1882:control, when taken in
1580:powder, and a pinch of
1501:Bitter melon, known as
1386:, where it is known as
1210:), soups, dim sum, and
1146:US recommendations
400:male and female flowers
3344:Melothria sphaerocarpa
3062:C. colocynthis (egusi)
2890:Scientia Horticulturae
2502:Cite journal requires
2015:University of Michigan
1878:, indicators of blood
1864:
1716:
1498:
1410:
1409:Ripe and unripe fruits
1286:), making it vital in
1150:the National Academies
636:
3977:Flora of the Maldives
2159:Dishes and other uses
1862:
1714:
1496:
1431:with a few cloves of
1408:
1204:(often with pork and
755:Vitamins and minerals
629:
3370:List of melon dishes
3203:(horned/jelly melon)
2262:Momordica cymbalaria
1849:traditional medicine
1815:until almost crisp.
1813:scotch bonnet pepper
1546:beyond that island.
1251:South Indian cuisine
1236:North Indian cuisine
587:improve this article
352:improve this article
3851:Momordica_charantia
3792:Momordica~charantia
3613:Momordica charantia
3535:Momordica_charantia
3478:Momordica charantia
3448:Momordica charantia
3352:Momordica charantia
3099:Watermelon seed oil
2919:Momordica charantia
2816:Momordica charantia
2771:Momordica charantia
2728:Momordica charantia
2687:Momordica charantia
2660:Lim, T. K. (2013).
2453:UIC Heritage Garden
2448:MOMORDICA CHARANTIA
2348:2020PNAS..11724630R
2342:(40): 24630–24631.
2246:Momordica balsamina
1959:Momordica chinensis
1868:Momordica charantia
1801:Trinidad and Tobago
1795:Trinidad and Tobago
877:Pantothenic acid (B
643:
545:is one of the main
223:Momordica charantia
206:Momordica charantia
50:Momordica charantia
3347:(white-seed melon)
2428:The Times of India
2172:Ready to be cooked
1865:
1717:
1652:Vietnamese cuisine
1618:Indonesian cuisine
1499:
1411:
1292:Kakara kaya pulusu
1111:Other constituents
637:
277:, widely grown in
260:names listed below
39:Cucurbita digitata
3972:Flora of Pakistan
3949:
3948:
3836:Open Tree of Life
3440:Taxon identifiers
3431:
3430:
3389:Solanum muricatum
3331:
3330:
3285:Oriental pickling
3112:
3111:
3001:
3000:
2568:978-0-309-48834-1
2269:Momordica foetida
1996:gohyah (goya) tea
1992:
1991:
1980:Quick description
1789:Filipino language
1754:, popular in the
1340:, a kind of sour
1156:
1155:
1101:
1100:
640:Bitter gourd pods
619:
618:
611:
384:
383:
376:
226:(commonly called
219:
218:
188:M. charantia
32:Citrullus lanatus
16:(Redirected from
4029:
4022:Filipino cuisine
4002:Okinawan cuisine
3982:Fruit vegetables
3967:Asian vegetables
3942:
3941:
3929:
3928:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3766:NBNSYS0200002658
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3435:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3381:Melothria scabra
3173:(Inodorus Group)
3125:
3104:Watermelon steak
3023:
3009:
2980:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2906:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2822:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2431:. Archived from
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2300:. Archived from
2295:
2285:
2227:
2215:
2199:
2181:
2169:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2113:
1934:
1925:Bitter melon tea
1922:
1918:Bitter melon tea
1910:Bitter melon is
1847:systems. In the
1699:
1698:
1563:
1562:
1544:Japanese cuisine
1540:Okinawan cuisine
1529:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1472:
1464:
1422:
1421:
1373:
1357:
1356:
1331:
1330:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1198:
1188:
1179:
1174:, bitter melon (
988:
913:
897:
880:
863:
846:
829:
791:Vitamin A equiv.
784:
751:
644:
614:
607:
603:
600:
594:
571:
563:
529:
517:
505:
493:
477:
465:
396:alternate leaves
379:
372:
368:
365:
359:
336:
328:
208:
83:
82:
69:
60:
46:
21:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3823:Observation.org
3821:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3395:
3358:
3327:
3310:
3304:
3223:
3108:
3081:
3075:
3010:
2997:
2967:
2962:
2914:
2909:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2829:(8): CD007845.
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2501:
2491:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2444:
2440:
2435:on 24 May 2013.
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2100:
2039:
1988:
1975:
1949:
1920:
1912:contraindicated
1908:
1896:
1894:Adverse effects
1857:
1845:herbal medicine
1841:
1839:Herbal medicine
1821:
1797:
1722:
1684:
1648:
1614:
1552:
1521:
1491:
1479:karawila sambol
1457:
1449:Burmese cuisine
1445:
1346:kattu pagarkkai
1297:కాకర కాయ పులుసు
1267:mezhukkupuratti
1232:
1172:Chinese cuisine
1168:
1139:
1134:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1001:
989:
959:
946:
933:
920:
911:
903:
895:
887:
878:
870:
861:
853:
844:
836:
827:
820:
817:
815:
810:
805:
797:
785:
756:
745:
740:
721:
716:
677:
672:
641:
624:
615:
604:
598:
595:
584:
572:
561:
540:
533:
530:
521:
518:
509:
506:
497:
494:
485:
484:
483:
482:
481:
478:
470:
469:
468:Chinese variety
466:
447:
380:
369:
363:
360:
349:
337:
326:
289:for its edible
215:
210:
204:
191:
77:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Abortifacients
3954:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:wfo-0000376916
3930:
3917:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3832:
3819:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3718:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3669:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3468:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:(pepino melon)
3385:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:(bitter melon)
3348:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3209:C. myriocarpus
3205:
3201:C. metuliferus
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3071:(Namib tsamma)
3065:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2993:(Winter melon)
2986:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2913:
2912:External links
2910:
2908:
2907:
2876:
2860:"Bitter Melon"
2848:
2804:
2759:
2740:(1–2): 49–55.
2718:
2699:(1): 123–132.
2677:
2670:
2652:
2613:(9): e106403.
2593:
2567:
2546:
2513:
2504:|journal=
2468:Bactrocera tau
2456:
2446:BITTER MELON (
2438:
2413:
2400:Peabody Museum
2381:
2317:
2290:BSBI List 2007
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2249:(balsam apple)
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2038:
2035:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1837:
1820:
1817:
1796:
1793:
1768:-based stock.
1721:
1718:
1683:
1680:
1647:
1644:
1613:
1610:
1576:powder, salt,
1551:
1548:
1490:
1487:
1456:
1453:
1444:
1441:
1338:pagarkai pitla
1231:
1228:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
991:
990:
983:
978:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
949:
948:
944:
942:
936:
935:
931:
929:
923:
922:
918:
916:
906:
905:
901:
899:
890:
889:
885:
883:
873:
872:
868:
866:
856:
855:
851:
849:
839:
838:
834:
832:
822:
821:
818:
813:
812:
808:
806:
798:
793:
787:
786:
779:
774:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
747:
746:
743:
741:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
717:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
673:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
623:
620:
617:
616:
575:
573:
566:
560:
557:
552:Bactrocera tau
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
524:
522:
519:
512:
510:
507:
500:
498:
495:
488:
480:Indian variety
479:
472:
471:
467:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
446:
443:
382:
381:
340:
338:
331:
325:
322:
318:Southeast Asia
306:Southeast Asia
273:of the family
258:and many more
217:
216:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4034:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:Other species
3334:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:(paddy melon)
3210:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3069:C. ecirrhosus
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:(2): 93–102.
2782:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:: a review".
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2671:9789400717640
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2391:Bitter Melons
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2307:on 2015-06-26
2303:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:Gōyā chanpurū
2198:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2002:made from an
2001:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:Unripe fruits
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:mara khii nok
1703:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:, eaten with
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1459:It is called
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1226:and Okinawa.
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1200:) is used in
1199:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
992:
987:
982:
979:
977:
976:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
950:
943:
941:
937:
930:
928:
924:
917:
915:
907:
900:
898:
891:
884:
882:
874:
867:
865:
857:
850:
848:
843:Riboflavin (B
840:
833:
831:
823:
807:
804:
801:
796:
795:beta-Carotene
792:
788:
783:
778:
775:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
752:
748:
742:
739:
738:
732:
728:
724:
718:
715:
714:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
693:Dietary fiber
690:
686:
684:
680:
674:
671:
670:
669:Carbohydrates
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
635:
634:
628:
621:
613:
610:
602:
592:
588:
582:
581:
576:This section
574:
570:
565:
564:
558:
556:
554:
553:
548:
544:
537:
528:
523:
516:
511:
508:Female flower
504:
499:
492:
487:
476:
464:
455:
452:
444:
442:
439:
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
378:
375:
367:
357:
353:
347:
346:
341:This section
339:
335:
330:
329:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Cucurbitaceae
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:bitter squash
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
214:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Cucurbitaceae
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:Tracheophytes
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3447:
3420:
3408:
3387:
3379:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3270:Kolkhoznitsa
3216:
3208:
3200:
3170:
3138:(true melon)
3135:
3117:
3068:
3060:
3054:Citron melon
3047:
3033:
3015:
2990:
2972:
2918:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2807:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2557:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2529:
2516:
2495:cite journal
2467:
2459:
2447:
2441:
2433:the original
2426:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2390:
2384:
2339:
2333:
2309:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2289:
2283:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2230:
2202:
2185:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2008:
1995:
1993:
1958:
1909:
1897:
1867:
1866:
1842:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1746:oyster sauce
1737:
1729:
1723:
1705:
1691:
1688:Thai cuisine
1685:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1570:chili powder
1555:
1553:
1535:
1502:
1500:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1458:
1446:
1414:
1412:
1391:
1387:
1380:Goan cuisine
1363:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1169:
1157:
1115:
1110:
985:
980:
973:
781:
776:
769:
735:
711:
667:
631:
605:
596:
585:Please help
580:verification
577:
550:
543:M. charantia
542:
541:
448:
440:
432:
416:
385:
370:
361:
350:Please help
345:verification
342:
299:
255:
251:
247:
244:bitter gourd
243:
240:bitter apple
239:
235:
231:
228:bitter melon
227:
222:
221:
220:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
154:Cucurbitales
137:
124:
111:
98:
49:
43:
18:Bitter Melon
3874:kew-2372864
3748:NatureServe
3660:iNaturalist
3472:Wikispecies
3384:(cucamelon)
3300:Yubari King
3193:Santa Claus
2896:: 333–343.
1954:Other names
1720:Philippines
1415:tite karela
1212:herbal teas
826:Thiamine (B
428:bell pepper
426:, or green
324:Description
293:. Its many
268:subtropical
252:balsam-pear
118:Angiosperms
3956:Categories
3869:Plant List
3318:Melon ball
3311:and dishes
3245:Charentais
3219:(cucumber)
3217:C. sativus
3148:Cantaloupe
3143:Barattiere
3082:and dishes
3040:Watermelon
3034:C. lanatus
2991:B. hispida
2869:17 October
2587:2024-06-21
2540:2024-03-28
2311:2014-10-17
2276:References
2153:twin fruit
2092:abbreviata
2037:Subspecies
2000:herbal tea
1943:Herbal tea
1874:levels or
1758:region of
1668:dried meat
1664:Vietnamese
1630:Indonesian
1602:, or with
1477:curry and
1420:तीते करेला
1390:(করলা) or
1320:paagarkaai
1306:hāgalakāyi
1216:gohyah tea
1202:stir-fries
1192:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
1047:Phosphorus
803:zeaxanthin
599:March 2024
520:Ripe fruit
412:USDA zones
388:herbaceous
364:March 2024
314:South Asia
285:, and the
3997:Momordica
3626:200022698
3600:200022698
3375:Melon Day
3228:Cultivars
3153:Carosello
3048:C. amarus
3017:Citrullus
2974:Benincasa
2629:1932-6203
2487:253607462
2151:conjoined
2088:macroloba
2043:varieties
1906:Pregnancy
1825:Mauritius
1777:Ilocandia
1656:mướp đắng
1639:gado-gado
1612:Indonesia
1578:coriander
1455:Sri Lanka
1329:பாகற்காய்
1284:diabetics
1265:pavaikka
1060:Potassium
1034:Manganese
1021:Magnesium
953:Vitamin K
940:Vitamin E
927:Vitamin C
910:Folate (B
894:Vitamin B
860:Niacin (B
445:Varieties
414:9 to 11.
408:perennial
310:East Asia
295:varieties
287:Caribbean
182:Species:
175:Momordica
88:Kingdom:
3921:Tropicos
3848:PalDat:
3787:NSWFlora
3753:2.134629
3701:10197826
3688:293413-1
3457:Wikidata
3410:Category
3363:See also
3309:Products
3280:Montreal
3183:Honeydew
3163:Oriental
3080:Products
2843:22895968
2754:15588650
2713:15182917
2647:25203006
2607:PLOS ONE
2581:Archived
2577:30844154
2534:Archived
2524:(2024).
2406:19 April
2376:32994347
2239:See also
2149:Unusual
2029:(ARS) –
2004:infusion
1998:, is an
1855:Research
1809:carilley
1805:caraille
1785:Ampalaya
1751:pinakbet
1734:Filipino
1730:Ampalaya
1682:Thailand
1626:Javanese
1599:chappati
1587:tandoori
1574:turmeric
1550:Pakistan
1532:Japanese
1513:Okinawan
1483:Karawila
1475:karawila
1462:karavila
1372:कारांतें
1311:ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ
1288:Malayali
1261:thuvaran
1242:such as
1224:in China
1197:khó͘-koe
1116:Quantity
1041:0.086 mg
981:Quantity
975:Minerals
904:0.041 mg
888:0.193 mg
854:0.053 mg
837:0.051 mg
777:Quantity
771:Vitamins
633:chanpurū
451:cultivar
420:cucumber
264:tropical
256:karavila
232:cerassee
160:Family:
131:Eudicots
3926:9200010
3800:NTFlora
3735:MoBotPF
3639:2874581
3556:Ecocrop
3463:Q428750
3422:Commons
3188:Persian
3171:C. melo
3136:C. melo
3128:Species
3119:Cucumis
3026:Species
2983:Species
2798:4027280
2638:4159287
2367:7547224
2344:Bibcode
2098:Gallery
1890:form.
1884:capsule
1880:glucose
1872:glucose
1833:margoze
1829:margose
1787:in the
1781:Amparia
1765:bagoong
1742:Ilokano
1724:In the
1660:khổ qua
1646:Vietnam
1605:khichri
1590:bread,
1518:nigauri
1467:Sinhala
1443:Myanmar
1437:sautéed
1368:Konkani
1360:Marathi
1324:pavakai
1316:Kannada
1279:pachadi
1273:theeyal
1125:93.95 g
1093:0.77 mg
1015:0.38 mg
995:Calcium
947:0.14 mg
871:0.28 mg
819:1323 μg
737:Protein
622:Cooking
424:chayote
392:tendril
262:) is a
170:Genus:
150:Order:
92:Plantae
3992:Melons
3913:1930-5
3882:PLANTS
3841:955521
3828:198793
3812:NZOR:
3740:279547
3574:584304
3506:APDB:
3486:AoFP:
3323:Midori
3290:Sprite
3265:Kajari
3240:Banana
3235:Bailan
3178:Canary
2841:
2795:
2752:
2711:
2668:
2645:
2635:
2627:
2575:
2565:
2485:
2374:
2364:
2187:sambal
2011:Grieve
1969:Brazil
1965:Origin
1888:tablet
1819:Africa
1773:Ampait
1756:Ilocos
1672:shrimp
1632:(also
1556:karela
1515:, and
1433:garlic
1429:mortar
1425:Nepali
1400:Shukto
1388:korola
1384:Bengal
1364:karate
1342:koottu
1302:Telugu
1256:thoran
1244:sabzi,
1207:douchi
1194::
1184::
1182:pinyin
1160:greens
1073:Sodium
1067:319 mg
960:4.8 μg
800:lutein
744:0.84 g
720:0.18 g
687:1.95 g
683:Sugars
676:4.32 g
653:Energy
436:salads
404:annual
316:, and
283:Africa
144:Rosids
3908:SANBI
3887:MOCH2
3861:11364
3858:PFI:
3805:19940
3727:22399
3714:34678
3696:IRMNG
3675:14135
3672:IPA:
3665:61369
3652:24520
3608:FoAO2
3587:MOMCH
3548:73NNQ
3522:97592
3509:25996
3496:APA:
3295:Sugar
3275:Mirza
3250:Crane
3158:Galia
3089:Egusi
2965:Melon
2821:(PDF)
2483:S2CID
2305:(xls)
2294:(xls)
2257:(gac)
2231:Sabzi
2218:Salad
2137:Seeds
2125:Seeds
2103:Plant
2080:pavel
2033:NGRL
1760:Luzon
1738:Paria
1700:) in
1634:paria
1582:cumin
1564:) in
1561:کریلا
1511:) in
1489:Japan
1471:කරවිල
1423:) in
1392:ucche
1382:. In
1374:) in
1358:) in
1355:कारले
1350:karle
1334:Tamil
1332:) in
1314:) in
1300:) in
1240:curry
1230:India
1187:kǔguā
1166:China
1122:Water
1054:36 mg
1028:16 mg
934:33 mg
921:51 μg
816:68 μg
547:hosts
538:Pests
386:This
302:ǃKung
291:fruit
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
99:Clade
3895:POWO
3779:3673
3774:NCBI
3722:ITIS
3683:IPNI
3647:GRIN
3634:GBIF
3582:EPPO
3561:7795
3530:ATRF
3517:APNI
3499:1673
3489:1390
3260:Hami
3255:Gaya
2871:2013
2839:PMID
2750:PMID
2709:PMID
2666:ISBN
2643:PMID
2625:ISSN
2573:PMID
2563:ISBN
2508:help
2408:2021
2372:PMID
2335:PNAS
2090:and
2078:and
2023:USDA
1939:Type
1783:and
1736:and
1702:Thai
1697:มะระ
1692:mara
1628:and
1622:pare
1593:naan
1566:Urdu
1536:gōyā
1508:ゴーヤー
1503:gōyā
1220:hops
1086:Zinc
1080:6 mg
1008:Iron
1002:9 mg
811:6 μg
559:Uses
532:Leaf
279:Asia
271:vine
266:and
236:goya
3934:WFO
3761:NBN
3709:ISC
3621:FoC
3595:FNA
3569:EoL
3543:CoL
2922:in
2898:doi
2894:240
2831:doi
2793:PMC
2785:doi
2742:doi
2701:doi
2633:PMC
2615:doi
2530:FDA
2475:doi
2362:PMC
2352:doi
2340:117
1886:or
1876:A1c
1831:or
1823:In
1807:or
1799:In
1740:in
1732:in
1686:In
1676:Tết
1662:in
1658:or
1650:In
1624:in
1616:In
1530:in
1447:In
1396:dal
1376:Goa
1322:or
1249:In
1170:In
1065:11%
986:%DV
932:37%
919:13%
782:%DV
713:Fat
697:2 g
589:by
549:of
354:by
3958::
3936::
3923::
3910::
3897::
3884::
3871::
3838::
3825::
3802::
3789::
3776::
3763::
3750::
3737::
3724::
3711::
3698::
3685::
3662::
3649::
3636::
3623::
3610::
3597::
3584::
3571::
3558::
3545::
3532::
3519::
3474::
3459::
2892:.
2888:.
2862:.
2851:^
2837:.
2823:.
2791:.
2779:.
2775:.
2748:.
2738:96
2736:.
2707:.
2697:93
2695:.
2641:.
2631:.
2623:.
2609:.
2605:.
2579:.
2571:.
2532:.
2528:.
2499::
2497:}}
2493:{{
2481:.
2425:.
2398::
2394:.
2370:.
2360:.
2350:.
2338:.
2332:.
2320:^
2296:.
2086:,
2045::
2025:–
1902:.
1835:.
1791:.
1596:,
1572:,
1525:苦瓜
1469::
1370::
1259:/
1190:;
1180:,
1177:苦瓜
1091:7%
1078:0%
1052:3%
1039:4%
1026:4%
1013:2%
1000:1%
958:4%
945:1%
902:2%
886:4%
869:2%
852:4%
835:4%
814:1%
809:1%
438:.
422:,
390:,
320:.
312:,
281:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
213:L.
140::
127::
114::
101::
2957:e
2950:t
2943:v
2904:.
2900::
2873:.
2845:.
2833::
2814:"
2801:.
2787::
2781:3
2756:.
2744::
2715:.
2703::
2674:.
2649:.
2617::
2611:9
2590:.
2543:.
2510:)
2506:(
2489:.
2477::
2470:"
2466:"
2450:)
2410:.
2378:.
2354::
2346::
2314:.
1694:(
1558:(
1528:)
1522:(
1505:(
1465:(
1417:(
1366:(
1352:(
1326:(
1308:(
1294:(
1214:(
1152:.
914:)
912:9
896:6
881:)
879:5
864:)
862:3
847:)
845:2
830:)
828:1
612:)
606:(
601:)
597:(
583:.
377:)
371:(
366:)
362:(
348:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
