692:. The mating season of this species can vary from the end of winter (September) to the beginning of summer (December). Usually, the mating season is the same whether in captivity or in the wild. Females will commonly lay 10 to 15 eggs but can lay anywhere between eight and 22 eggs at a time. The gestation period lasts about 90–100 days, but once the eggs are laid, they hatch in 60–70 days, and need to be in a temperature of 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). At birth, the young are about 20 to 25 centimeters (7.9 to 9.8 in) in length and are completely independent.
218:
31:
75:
50:
468:
broad, black neck band, often with an orange or pinkish bar on the neck. Other specimens can be yellowish-brown or have a yellow copper colour and are missing the bandings around the neck and the reddish colour on the belly. Some other specimens are deep reddish-brown, and yet others are an olive brown. Some can even be striped black and white or totally white (with dark eyes). There are 21–23
775:
five-feet distance. Ridley treated the man and followed his case until the eye had fully recovered – after about a week. In conclusion, after discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that the diluted venom or a constituent of it might be used as a powerful anaesthetic in some cases of ophthalmic surgery.
467:
is a moderately sized, venomous snake with a moderately distinct head; the shape of the head is due primarily to two large venom glands found on each side of the head. Its colour can vary depending on region of origin. Some specimens are black or pale grey with a yellow or reddish ventral side with a
774:
on spitting snakes and an account of the composition and action of snake venom in general. From his experiences in wartime Ghana, Ridley described snake venom ophthalmia in a 30-year-old labourer, who was cutting grass when a Black-necked cobra spat venom toward the man's right eye from a four- or
616:
can be either nocturnal or diurnal depending on the time of year, geographic location, and average daytime temperature. This adaptability allows the snake to better regulate its body temperature and to gain access to the most abundant food sources of a particular area. It feeds primarily on small
603:
or rodent holes to hide or cool off. However, tree trunks seem to be their favourite hiding places. They are excellent tree climbers, thus can be arboreal at times. Because they are so common across Africa, they are encountered in villages or small towns where they may come in direct contact with
590:
occurs in southeastern
Nigeria where their habitat has been transformed from rainforest to man-made farmlands, plantations, suburban areas, and a few fragmented forests. This species of cobra has found advantages in the drastic changes which have taken place in Nigeria's rainforests. A study by
598:
is currently expanding from the southeastern regions of
Nigeria to the more desert and arid conditions in the central part of the nation. They also live in coastal scrubs and dry grasslands. Like other cobra species, they may find abandoned
790:
Jallow, M., Luiselli, L., Penner, J., Rödel, M.-O., Segniagbeto, G., Niagate, B., Spawls, S., Howell, K., Msuya, C.A. & Ngalason, W. 2021. Naja nigricollis. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2021: e.T13265913A13265918.
679:
This species is sometimes found in captivity, and wild-caught individuals are generally nervous and prone to spitting. Captive-bred animals tend to be much more docile and calm when compared to their wild-caught counterparts.
667:
at a potential threat. The venom is an irritant to the skin and eyes. If it enters the eyes, symptoms include extreme burning pain, loss of coordination, partial loss of vision, and permanent blindness.
293:. They are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of 1.2 to 2.2 m (3.9 to 7.2 ft) in length. Their coloration and markings can vary considerably. They prey primarily on small
915:
G. Broadley (2007) "The phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the
African spitting cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae:
305:
5–10%, in endemic regions under 1%). Like other spitting cobras, they can eject venom from their fangs when threatened (one drop over 7 metres (23 ft) and more in perfect accuracy). The
887:; Andreas Johann Wagner; Franz Hermann Troschel; Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson; Carl Ernst Siebold (1847). "Herpetology". In George Busk; Alfred Tulk; Alexander Henry Haliday (eds.).
480:. This species generally grows to a length of 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) to 2.2 metres (7.2 ft). These sizes are subject to trends based on geographic location and subspecies.
1921:
1454:
1034:
1091:
Luiselli, Luca (2001). "The ghost of a recent invasion in the reduced feeding rates of spitting cobras during the dry season in a rainforest region of tropical Africa".
1300:
Fryklund, Linda; Eaker, David (July 1975). "Complete covalent structure of a cardiotoxin from the venom of Naja nigricollis (African black-necked spitting cobra)".
532:, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Mauritania, Sudan, Tanzania, Somalia, Togo, Uganda, Zambia. Older records from South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe,
1877:
309:
venom irritates the skin, causing blisters and inflammation, and can cause permanent blindness if the venom makes contact with the eyes and is not washed off.
1954:
1825:
1851:
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1498:
959:
1249:
1224:
1193:
1165:
1138:
1265:
Chaim-Matyas, Adina; Ovadia, Michael (20 April 1987). "Cytotoxic activity of various snake venoms on melanoma, B16F10 and chondrosarcoma".
1974:
1336:
1155:
207:
767:
1856:
1373:
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74:
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936:
1066:"Naja nigricollis – General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms"
1065:
1491:
1215:. Leipzig; English version NY, USA: Leipzig Publishing; English version published by Exeter Books (1982). pp.
858:
758:. The average venom yield per bite of this species is 200 to 350 mg (dry weight) according to Minton (1974).
1964:
1882:
1969:
600:
582:
in moist savanna and cleared former forest regions, particularly near rivers and streams. Adaptable snakes,
1729:
751:
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517:
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around the bite area and difficulty breathing. Although the mortality rate in untreated cases is low (~
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346:
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30:
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is known for its tendency to liberally spit venom and bite with only the slightest provocation.
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570:. However, they can be found at altitudes up to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), as well as in
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herpetologist Luca
Luiselli suggests this snake now forages in much drier microhabitats.
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al. have concluded that these subspecies should be treated under a separate species,
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496:. It is absent from the rainforests of the Congo Basin. It has been recorded from
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5–10%), when death occurs, it is usually due to asphyxiation by paralysis of the
1838:
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1655:
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894:
720:
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301:, although the mortality rate for untreated bites on humans is relatively low (~
1641:
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331:. It previously included two subspecies that have been moved to the species
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https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T13265913A13265918.en
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is somewhat unusual among elapids in that it consists primarily of
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properties while combining these with highly potent cytotoxins (
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1160:. New York, USA: Sterling; illustrated edition. p. 176.
488:
The species is very common and is widespread through much of
516:, Democratic Republic of the Congo (except in the center),
652:) may be a particular threat, as it is almost strictly an
708:, but with other components also. It retains the typical
492:
and is found in western, eastern, central, and parts of
528:, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia,
1736:
1346:. Lancet 2010 (volume 375, issue 1). Archived from
663:, this species is known for its ability to project
1212:Snakes: Biology, Behavior, and Relationship to Man
1242:A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa
16:Spitting cobra found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa
656:raptor. Other snakes also prey on this species.
640:that migrate to Africa when it is winter in the
548:, which were formerly regarded as subspecies of
380:. It was first described by Norwegian zoologist
1186:A field guide to the snakes of Southern Africa
907:Wüster, W., S. Crookes, I. Ineich, Y. Mane, C.
405:
1492:
1179:
1177:
953:
951:
8:
1133:. London, UK: Blandford Press. p. 91.
1724:
1499:
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1244:. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Nature.
766:In 1944, English ophthalmic surgeon Major
536:, Mozambique, or most of Namibia refer to
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48:
29:
20:
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1124:
1122:
1015:. University of San Francisco, California
995:
993:
991:
723:. Bite symptoms include severe external
688:Like other cobra species, this snake is
838:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
783:
632:Like other snakes, it may fall prey to
1129:Spawls, Stephen; Branch, Bill (1995).
1060:
1058:
1056:
969:. www.devenomized.com. Archived from
921:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
434:previously included two subspecies –
297:. They possess medically significant
7:
1380:. www.seanthomas.com. Archived from
1955:IUCN Red List least concern species
1378:Australian Venom and Toxin database
859:"Naja nigricollis REINHARDT, 1843"
795:. Downloaded on 22 September 2021.
636:, especially different species of
14:
1209:Engelmann, Wolf-Eberhard (1981).
890:Reports on zoology for 1843, 1844
770:, published a short paper in the
442:. But genetic studies in 2007 by
1403:Ridley, Harold (November 1944).
1070:WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource
772:British Journal of Ophthalmology
73:
865:. reptile-database.reptarium.cz
266:Broadley & Cotterill, 2004
1184:FitzSimons, Vivian FM (1970).
1:
1113:10.1016/S1146-609X(01)01113-4
943:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
911:E. Pook, J.-F. Trape & D.
420:is Latin for "black-necked":
253:Naja nigricollis occidentalis
1279:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90126-3
945:. Accessed 29 December 2008.
512:, Central African Republic,
436:Naja nigricollis nigricincta
343:Naja nigricincta nigricincta
24:Black-necked spitting cobra
1035:"Black-neck Spitting Cobra"
960:"Black-neck Spitting Cobra"
566:and semi-desert regions of
399:
277:black-necked spitting cobra
1991:
1975:Reptiles described in 1857
1131:Dangerous Snakes of Africa
1517:
1374:"LD50 for various snakes"
1188:. Canada: HarperCollins.
1157:Snakes: A Natural History
472:at the mid-body, 182–196
406:
392:is a Latinisation of the
244:Naja nigricollis atriceps
240:
233:
225:The approximate range of
224:
215:
197:
190:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1405:"Snake Venom Ophthalmia"
1154:Bauchot, Roland (2006).
1072:. University of Adelaide
484:Distribution and habitat
412:), meaning "cobra". The
364:is classified under the
1013:Herpetology – Dr. Dever
424:, meaning "black", and
1240:Marais, Johan (2004).
958:Mastenbroek, Richard.
762:Snake venom ophthalmia
646:short-toed snake eagle
440:Naja nigricollis woodi
351:Naja nigricincta woodi
1421:10.1136/bjo.28.11.568
612:Unlike other snakes,
315:belongs to the cobra
810:Encyclopedia of Life
754:and 1.15 mg/kg
347:black spitting cobra
339:zebra spitting cobra
1670:Naja philippinensis
1314:10.1021/bi00684a012
1105:2001AcO....22..311L
642:Northern Hemisphere
428:, meaning "neck".
183:N. nigricollis
40:Conservation status
1614:Naja multifasciata
1593:Naja mandalayensis
1384:on 1 February 2012
1353:on 29 October 2013
1335:Warrell, David A.
1041:. www.reptarium.cz
806:"Naja melanoleuca"
650:Circaetus gallicus
490:sub-Saharan Africa
291:sub-Saharan Africa
285:) is a species of
1942:
1941:
1904:Open Tree of Life
1730:Taxon identifiers
1721:
1720:
1691:Naja senegalensis
1470:An article about
1308:(13): 2865–2871.
1273:(16): 1601–1607.
1251:978-1-86872-932-6
1226:978-0-89673-110-3
1195:978-0-00-212146-0
1167:978-1-4027-3181-5
1140:978-0-7137-2394-6
1002:"Spitting cobra (
1000:Abriol, Sabrina.
562:usually inhabits
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1965:Snakes of Africa
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1782:Naja_nigricollis
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1756:
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1738:Naja nigricollis
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1677:Naja sagittifera
1635:Naja nigricollis
1628:Naja nigricincta
1600:Naja melanoleuca
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1039:Reptile Database
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1004:Naja nigricollis
997:
986:
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976:on 25 April 2012
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938:Naja nigricincta
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917:Naja nigricollis
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863:Reptile Database
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832:Naja melanoleuca
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788:
750:is 2 mg/kg
748:Naja nigricollis
734:
702:Naja nigricollis
673:
621:, such as small
614:Naja nigricollis
596:Naja nigricollis
587:
553:
545:Naja nigricincta
478:subcaudal scales
453:Naja nigricincta
449:
432:Naja nigricollis
411:
410:
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362:Naja nigricollis
334:Naja nigricincta
313:Naja nigricollis
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289:found mostly in
282:Naja nigricollis
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201:Naja nigricollis
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1684:Naja samarensis
1607:Naja mossambica
1537:Naja annulifera
1513:
1511:(cobra) species
1505:
1455:Information on
1451:
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1415:(11): 568–572.
1409:Br J Ophthalmol
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539:Naja mossambica
494:southern Africa
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444:Wolfgang Wüster
382:Johan Reinhardt
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1457:N. nigricollis
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1449:External links
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560:N. nigricollis
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1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:Naja kaouthia
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:Naja christyi
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:Naja annulata
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
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1267:Life Sciences
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787:
784:
778:
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773:
769:
768:Harold Ridley
761:
759:
757:
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745:
738:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
700:The venom of
695:
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651:
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643:
639:
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607:
605:
602:
597:
594:The range of
592:
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565:
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557:
555:
547:
546:
541:
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535:
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499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
470:dorsal scales
466:
459:
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454:
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441:
437:
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429:
427:
423:
419:
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409:
403:
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395:
391:
387:
384:in 1843. The
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:
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356:
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348:
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340:
336:
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318:
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310:
308:
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296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
263:
260:
257:Laurent, 1973
254:
251:
248:Laurent, 1955
245:
242:
241:
239:
236:
232:
228:
223:
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196:
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192:Binomial name
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108:
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101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1737:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1663:Naja pallida
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1544:Naja arabica
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1471:
1456:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1377:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1337:"Snake bite"
1330:
1305:
1302:Biochemistry
1301:
1295:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1211:
1204:
1185:
1156:
1149:
1130:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1069:
1043:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
978:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
937:
932:
924:
920:
916:
903:
889:
885:Reinhardt, J
879:
867:. Retrieved
862:
853:
841:. Retrieved
831:
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:
800:
786:
771:
765:
747:
725:hemorrhaging
721:cardiotoxins
701:
699:
687:
684:Reproduction
678:
669:
658:
649:
638:snake eagles
631:
613:
611:
595:
593:
583:
559:
558:
549:
543:
537:
520:, Ethiopia,
506:Burkina Faso
487:
476:, and 54–66
464:
463:
451:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
397:
389:
368:
361:
360:
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342:
332:
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281:
280:
276:
274:
261:
252:
243:
226:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
157:
18:
1922:nigricollis
1839:iNaturalist
1762:Wikispecies
1656:Naja oxiana
1649:Naja nubiae
1459:with photos
1388:20 December
1357:20 December
1076:20 December
1019:21 December
980:20 December
967:DEVENOMIZED
919:complex)".
895:Ray Society
869:14 February
727:and tissue
674:nigricollis
659:Like other
654:ophiophagus
588:nigricollis
578:regions of
576:subtropical
554:nigricollis
460:Description
418:nigricollis
1949:Categories
1642:Naja nivea
1551:Naja ashei
927:: 437–453.
843:11 January
815:2014-03-22
779:References
713:neurotoxic
706:cytotoxins
345:) and the
324:under the
229:in Africa
165:Subgenus:
133:Suborder:
1621:Naja naja
1572:Naja haje
1558:Naja atra
737:diaphragm
690:oviparous
307:cytotoxic
208:Hallowell
177:Species:
137:Serpentes
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1870:13265913
1789:BioLib:
1747:Wikidata
1439:18170065
729:necrosis
608:Behavior
604:people.
572:tropical
534:Eswatini
510:Cameroon
416:epithet
414:specific
394:Sanskrit
378:Elapidae
357:Taxonomy
329:Elapidae
235:Synonyms
170:Afronaja
147:Elapidae
143:Family:
127:Squamata
117:Reptilia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1932:8051764
1831:2470330
1753:Q386619
1344:Seminar
1322:1148181
1287:3561167
1101:Bibcode
941:at the
634:raptors
619:rodents
584:Naja n.
564:savanna
386:generic
373:of the
295:rodents
153:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1929:uBio:
1909:477231
1896:101597
1857:700633
1818:791404
1437:
1430:510436
1427:
1320:
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1164:
1137:
1045:14 May
913:
909:
739:. The
733:
719:) and
710:elapid
672:
644:. The
586:
568:Africa
552:
498:Angola
448:
426:collis
375:family
337:– the
326:family
303:
210:, 1857
1844:30476
1805:45KXN
1792:58755
1465:Video
1351:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
696:Venom
665:venom
526:Ghana
522:Gabon
518:Congo
502:Benin
422:niger
396:word
388:name
366:genus
317:genus
299:venom
1960:Naja
1883:8654
1878:NCBI
1865:IUCN
1852:ITIS
1826:GBIF
1509:Naja
1435:PMID
1390:2011
1359:2011
1318:PMID
1283:PMID
1246:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1078:2011
1047:2012
1021:2011
982:2011
871:2012
845:2014
627:mice
625:and
623:rats
574:and
530:Mali
514:Chad
438:and
400:nāgá
390:Naja
370:Naja
321:Naja
275:The
158:Naja
1813:EoL
1800:CoL
1777:ADW
1425:PMC
1417:doi
1310:doi
1275:doi
1109:doi
746:of
542:or
408:नाग
353:).
1951::
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1917:RD
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1306:14
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1281:.
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756:IV
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