466:
481:
70:
38:
1060:
1046:
257:
271:
with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base and a low rosette of thick fleshy linear leaves with blunt tips. The leaves are roughly circular in cross section, sometimes somewhat flattened on the adaxial (top) surface. The absence of an adaxial groove on the leaves distinguishes this from
305: in) tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 5–6 linear bracts which are 5–10 mm long. A single proportionally huge flower appears on each stem with 5–9 oval-shaped sepals and many petals. The petals (usually about 15) are oblong in shape and are 18–35 millimetres (
329: in) long. They range in color from whitish to deep pink or lavender. Flowering occurs from April through July. At maturity, the bitterroot produces egg-shaped capsules with 6–20 nearly round seeds.
439:
389:
The thick roots come into season in spring and can survive extremely dry conditions. If collected early enough in the season, they can be peeled, boiled, and made into a jelly-like food.
2279:
2274:
2294:
2284:
2101:
2140:
1126:
2049:
1135:
598:
2114:
2062:
2179:
870:
1095:
697:
1032:
1012:
781:
743:
341:
from low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland, forest in dry rocky or gravelly soils. Its range extends from southern
2088:
1079:
663:
1119:
2119:
995:
1875:
947:
899:
1084:
609:. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Archived from
2289:
2205:
1050:
939:
812:
2192:
2145:
511:
492:
465:
1849:
1799:
1112:
559:
69:
1855:
1203:
571:
189:
2197:
1829:
1743:
1004:
2041:
2036:
1979:
1930:
1717:
1696:
1639:
1070:
635:
2067:
1869:
1769:
1607:
1602:
1157:
837:
610:
454:
believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a
173:
1968:
1623:
1064:
674:. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Archived from
733:
2000:
1809:
1732:
1628:
1510:
1382:
1313:
1271:
518:
2028:
503:. Based on Lewis and Clark's manuscript, Pursh labeled it "spatlum"; this apparently was actually a
1449:
480:
53:
2132:
878:
2241:
2184:
1839:
1795:
1779:
1759:
1701:
1655:
1525:
1213:
1173:
856:
504:
346:
64:
57:
450:. For the Ktunaxa, bitterroot is eaten with sugar; other tribes prefer eating it with salt. The
2106:
2153:
1987:
1500:
1367:
1303:
1152:
1028:
1008:
787:
777:
749:
739:
538:
526:
428:
2269:
2158:
1670:
1665:
1576:
1557:
1520:
1357:
1228:
1223:
534:
530:
488:
416:
342:
20:
227:("revived, reborn") refers to its ability to regenerate from dry and seemingly dead roots.
1408:
910:
its supposed name was obtained from Lewis's manuscript by Pursh, who gives it as spatlum (
729:
500:
268:
206:
107:
2171:
2166:
1835:
1789:
1692:
1592:
1571:
1567:
1433:
1418:
1347:
1287:
1254:
1089:
919:
459:
451:
241:
217:
130:
94:
37:
2263:
1819:
1805:
1686:
1541:
1516:
1414:
1398:
1323:
1104:
354:
338:
237:
675:
222:
2246:
1992:
1879:
1727:
1713:
1682:
1661:
1588:
473:
2210:
967:
903:
495:. The specimens he brought back were identified and given their scientific name,
2233:
2127:
2075:
1962:
1865:
1455:
1219:
578:, and apparently dead, having been planted, revived in a garden in Philadelphia.
1953:
1059:
978:, which gives name to the Bitter Root mountains and river of Montana and Idaho.
1547:
1537:
1199:
358:
278:
species with overlapping ranges. The leaves often wither before flowers open.
245:
213:
140:
2013:
1815:
1723:
1480:
1464:
1445:
1373:
1327:
1259:
791:
575:
2223:
1045:
816:
753:
2218:
1947:
1859:
1785:
1619:
1496:
1476:
1459:
1424:
1404:
1377:
1363:
1319:
1240:
1209:
1189:
771:
435:
374:
120:
2054:
1825:
1775:
1486:
1333:
1250:
1183:
1179:
1148:
443:
378:
370:
362:
274:
256:
232:
150:
969:
Names of
National Forests with Their Origin, Definition, Or Derivation
2080:
1651:
1506:
1353:
1299:
1276:
1169:
447:
350:
1924:
1027:
Moerman. D. Native
American Ethnobotany. Timber Press. Oregon. 1998
776:(rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 122.
2093:
2018:
1755:
1551:
1428:
1394:
1337:
1309:
1244:
1193:
522:
479:
464:
366:
255:
81:
1845:
1765:
1598:
1561:
1343:
914:). The name, which is Salishan, is here a misapplication, since
455:
209:
2005:
1928:
1108:
607:
E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of
British Columbia
871:"Nutrition: Ktunaxa People and the Traditional Food History"
281:
The very short flower stems are leafless, 1–3 centimetres (
1100:- Bitter-root, Sand Rose, Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
462:
peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption.
521:(running north–south and forming the divide between
1937:
1090:
Bitterroot, Lewis and Clark
National Historic Trail
541:) – owe the origins of their names to this flower.
950:, approved February 27, 1895, is the Bitter Root (
807:
805:
803:
801:
574:in consequence of the root, long preserved in the
592:
590:
588:
586:
946:The Montana state flower, adopted by act of the
738:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 36.
629:
627:
442:as an infrequent delicacy. Traditionally, the
434:The roots were consumed by tribes such as the
1120:
938:Montana. Dept. of Public Instruction (1929).
533:(which flows south–north, terminating in the
403:(bitter root). Native American names include
8:
398:
236:was moved in 2009 from the purslane family (
510:The bitterroot was selected as the Montana
491:ate bitterroot in 1805 and 1806 during the
220:
1925:
1127:
1113:
1105:
36:
27:
773:Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary
1085:Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
708:. Burke Museum, University of Washington
2280:Flora of the Southwestern United States
2275:Flora of the Northwestern United States
1080:Central Washington Native Plant Society
550:
2295:Taxa named by Frederick Traugott Pursh
2285:Plants used in Native American cuisine
517:Three major geographic features – the
7:
813:"Trivia | BitterrootHeaven.com"
765:
763:
724:
722:
1912:, beautification and conservation
1136:State flowers of the United States
397:French trappers knew the plant as
14:
735:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
499:, by a German-American botanist,
2198:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317390-2
1058:
1044:
926:in the Kwantlin) is the name for
859:by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez.
597:Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014).
68:
561:The Curtis's botanical magazine
337:The plant is native to western
875:Aqam Community Learning Centre
706:WTU Herbarium Image Collection
1:
1450:Pink and white lady's slipper
1096:WSDOT - Ethnobotany - Herbs.
941:Montana Educational Directory
634:Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015).
905:Handbook of American Indians
900:Bureau of American Ethnology
838:"FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words"
770:Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) .
696:Giblin, David, ed. (2015).
2313:
1900:, state children's flower
1399:White pine cone and tassel
997:The Gift of the Bitterroot
966:US Forest Service (1909).
493:Lewis and Clark Expedition
18:
16:Species of flowering plant
1889:
1850:Bougainvillea spectabilis
1142:
470:L. rediviva var. rediviva
179:
172:
65:Scientific classification
63:
44:
35:
30:
1214:Rocky Mountain columbine
1005:Salish Kootenai College
558:William Curtis (1801).
446:cooked bitterroot with
240:) with adoption of the
1906:, state floral emblem
1184:Saguaro cactus blossom
485:
477:
399:
361:, and east to western
261:
221:
19:For the waterway, see
1092:, U.S. Forest Service
994:Johnny Arlee (2008).
483:
468:
431:, "black medicine").
259:
1744:Tennessee coneflower
1733:Purple passionflower
1671:Penngift crown vetch
1608:Large white trillium
1314:Syringa, mock orange
1055:at Wikimedia Commons
948:Legislative Assembly
912:Spatlum Aboriginorum
519:Bitterroot Mountains
507:name for "tobacco".
1894:: state wildflower
1526:Pink lady's slipper
1071:Calflora Database:
857:Cheyenne Dictionary
425:mo'ôtáa-heséeo'ôtse
393:History and culture
54:Wenas Wildlife Area
2290:Symbols of Montana
1800:Coast rhododendron
1158:Oak-leaf hydrangea
566:The specific name
525:and Montana), the
486:
478:
472:, Glass Mountain,
262:
2257:
2256:
2154:Open Tree of Life
1931:Taxon identifiers
1922:
1921:
1830:Indian paintbrush
1603:Scarlet carnation
1593:Wild prairie rose
1572:Flowering dogwood
1348:Wild prairie rose
1304:Hawaiian hibiscus
1049:Media related to
1007:, Npustin Press.
644:Wildflower Search
527:Bitterroot Valley
411:("hand-peeled"),
267:is a low-growing
260:Bitterroot Flower
196:
195:
2302:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2174:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1969:Lewisia rediviva
1958:
1957:
1956:
1939:Lewisia rediviva
1926:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1790:American dogwood
1751:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1709:
1708:
1697:Yellow jessamine
1678:
1677:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1615:
1614:
1584:
1583:
1533:
1532:
1472:
1471:
1441:
1440:
1409:Black-eyed susan
1390:
1389:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1236:
1235:
1229:Mirabilis jalapa
1204:California poppy
1165:
1164:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1098:Lewisia rediviva
1073:Lewisia rediviva
1065:Lewisia rediviva
1063:Data related to
1062:
1051:Lewisia rediviva
1048:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1002:
981:
980:
976:Lewisia rediviva
963:
957:
956:
952:Lewisia rediviva
935:
929:
928:
896:
890:
889:
887:
886:
877:. Archived from
869:Ashley Casimer.
866:
860:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
815:. Archived from
809:
796:
795:
767:
758:
757:
730:Angier, Bradford
726:
717:
716:
714:
713:
700:Lewisia rediviva
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
666:Lewisia rediviva
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
638:Lewisia rediviva
631:
622:
621:
619:
618:
601:Lewisia rediviva
594:
581:
580:
555:
535:Clark Fork river
531:Bitterroot River
497:Lewisia rediviva
489:Meriwether Lewis
484:Before flowering
440:Flathead Indians
405:spetlum/sp̓eƛ̓m̓
402:
343:British Columbia
328:
327:
323:
320:
314:
313:
309:
304:
303:
299:
296:
290:
289:
285:
265:Lewisia rediviva
244:, to the family
226:
218:specific epithet
203:Lewisia rediviva
185:
183:Lewisia rediviva
165:L. rediviva
73:
72:
46:Lewisia rediviva
40:
28:
21:Bitterroot River
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1840:Paogo (Ulafala)
1748:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1706:
1705:
1675:
1674:
1666:Mountain laurel
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1611:
1581:
1580:
1530:
1529:
1469:
1468:
1438:
1437:
1434:Dwarf lake iris
1387:
1386:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1264:
1263:
1233:
1232:
1224:Mountain laurel
1162:
1161:
1138:
1133:
1052:
1041:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1000:
993:
990:
988:Further reading
985:
984:
974:From the plant
965:
964:
960:
937:
936:
932:
908:. p. 624.
898:
897:
893:
884:
882:
868:
867:
863:
855:
851:
842:
840:
836:
835:
831:
822:
820:
811:
810:
799:
784:
769:
768:
761:
746:
728:
727:
720:
711:
709:
695:
694:
690:
681:
679:
672:PLANTS Database
662:
661:
657:
648:
646:
633:
632:
625:
616:
614:
596:
595:
584:
564:. p. 123.
557:
556:
552:
547:
537:in the city of
501:Frederick Pursh
395:
387:
335:
325:
321:
318:
316:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
294:
292:
287:
283:
282:
269:perennial plant
254:
192:
187:
181:
168:
67:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:wfo-0001104989
2238:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1974:
1959:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1760:Bluebonnet sp.
1752:
1720:
1710:
1689:
1679:
1658:
1648:
1629:Indian blanket
1616:
1595:
1585:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1452:
1442:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1383:Louisiana iris
1370:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1268:
1255:Orange blossom
1247:
1237:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1067:at Wikispecies
1056:
1040:
1039:External links
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1013:
989:
986:
983:
982:
972:. Washington.
958:
944:. p. 30.
930:
891:
861:
849:
829:
797:
782:
759:
744:
718:
688:
655:
623:
582:
549:
548:
546:
543:
460:Plains Indians
452:Lemhi Shoshone
394:
391:
386:
383:
334:
331:
253:
250:
242:APG III system
212:in the family
194:
193:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
131:Caryophyllales
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1949:
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1817:
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1803:
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1768:
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1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:Pasque flower
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:Oklahoma rose
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1577:Carolina lily
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:Apple blossom
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
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1075:(Bitter root)
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1053:(bitter root)
1047:
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881:on 2009-11-12
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818:
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355:Cascade Range
352:
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339:North America
332:
330:
279:
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238:Portulacaceae
235:
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225:
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219:
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205:) is a small
204:
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174:Binomial name
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2172:tro-26200125
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1891:
1880:Yellow elder
1874:
1864:
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1824:
1814:
1810:Rhododendron
1804:
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1656:Oregon grape
1650:
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705:
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680:. Retrieved
676:the original
671:
665:
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647:. Retrieved
643:
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615:. Retrieved
611:the original
606:
600:
570:is given by
567:
565:
560:
553:
516:
512:state flower
509:
496:
487:
476:, California
474:Owens Valley
469:
433:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:
400:racine amère
396:
388:
357:to southern
353:west of the
336:
333:Distribution
280:
273:
264:
263:
231:
229:
202:
198:
197:
182:
180:
164:
163:
151:
114:
101:
88:
49:
45:
25:
2128:NatureServe
2076:iNaturalist
1963:Wikispecies
1860:Flores mayo
1820:Wood violet
373:, northern
252:Description
108:Angiosperms
31:Bitterroot
2264:Categories
2167:Plant List
1977:Calflora:
1780:Red clover
1491:Bitterroot
1020:2018-01-24
885:2012-07-08
843:2012-07-08
823:2012-07-08
712:2015-04-23
682:2015-04-23
649:2015-04-23
617:2015-04-23
545:References
529:, and the
359:California
347:Washington
345:, through
246:Montiaceae
230:The genus
214:Montiaceae
199:Bitterroot
141:Montiaceae
58:Washington
2042:220007569
1770:Sego lily
1702:Goldenrod
1640:Mistletoe
1511:Sagebrush
1501:Goldenrod
1419:Mayflower
1368:Goldenrod
1358:Sunflower
922:dialect (
576:herbarium
514:in 1895.
207:perennial
159:Species:
78:Kingdom:
2231:VASCAN:
2224:26200125
2219:Tropicos
2133:2.140239
2107:10202864
2094:317390-2
1954:Q4113860
1948:Wikidata
1481:Hawthorn
1465:Tickseed
1460:Magnolia
1378:Magnolia
1328:Milkweed
1260:Tickseed
1153:Camellia
902:(1910).
792:25708726
732:(1974).
568:rediviva
539:Missoula
505:Salishan
458:attack.
438:and the
436:Shoshone
429:Cheyenne
413:nakamtcu
375:Colorado
223:rediviva
137:Family:
121:Eudicots
50:rediviva
2270:Lewisia
2055:5384259
1892:Italics
924:spätlûm
918:in the
916:spatlûm
444:Ktunaxa
423:), and
421:naqam¢u
409:spetlem
379:Arizona
371:Wyoming
363:Montana
324:⁄
310:⁄
300:⁄
286:⁄
275:Lewisia
233:Lewisia
152:Lewisia
147:Genus:
127:Order:
82:Plantae
2180:PLANTS
2159:670879
2146:146104
2068:448190
2029:lewred
2026:FEIS:
2006:587545
1687:Violet
1542:Violet
1324:Violet
1277:Azalea
1031:
1011:
790:
780:
754:799792
752:
742:
448:grouse
417:Ktanxa
351:Oregon
272:other
216:. Its
2211:10055
2185:LERE7
2120:20490
2102:IRMNG
2081:47360
2019:LWSRE
1993:726PX
1338:Peony
1001:(PDF)
920:Comox
572:Pursh
523:Idaho
367:Idaho
190:Pursh
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
48:var.
2234:8277
2193:POWO
2141:NCBI
2115:ITIS
2089:IPNI
2063:GRIN
2050:GBIF
2014:EPPO
1980:4778
1870:Maga
1728:Iris
1562:Rose
1029:ISBN
1009:ISBN
788:OCLC
778:ISBN
750:OCLC
740:ISBN
456:bear
385:Uses
349:and
210:herb
2242:WFO
2206:RHS
2037:FNA
2001:EoL
1988:CoL
407:or
52:in
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1806:WV
1796:WA
1786:VA
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1766:UT
1756:TX
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1730:,
1724:TN
1714:SD
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1676:BC
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1652:OR
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1626:,
1620:OK
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1568:NC
1558:NY
1548:NM
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1531:WF
1523:,
1517:NH
1507:NV
1497:NE
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1470:WF
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1446:MN
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