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hybrid index score, has occurred. Of note, the black-vented woodswallows are more adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions, while the white-vented are adapted to tropical conditions. Therefore, selection pressure will probably not result in subspecies merging. The role of possible isolation of an ancestral subpopulation with subsequent expansion after glacial factors during the
Pleistocene and environmental factors in generating the different plumage patterns has been considered. Molecular phylogeography using mitochondrial DNA in woodswallows was not helpful in determining biogeographical factors. Mitochondrial DNA studies revealed random intermixing. There are no current studies using nuclear DNA. This confirms that multiple criteria such as plumage, song, and mtDNA, nDNA and interbreeding determine species and subspecies.
572:, which has important consequences for the endangered parrots. The woodswallow nesting sites occur closer to more open areas, on gravel slopes and glimmer grass flats. The adults frequently feed on insects on the ground, but are also efficient at defending their territory against predators, which is also beneficial for parrots feeding nearby. However, woodswallows numbers have declined since 1993 in Cape York Peninsula. This loss has been attributed to vegetation thickening as a result of inappropriate fire regimes, which has contributed to increased predation of the golden-shouldered parrot.
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separates the range of the two subspecies. To the east of the range are the subspecies with white vents, while to the west are the black vented subspecies. There have been reported hybrid populations, along territory borders with hybrid zones, where genetic exchange, detected phenotypically using the
295:
of the "L'angroyan gris" from "la nouvelle Galle meridionale" (New South Wales) that had been published in 1807. Temminck mentioned that the central tail feathers were entirely black which is consistent with
Australian race and but not with the race found on Timor where the central tail feathers have
483:
occurs in northern
Australia and Lesser Sunda Islands, including Timor. The sexes are similar in colouration. Juvenile woodswallows have a brown body and wing coloration with buff streaks and a pale yellow beak. The voice is soft with chiff, chap and chattering animated calls which can include vocal
543:
The eggs are oval in shape and range from 17-22mm in size. The woodswallows eggs come in a clutch size of 3-4 eggs., white to dull white in colouration with blotched markings which are red-brown and lavender speckling. Incubation takes 14–16 days, and chicks fledge 18 days later. The fledglings are
531:
They are communal breeders, with documented feeding of young by numerous birds, probably as an adaptation to an erratic climate in arid and semi-arid conditions. Woodswallows also exhibit a tendency to flock and cluster roost, during the day and night. Clustering assists with thermoregulation, wind
463:
The black-faced woodswallow is 18–19 cm (7.1–7.5 in) in length, and weighs 32–40 g (1.1–1.4 oz). It has a blue-grey beak with a black tip and a black face mask which extends from the base of the bill up to and around the eyes. It has ash grey plumage, which is lighter around the
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They are mainly insectivorous. Woodswallows are aerial feeders that can soar, hover and dive to catch insect prey which include moths, and also often feed on the ground taking ground insects, or insects caught on the wing to be dismembered. Woodswallows have brush- like tongues for gleaning nectar
584:
of black-faced woodswallow is least concern, there have been significant regional declines, particularly on the Cape York
Peninsula. These losses are thought to be due to vegetation thickening. However, a recent change in fire management, specifically storm-burning, has resulted in a cessation of
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Breeding generally follows periods of rain with abundant insects, generally, they breed once a year between August and
September. The sexes are similar in appearance and courtship displays consist of rotating tails and wing waving. The male and female perch a metre apart, then spread their wings
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This species is broadly distributed in
Australia, occupying most of the continent except for the southeastern margin near its coast. It is mainly sedentary, remaining in arid and semi-arid areas even during dry conditions. Although it can be partly nomadic, the woodswallow prefers open
556:, but are kept away by alarm calls and attacking behaviour of the parents. Other birds e.g. parrots often feed close to woodswallows thereby reducing their own predation risk. As they are communal breeders, helpers can be seen feeding the young and defending against predators.
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Nests are built in tree hollows, crevices, forks of branches or on top of stumps. The same areas are occupied each year. Nest building takes 4–7 weeks to complete and is composed of twigs, coarse grass and lined with softer grass.
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Joseph, Leo (2007). "Lack of phytogeographic structure in three widespread
Australian birds reinforces emerging challenges in Australian historical biogeography".
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Perry, J (2011). "Changes in the avifuana of the Cape York
Peninsula over a period of 9 years:the relative effects of fire, vegetation type and climate".
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woodswallow decline. Storm-burning has produced a more open vegetation structure, which is beneficial for insect feeding and nesting by the woodswallows.
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An image showing the
Indonesian archipelago and Australia (Oceania), with green highlighting the distribution of the Black-faced woodswallow.
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Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc
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1036:"Phylogeography:its development and impact in Australo-Papuan ornithology with special reference to paraphyly in Australian birds"
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Ford, Julian (22 September 1978). "Hybridisation between the white-vented and black-vented forms of the black-faced woodswallow".
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Dow, Douglas (16 March 1980). "Communally
Breeding Australian Birds with an Analysis of Distribution and Environmental Factors".
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Increased vegetation due to inappropriate fire regimes has caused the woodswallows numbers to decline since 1993 in the
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The subspecies are differentiated by black or white colouration of their tail vents. The white-vented subspecies
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Trainor, Colin R.; Santana, F.; Pinto, P.; Xavier, Almeida F.; Safford, R.; Grimmett, R. (2008).
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are found on the Cape York Peninsula and northern Queensland respectively. The black-vented
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723:(in French). Vol. 17 (Nouvelle édition ed.). Paris: Deterville. p. 297.
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751:. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 164.
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breast with darker wings, and silver underwings. The tail is black with a white tip.
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Stokes, Tony (8 September 1978). "Cluster Roosting in the Black-faced Woodswallow".
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921:"Bristlehead, butcherbirds, woodswallows, Mottled Berryhunter, ioras, cuckooshrikes"
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891:. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 207.
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Catalogue systématique du cabinet d'ornithologie et de la collection de quadrumanes
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Cameron, A.C. (2 January 1932). "Some notes on the Black-faced Wood-Swallow".
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On the Cape York Peninsula, the black-faced woodswallows associate with
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woodlands, scrub, and spinifex in arid and semi-arid conditions. In
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The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
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from the race on Timor to the race found in southwest Australia.
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meaning "ash-grey" or "ash-coloured". Although Vieillot gave the
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796:(in French and Latin). Amsterdam: Chez C. Sepp Jansz. pp.
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291:, he had copied the description by the Dutch zoologist
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Crowley, Gabriel; Garnett, Stephen; Shephard, Susan.
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protection, social drive and reduces predation risk.
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white tips. Temminck's specimen is preserved in the
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1084:. Melbourne,Australia: Penguin Group. p. 253.
627:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22706327A111049892.en
650:"Birds, birding and conservation in Timor-Leste"
679:Garnett, Stephen; Baker, G Barry, eds. (2021).
412:(west, northwest Australia to inland southeast)
8:
765:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
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768:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 108.
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523:and will occasionally feed on flowers.
1227:. Queensland Australia: G. Beruldsen.
745:; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962).
479:occurs in south west Australia, while
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682:Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020
536:while fanning and rotating the tail.
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298:Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie
268:in 1817 by the French ornithologist
1644:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
1614:IUCN Red List least concern species
1310:On the HBW Internet Bird Collection
613:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
560:Association with other bird species
376:, 1958 – central east to southeast
355:, 1923) – Trans-Fly (central south
380:(central east Australia)(includes
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1013:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01635.x
925:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
748:Check-List of Birds of the World
264:The black-faced woodswallow was
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602:BirdLife International (2017).
544:at risk from predators such as
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1629:Birds of southern New Guinea
437:and the eastern edge of the
300:in the Netherlands. In 1982
1386:Artamus_(Angroyan)_cinereus
824:Vieillot (Aves, Artamidae)"
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1223:Beruldsen, Gordon (2003).
860:Zoologische Verhandelingen
762:Jobling, James A. (2010).
279:. The specific epithet is
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308:and transferred the name
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507:golden-shouldered parrot
488:Distribution and habitat
459:SW Queensland, Australia
400:, 1865 – central, north
24:Black-faced woodswallow
1639:Birds described in 1817
1438:black-faced-woodswallow
1131:. Queensland Government
993:Journal of Biogeography
729:10.5962/bhl.title.20211
439:Carpentarian grasslands
293:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
211:black-faced woodswallow
715:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
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391:, 1999, as a synonym.)
272:and given the current
1080:Simpson, Ken (2010).
691:10.1071/9781486311910
580:Although the current
513:Behaviour and ecology
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429:Within Australia the
425:(southwest Australia)
367:(northeast Australia)
304:designated this as a
270:Louis Pierre Vieillot
1034:Joseph, Leo (2009).
919:, eds. (July 2023).
685:. CSIRO Publishing.
431:Great Dividing Range
343:Lesser Sunda Islands
324:A. c. perspicillatus
1167:1980EmuAO..80..121D
1052:2009EmuAO.109....1J
1005:2007JBiog..34..612J
967:1978EmuAO..78..105F
582:conservation status
421:, 1817 – southwest
361:Cape York Peninsula
254:Cape York Peninsula
40:Conservation status
1634:Birds of Australia
1433:BirdLife-Australia
915:; Donsker, David;
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341:and Sermata (east
266:formally described
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1234:978-0-646-42798-0
1205:10.1071/MU9790084
1175:10.1071/MU9800121
975:10.1071/MU9780105
917:Rasmussen, Pamela
898:978-0-9568611-2-2
820:"The identity of
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700:978-1-4863-1191-0
505:and at times the
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1508:iNaturalist
1353:Wikispecies
1305:ABID Images
931:20 December
913:Gill, Frank
743:Mayr, Ernst
654:BirdingASIA
633:12 November
554:kookaburras
446:Description
302:Gerlof Mees
221:woodswallow
1608:Categories
1586:Xeno-canto
1274:(2): 120.
1161:(3): 121.
849:Mees, G.F.
837:: 251–253.
816:Mees, G.F.
589:References
408:and north
406:Queensland
378:Queensland
365:Queensland
357:New Guinea
317:subspecies
235:New Guinea
229:native to
1199:(2): 84.
866:: 3–186 .
666:1744-537X
484:mimicry.
382:dealbatus
329:, 1850 –
327:Bonaparte
306:lectotype
247:Artamidae
231:Australia
155:Species:
137:Artamidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1552:22706327
1526:10715585
1425:22706327
1420:BirdLife
1338:Wikidata
1288:86121162
1046:(1): 1.
1021:85009494
851:(1982).
818:(1968).
792:(1807).
717:(1817).
527:Breeding
495:eucalypt
419:Vieillot
410:Victoria
310:cinereus
285:locality
260:Taxonomy
237:and the
186:Vieillot
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1619:Artamus
1500:5230399
1487:blfwoo1
1461:blfwoo1
1407:Avibase
1344:Q795089
1253:The Emu
1163:Bibcode
1135:31 July
1048:Bibcode
1001:Bibcode
963:Bibcode
955:The Emu
570:finches
503:finches
385:Schodde
353:Mathews
226:Artamus
219:) is a
148:Artamus
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1578:563266
1565:335548
1539:558759
1451:119445
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1521:IRMNG
1482:eBird
1458:BOW:
1284:S2CID
1129:(PDF)
1017:S2CID
856:(PDF)
827:(PDF)
546:hawks
398:Gould
389:Mason
374:Keast
335:Timor
331:Semau
315:Five
289:Timor
281:Latin
243:Timor
1560:NCBI
1547:IUCN
1534:ITIS
1513:8080
1495:GBIF
1474:GVGK
1446:BOLD
1229:ISBN
1137:2017
1086:ISBN
933:2023
893:ISBN
770:ISBN
695:ISBN
662:ISSN
635:2021
618:2017
568:and
552:and
471:and
339:Leti
209:The
117:Aves
1469:CoL
1381:AFD
1368:ADW
1276:doi
1272:111
1268:Emu
1201:doi
1193:Emu
1171:doi
1155:Emu
1056:doi
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864:191
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