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The female incubates the eggs for 30 days and when the eggs hatch the chicks are helpless but have soft down covering their body. For the first two weeks or so the female broods the chicks constantly, both day and night. She does no hunting at all for the first three weeks after hatching, but calls to the male from the nest, and he generally responds by bringing food. The female feeds the chicks with the mice brought back to the nest by the male, feeding them in tiny pieces for the first week or two, at which time the chicks are capable of swallowing a mouse whole. The nestling period lasts around 36 days, and the post-fledging period at least 36 days with parental feeding for at least 22 days. When the chicks are older both parents take it in turns to feed them. Black feathers start to appear along the chicks' wings when they are about a fortnight old, and they are fully
38:
653:
the foliage near the top of trees, the nest takes anywhere from two to six weeks to be built. It is constructed of thin twigs and is around 28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 in) across when newly built, but growing to around 78 cm (31 in) across and 58 cm (23 in) deep after repeated use. The nest is lined with green leaves and felted fur, though linings of grass and cow dung have also been reported. It is generally located in the canopy of an isolated or exposed tree in open country, elevated 5 to 20 m (16 to 66 ft) or more above the ground. Black-shouldered kites have been known to use old
641:
2004:
464:
555:
568:
221:
619:
256:, a species that has in the past also been called "black-shouldered kite". Measuring around 35 cm (14 in) in length, with a wingspan of 80–100 cm (31–39 in), the adult black-shouldered kite has predominantly grey-white plumage and prominent black markings above its red eyes. It gains its name from the black patches on its wings. The primary call is a clear whistle, uttered in flight and while hovering. It can be confused with the related
576:
forage over pastures, cereal or vegetable crops and vineyards, often focusing on areas that have been recently harvested or ploughed and hence rendering prey more exposed. In urban areas, they are encountered on the edge of towns on wasteland, irregularly mown areas, sports fields, golf courses or grassy roadside verges. They also hunt over coastal dunes and drier marshland, but avoid areas with dense cover such as forest as well as bare or rocky ground.
99:
285:
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hatching and can hunt for mice within a week of leaving the nest. Juveniles disperse widely from their home territory. The black-shouldered kite hunts in open grasslands, searching for its prey by hovering and systematically scanning the ground. It mainly eats small rodents, particularly the introduced house mouse, and has benefitted from the modification of the
Australian landscape by agriculture. It is rated as
74:
476:-shaped marking lies in front of and stretches over and behind the eye, which is deep red and surrounded by a black orbital ring. The leading edge of the outer wing is black. When perched, this gives the species its prominent black "shoulders". The central rectrices of the tail are pale grey, while the rest of the tail feathers are white. The bill is short with a sharp, hooked tip to the upper
714:
male searched aerially for 82% of the search time. Typically, a kite hovers 10 to 12 m (35 to 40 ft) above a particular spot, peering down intently, sometimes for only a few seconds, often for a minute or more, then glides swiftly to a new vantage point and hovers again. When hunting from a perch, a dead tree is the preferred platform. Like other
735:
The arrival of
Europeans to Australia has, on the whole, benefited the black-shouldered kite through land clearing, irrigation for agriculture, grain harvesting, and storage practices which provide suitable conditions for much larger numbers of mice. As the species has a large range and an increasing
718:
kites, the black-shouldered kite grips a vertical branch with a foot on either side, each one above the other and turned inwards, which enables them to maintain a secure footing on relatively small branches. Though hovering is the most common hunting method, the kites have been observed searching the
491:
Black-shouldered kites spiral into the wind like a kestrel. They soar with V-shaped up-curved wings, the primaries slightly spread and the tail widely fanned, giving the tail a squarer appearance and visible 'fingers' on the wings. In level flight progress is rather indirect. Their flight pattern has
722:
When a mouse or other prey is spotted, the kite drops silently onto it, feet-first with wings raised high; sometimes in one long drop to ground level, more often in two or more stages, with hovering pauses at intermediate heights. Prey is seized in the talons and about 75% of attacks are successful.
713:
peaks, perhaps corresponding to mouse activity. When hunting, the kite hovers with its body hanging almost vertically, and its head into the wind. Unlike the nankeen kestrel, the black-winged kite shows no obvious sideways movement, even in a strong breeze. One study of a nesting pair noted that the
652:
Black-shouldered kites form monogamous pairs. The breeding season is usually August to
January, but is responsive to mice populations, and some pairs breed twice in a good season. Both sexes collect material for the nest but the female alone builds it. A large untidy shallow cup of sticks usually in
701:
account for over 90% of its diet. Its influence on mouse populations is probably significant; adults take two or three mice a day each if they can, around a thousand mice a year. On one occasion, a male was observed bringing no less than 14 mice to a nest of well-advanced fledglings within an hour.
664:
and brooding. The clutch consists of three to four dull white eggs of a tapered oval shape measuring 42 mm × 31 mm (1.7 in × 1.2 in) and with red-brown blotches that are often heavier around the larger end of the egg. The eggs are laid at intervals of two to five days.
648:
Aerial courtship displays involve single and mutual high circling flight, and the male may fly around with wings held high rapidly fluttering, known as flutter-flight. Courting males dive at the female, feeding her in mid-flight. The female grabs food from the male's talons with hers while flipping
487:
The juvenile has a white forehead and chin and rusty brown neck, nape and breast with darker streaks. The back and wings are mottled buff or brown. There is a less distinctive dark shoulder patch, but a larger comma-shaped patch over the eyes. The eyes themselves are dark brown. The bill is black
471:
The adult black-shouldered kite is around 35 cm (14 in) in length, with a wingspan of between 80 and 100 cm (31 and 39 in). The female is slightly heavier, weighing on average around 300 g (11 oz) compared to the male's average weight of 260 g (9.2 oz). The
263:
The species forms monogamous pairs, breeding between August and
January. The birds engage in aerial courtship displays which involve high circling flight and ritualised feeding mid-air. Three or four eggs are laid and incubated for around thirty days. Chicks are fully fledged within five weeks of
550:
A variety of different calls have been recorded from captive birds, including harsh, harmonic, chatter and whistle vocalisations. Harsh calls were made when a bird was alarmed or agitated, whistle-type calls were emitted in general contexts, sometimes monotonously, and shorter duration "chatter"
575:
Black-shouldered kites may be sedentary or nomadic and are generally found in open grasslands or valleys where there are scattered clumps of trees, where the grass or groundcover is accessible from the air and ranges from 30 cm to 1.5 m (1–5 ft) high. As well as native grasslands they
681:
626:
Black-shouldered kites usually hunt singly or in pairs, though where food is plentiful they occur in small family groups and can be loosely gregarious at times of irruptions, with up to 70 birds reported feeding together during a mouse plague. They roost communally, like other
503:), but has the black mark above and behind the eye, a white rather than grey crown, and shows all-white underparts in flight except for the black markings on the shoulder, dark wingtips, and a small black patch on the underwing. It is slightly larger than the
631:
species. They are territorial when food is not abundant. The practice of "tail flicking" where, on landing, the tail is flicked up and lowered and the movement repeated persistently is thought to be a possible territorial display.
748:. In southwestern Australia, it has become one of the most commonly recorded raptors in the wheatbelt. According to raptor researcher Stephen Debus, this species did not suffer from eggshell thinning during the period of
709:, preferring to hunt during the day, particularly in the early morning and mid to late afternoon, and occasionally hunts in pairs. Its hunting pattern, outside breeding periods and periods of abundant prey, has distinct
688:
The black-shouldered kite has become a specialist predator of the introduced house mouse, often following outbreaks of mouse plagues in rural areas. It takes other suitably-sized creatures when available, including
1257:
Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes". In
Chancellor, R. D.; Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.).
424:
noted that the plumage of the black-shouldered kite is similar to that of the black-winged and white-tailed kites, and proposed that all three were subspecies of a single cosmopolitan species
1230:
Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa A. (2007). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the
Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon".
649:
upside-down. They may lock talons and tumble downwards in a ritualised version of grappling, but release just before landing. All courtship displays are accompanied by constant calling.
1954:
547:
between a pair, while a harsh scraping call is the most common call used by the female and large young, and brooding females call to their young with a deep, soft, frog-like croak.
436:). Researchers William S. Clark and Richard C. Banks disputed this, pointing out the differences in anatomical proportions such as wing shape and tail length, and hunting behavior (
492:
been described as 'winnowing' with soft steady beats interspersed with long glides on angled wings. They can most often be seen hovering with wings curved and tail pointing down.
519:) has somewhat similar coloration to the black-shouldered kite but is bulkier and heavier overall and lacks the black markings. Its wings are barred, and it preys on birds. The
484:
are bright or dull yellow and the bill is black. The legs and feet are also yellow or golden-yellow, and the feet have three toes facing forwards and one toe facing backwards.
705:
Like other elanid kites, the black-shouldered kite hunts by quartering grasslands for small creatures. This can be from a perch, but more often by hovering in mid-air. It is
2383:
37:
315:, meaning "armpit", relating to the dark patches under the wings. He reported the description came from a bird that had been kept for two months in the early colony. The
591:
recovery was from the Red Banks area in South
Australia to Lithgow in eastern New South Wales three and a half years later, a distance of 1,073 km (667 mi).
440:
rarely hunts by hovering, unlike the other two species) and proposed the species be separated again in 1992. They are regarded as distinct in the IOC World Bird List.
2247:
535:
The black-shouldered kite is generally silent, except in the breeding season when its calls, though weak, can be persistent. It primarily utters a clear whistled
269:
19:
This article is about an
Australian species. For the closely related species of kite from (Africa and Eurasia) also sometimes known as black-shouldered kite, see
1878:
Sinclair, A. R. E.; Olsen, Penny D.; Redhead, T. D. (1990). "Can predators regulate small mammal populations? Evidence from house mouse outbreaks in
Australia".
969:
The genera of birds: comprising their generic characters, a notice of the habits of each genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera
2286:
386:
2353:
1278:
702:
In another study, a female kite was seen to struggle back to fledglings in the nest with a three-quarters grown rabbit, a heavy load for such a small bird.
594:
Although reported throughout
Australia, they are most common in the relatively fertile south-east and south-west corners of the mainland, and in south-east
756:
plagues. Populations in areas with high sheep and rabbit numbers may decline, as these animals compact the soil and reduce the available habitat for mice.
511:). The latter species lacks wing markings and has pale brown plumage. It keeps its wings level when soaring, and has a faster wingbeat when hovering. The
2208:
1713:
2260:
382:
was ambiguous and reinstated the name. This has been followed by subsequent authorities. The black-shouldered kite has no recognised subspecies.
752:
use in Australia, though he believes secondary poisoning is possible from rodenticides used during mouse plagues or from pesticides used during
598:. They are rare in the deep desert and dryer areas such as western Cape York or the Northern Territory, and are occasional visitors to northern
1076:
390:
2363:
1967:
1859:
1777:
1557:
1523:
1491:
1443:
1411:
1041:
986:
Debus, S.; Kirwan, G. M.; Marks, J. S. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
886:
858:
723:
Prey can either be eaten in flight or carried back to a perch. Birds will have a favoured feeding perch, beneath which accumulate piles of
362:
axillaries and hence must have referred to the letter-winged kite, and that Watling's drawings were inconclusive. He promoted the use of
2368:
1678:
2221:
2373:
1154:
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and are ready to fly in five weeks. Within a week of leaving the nest the young birds are capable of hunting for mice on their own.
252:
found in open habitats throughout Australia. It resembles similar species found in Africa, Eurasia and North America, including the
2378:
1643:
2195:
1925:
1174:
46:
2265:
2226:
1377:
996:
Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, e. (Eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
848:
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sexes have similar plumage. The crown, neck and upperparts are pale grey, while the head and underparts are white. A black
2094:
902:
827:
301:
210:
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Juveniles disperse widely, taking up territory that can be as far as 1,000 km (600 mi) from the nest site.
2010:
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1258:
1064:
1146:
1098:
1993:
1293:
2015:
98:
1803:
1601:
455:. There is some evidence they are more divergent from other raptors and better placed in their own family.
2120:
2034:
603:
421:
1724:
1486:. illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 359–60.
1175:"Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA"
393:(IOC). It has also been called the Australian black-shouldered kite to distinguish it from the Eurasian
193:
2072:
640:
805:
554:
2182:
2112:
2081:
724:
580:
1670:
316:
63:
1573:
Jurisevic, Mark A. (1998). "Comparison of vocalisations of Australian falcons and Elanine kites".
463:
2133:
1895:
1127:
1007:
745:
496:
351:
339:
257:
93:
618:
443:
Molecular evidence shows that the black-shouldered kite and its relatives belong to a subfamily
220:
2252:
571:
Flying with a mouse in its talons. Also showing small black underwing patches visible in flight
2278:
2156:
1963:
1913:
1855:
1773:
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1487:
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20:
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800:
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54:
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Females perform most of the care of eggs and nestlings, though males take a minor share of
2358:
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1984:
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410:
371:
355:
335:
150:
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2003:
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273:
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in Australia, which is distinguished by the striking black markings under its wings.
249:
83:
78:
1205:
831:
2161:
1608:. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
680:
588:
544:
520:
452:
448:
375:
160:
2330:
2200:
2148:
527:) has wider more rounded wings, underwing markings and glides with lowered wings.
2317:
2234:
2066:
1193:
967:
950:
930:
906:
710:
690:
512:
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in 1916. This was followed for many years. But in 1980 Australian taxonomists
346:
in 1849. Gould conceded Latham's name was valid and hence had precedence, and
327:
289:
2057:
1804:"Foraging, breeding behaviour and diet of a family of Black-shouldered Kites
1068:
110:
50:
1201:
1003:
409:)—both formerly known as "black-shouldered kite". Watling had recorded the
2304:
2051:
599:
477:
444:
130:
2213:
2107:
1899:
1802:
Debus, S.J.S.; Olde, G.S.; Marshall, N.; Meyer, J.; Rose, A.B. (2006).
1131:
972:. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 26.
587:
in response to sudden increases in mouse populations. The most distant
300:
The black-shouldered kite was first described by English ornithologist
753:
698:
666:
170:
120:
2239:
2174:
2028:
1891:
1586:
1518:. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 97–98.
1123:
1625:
1623:
693:, rats, small reptiles, birds, and even (very rarely) rabbits, but
2312:
2169:
1642:
Bennett, Margaret; Burgess, Nigel; Woehler, Eric (December 2015).
1406:. Queensland, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing. pp. 88–89.
694:
679:
639:
617:
566:
553:
473:
462:
309:
283:
1602:"ABBBS Database Search: Elanus axillaris (Black-shouldered Kite)"
987:
551:
calls were given when a bird sighted a human near the enclosure.
2187:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1318:
1316:
1314:
833:
Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae
481:
338:, apparently unaware of Latham's description. English zoologist
140:
2032:
1069:"New World Vultures, Secretarybird, Kites, Hawks & Eagles"
952:
A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands
776:
774:
749:
719:
ground beneath a vantage point for periods of up to an hour.
1292:(1). The Australian Raptor Association: 4–5. Archived from
1852:
Hawks in Focus : A Study of Australia's Birds of Prey
1173:
Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005).
935:. Vol. 5. London: Witherby & Co. pp. 200–02.
2024:
Xeno-canto: sound recordings of the black-shouldered kite
1600:
Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) (2017).
1438:. Melbourne, Australia: Lansdowne Press. pp. 78–79.
495:
The black-shouldered kite is very similar to the related
319:
was based on one of four paintings by Australian painter
1952:
Marchant, Stephen; Higgins, Peter Jeffrey, eds. (1993).
1376:. Birds Australia, Australian Museum. 19 February 2007.
539:
call in flight and while hovering, or a hoarse wheezing
378:
refuted Mathews' claim that the original description of
1955:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
881:. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. p. 73.
1854:. Mildura, Victoria: Jaclin Enterprises. p. 7.
836:(in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. ix.
2041:
543:when perched. A short high whistle is the primary
2227:australian-black-shouldered-kite-elanus-axillaris
1482:Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001).
806:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695033A93486030.en
1962:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
1772:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 198.
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
385:"Black-shouldered kite" has been designated the
1828:
1752:
1740:
1699:
1629:
1347:
1322:
1147:"The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite"
1036:. Melbourne, Victoria: Landsdowne. p. 12.
908:Supplement II. to the General Synopsis of Birds
323:of a bird in the Sydney district in the 1790s.
1712:Curtis, Lee K.; Rowland, Peter (Winter 2008).
911:. London: Leigh & Sotheby. pp. 42–43.
270:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1516:The Birds of Prey of Australia: a Field Guide
1145:Clark, William S.; Banks, Richard C. (1992).
8:
850:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1914:"Species factsheet: Black-shouldered Kite (
1873:
1871:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1477:
1475:
1397:
1395:
955:. London: J. Gould. Part IV, Appendix p. 1.
924:
922:
920:
918:
358:argued that Latham's description mentioned
2029:
2002:
1669:Global Raptor Information Network (1999).
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
872:
870:
219:
72:
36:
27:
2384:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1763:
1761:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
804:
2011:"Australian Black-shouldered Kite media"
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1644:"Interim checklist of King Island birds"
1032:Schodde, Richard; Mason, Ian J. (1980).
853:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 63.
308:. Its specific name is derived from the
1664:
1662:
1660:
1552:. Melbourne, Australia: Thomas Nelson.
879:Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide
770:
1850:Cupper, Jack; Cupper, Lindsay (1981).
1770:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs
1550:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of Australia
1279:"Australian raptors: the big picture"
1182:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1099:"Specific relationships in the genus
981:
979:
447:that is an early offshoot within the
7:
1681:from the original on 12 January 2013
2354:IUCN Red List least concern species
1928:from the original on 6 January 2018
1380:from the original on 6 January 2018
1077:International Ornithologists' Union
998:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
877:Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013).
792:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
391:International Ornithologists' Union
342:followed Latham using the binomial
1671:"Australian Kite Elanus axillaris"
14:
1266:. Berlin: WWGBP. pp. 483–98.
1155:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1244:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x
467:Immature bird with buff markings
420:In 1959, American ornithologist
246:Australian black-shouldered kite
97:
1985:BirdLife species factsheet for
1808:near Tamworth, New South Wales"
1404:Field Guide to Australian Birds
1067:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
781:BirdLife International (2016).
579:Their numbers fluctuate during
228:Range of black-shouldered kite
45:A black-shouldered kite at the
16:Small raptor found in Australia
330:described the same species as
274:Red List of Threatened Species
47:Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
1:
1606:Bird and bat banding database
736:population, it is listed as "
334:in 1838 from a specimen from
2364:Diurnal raptors of Australia
1812:Australian Field Ornithology
1034:Nocturnal birds of Australia
966:Gray, George Robert (1849).
929:Mathews, Gregory M. (1915).
1829:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1753:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1741:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1721:Wildlife Australia Magazine
1700:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1630:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1348:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1323:Marchant & Higgins 1993
1194:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010
1097:Parkes, Kenneth C. (1958).
1073:World Bird List Version 7.1
488:with a horn-coloured cere.
354:. Australian ornithologist
2400:
2369:Endemic birds of Australia
1924:. BirdLife International.
1768:Beruldsen, Gordon (2003).
1436:Birds of Prey of Australia
1402:Morcombe, Michael (2000).
847:Jobling, James A. (2010).
18:
1434:Morris, Frank T. (1976).
525:Accipiter novaehollandiae
227:
218:
199:
192:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
61:
44:
35:
30:
2374:Birds of prey of Oceania
2016:Internet Bird Collection
1232:Journal of Avian Biology
988:"Black-shouldered Kite (
799:: e.T22695033A93486030.
563:Distribution and habitat
2379:Birds described in 1801
1723:: 40–41. Archived from
1514:Debus, Stephen (1998).
1370:"Black-shouldered Kite"
1277:Debus, Stephen (2004).
657:, crow or raven nests.
480:. Its nostrils and the
1004:10.2173/bow.auskit1.01
932:The Birds of Australia
697:and other mouse-sized
685:
684:Hovering while hunting
645:
623:
583:and floods and can be
572:
559:
468:
297:
31:Black-shouldered kite
2139:black-shouldered-kite
1651:Tasmanian Bird Report
1548:Hollands, D. (1984).
683:
644:Mature bird with prey
643:
621:
570:
557:
466:
387:official English name
287:
244:), also known as the
236:black-shouldered kite
1730:on 27 February 2011.
1484:Raptors of the World
622:Hunting from a perch
1960:Raptors to Lapwings
731:Conservation status
326:English naturalist
317:species description
64:Conservation status
2134:BirdLife-Australia
1994:"Elanus axillaris"
1714:"Australian Kites"
1374:Birds in Backyards
746:Threatened species
686:
646:
624:
573:
560:
497:letter-winged kite
469:
340:George Robert Gray
298:
294:Birds of Australia
258:letter-winged kite
2341:
2340:
2035:Taxon identifiers
1969:978-0-19-553069-8
1861:978-0-9593975-0-5
1779:978-0-646-42798-0
1632:, pp. 37–38.
1559:978-0-17-006411-8
1525:978-0-19-550624-2
1493:978-0-7136-8026-3
1445:978-0-7018-1001-6
1413:978-1-876282-10-3
1260:Raptors Worldwide
1043:978-0-7018-1040-5
888:978-0-643-10471-6
860:978-1-4081-2501-4
655:Australian magpie
509:Falco cenchroides
422:Kenneth C. Parkes
403:white-tailed kite
395:black-winged kite
254:black-winged kite
232:
231:
185:E. axillaris
87:
21:Black-winged kite
2391:
2334:
2333:
2331:Elanus-axillaris
2321:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2113:67E74DD0BE9B257F
2103:
2102:
2100:Elanus_axillaris
2090:
2089:
2087:Elanus_axillaris
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:Elanus axillaris
2062:
2061:
2060:
2043:Elanus axillaris
2030:
2020:
2006:
2001:
1987:Elanus axillaris
1973:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1916:Elanus axillaris
1910:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1806:Elanus axillaris
1799:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1479:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1204:. Archived from
1179:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1107:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
990:Elanus axillaris
983:
974:
973:
963:
957:
956:
943:
937:
936:
926:
913:
912:
899:
893:
892:
874:
865:
864:
844:
838:
837:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
808:
785:Elanus axillaris
778:
676:Food and hunting
558:by Gloria Sarker
537:chee, chee, chee
517:Falco hypoleucos
501:E. scriptus
434:Falco peregrinus
430:peregrine falcon
344:Elanus axillaris
288:Illustration in
241:Elanus axillaris
223:
205:
203:Elanus axillaris
102:
101:
81:
76:
75:
40:
28:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2300:Observation.org
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2037:
2009:
1992:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1958:. Vol. 2:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1892:10.2307/3545150
1877:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1675:Species account
1668:
1667:
1658:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1587:10.1071/MU98001
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1533:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1453:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1346:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1299:on 2 April 2015
1296:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1124:10.2307/1365270
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
985:
984:
977:
965:
964:
960:
945:
944:
940:
928:
927:
916:
901:
900:
896:
889:
876:
875:
868:
861:
846:
845:
841:
826:
825:
821:
811:
809:
780:
779:
772:
767:
762:
733:
678:
638:
616:
565:
533:
505:nankeen kestrel
461:
428:—much like the
401:) and American
372:Richard Schodde
356:Gregory Mathews
350:was reduced to
336:New South Wales
306:Falco axillaris
282:
214:
207:
201:
188:
151:Accipitriformes
96:
88:
77:
73:
66:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2063:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2007:
1990:
1980:
1979:External links
1977:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1905:
1867:
1860:
1833:
1821:
1785:
1778:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1704:
1692:
1656:
1634:
1619:
1592:
1565:
1558:
1531:
1524:
1499:
1492:
1451:
1444:
1419:
1412:
1391:
1352:
1327:
1310:
1269:
1249:
1238:(5): 587–602.
1222:
1211:on 6 June 2011
1165:
1137:
1089:
1049:
1042:
1024:
975:
958:
938:
914:
894:
887:
866:
859:
839:
819:
769:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
732:
729:
677:
674:
637:
634:
615:
612:
564:
561:
532:
529:
460:
457:
332:Elanus notatus
321:Thomas Watling
281:
278:
230:
229:
225:
224:
216:
215:
208:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
180:
176:
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90:
89:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2377:
2375:
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2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(3): 382–92.
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:, p. 42.
1830:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:, p. 41.
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:, p. 39.
1742:
1737:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1702:, p. 40.
1701:
1696:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:, p. 36.
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:, p. 35.
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:(2): 327–46.
1187:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:(2): 139–40.
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
982:
980:
976:
971:
970:
962:
959:
954:
953:
948:
942:
939:
934:
933:
925:
923:
921:
919:
915:
910:
909:
904:
898:
895:
890:
884:
880:
873:
871:
867:
862:
856:
852:
851:
843:
840:
835:
834:
829:
823:
820:
807:
802:
798:
794:
793:
788:
786:
777:
775:
771:
764:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:IUCN Red List
739:
738:Least Concern
730:
728:
727:or castings.
726:
720:
717:
712:
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
682:
675:
673:
670:
668:
663:
658:
656:
650:
642:
635:
633:
630:
620:
613:
611:
609:
608:Torres Strait
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
562:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
531:Vocalisations
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
465:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
295:
291:
286:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:least concern
261:
259:
255:
251:
248:, is a small
247:
243:
242:
237:
226:
222:
217:
212:
206:
204:
198:
195:
194:Binomial name
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
91:
85:
80:
79:Least Concern
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2042:
2014:
1997:
1986:
1959:
1953:
1930:. Retrieved
1922:birdlife.org
1921:
1915:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1851:
1824:
1818:(3): 130–43.
1815:
1811:
1805:
1769:
1748:
1736:
1725:the original
1720:
1707:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1674:
1650:
1637:
1610:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1549:
1515:
1483:
1435:
1403:
1382:. Retrieved
1373:
1301:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1289:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1252:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1185:
1181:
1168:
1162:(4): 571–79.
1159:
1153:
1140:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1072:
1033:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
995:
989:
968:
961:
951:
941:
931:
907:
903:Latham, John
897:
878:
849:
842:
832:
828:Latham, John
822:
810:. Retrieved
796:
790:
784:
734:
721:
715:
704:
691:grasshoppers
687:
671:
659:
651:
647:
628:
625:
593:
578:
574:
549:
545:contact call
540:
536:
534:
524:
521:grey goshawk
516:
508:
500:
494:
490:
486:
470:
453:Accipitridae
442:
438:E. caeruleus
437:
433:
426:E. caeruleus
425:
419:
414:
406:
399:E. caeruleus
398:
384:
380:E. axillaris
379:
376:Ian J. Mason
368:E. axillaris
367:
363:
359:
347:
343:
331:
325:
312:
305:
304:in 1801, as
299:
293:
262:
245:
240:
239:
235:
233:
202:
200:
184:
183:
171:
161:Accipitridae
57:, Australia
25:
2235:iNaturalist
2067:Wikispecies
1945:Works cited
1612:13 December
1581:(1): 1–12.
1215:13 December
1065:Gill, Frank
947:Gould, John
812:13 November
711:crepuscular
604:King Island
513:grey falcon
459:Description
415:Geo-ga-rack
407:E. leucurus
302:John Latham
2348:Categories
2326:Xeno-canto
1653:(37): 1–5.
1082:9 December
1017:8 December
760:References
662:incubation
606:, and the
596:Queensland
364:E. notatus
348:E. notatus
328:John Gould
290:John Gould
1932:7 January
1384:7 January
1012:216289745
765:Citations
740:" on the
614:Behaviour
610:islands.
585:irruptive
272:(IUCN)'s
179:Species:
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
51:Melbourne
2313:Species+
2279:22695033
2253:10213035
2126:22695033
2121:BirdLife
2052:Wikidata
1926:Archived
1679:Archived
1677:. GRIN.
1378:Archived
1303:21 March
1202:15925523
949:(1838).
905:(1801).
830:(1801).
636:Breeding
600:Tasmania
541:skree-ah
478:mandible
445:Elaninae
352:synonymy
280:Taxonomy
157:Family:
131:Chordata
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
84:IUCN 3.1
55:Victoria
2214:2480369
2188:1048008
2175:auskit1
2149:auskit1
2108:Avibase
2058:Q594328
1998:Avibase
1900:3545150
1286:Boobook
1132:1365270
725:pellets
707:diurnal
699:mammals
667:fledged
589:banding
581:drought
451:family
389:by the
296:, 1840s
268:on the
213:, 1801)
167:Genus:
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
2359:Elanus
2292:387829
2266:559864
2196:EURING
1966:
1898:
1858:
1776:
1556:
1522:
1490:
1442:
1410:
1200:
1130:
1111:Condor
1101:Elanus
1040:
1010:
885:
857:
754:locust
716:Elanus
629:Elanus
449:raptor
411:Dharug
313:axilla
250:raptor
211:Latham
172:Elanus
2305:73136
2248:IRMNG
2201:31830
2170:eBird
2162:38YJ6
2146:BOW:
1896:JSTOR
1880:Oikos
1728:(PDF)
1717:(PDF)
1685:9 May
1647:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
1150:(PDF)
1128:JSTOR
1106:(PDF)
1008:S2CID
474:comma
413:term
366:over
360:black
310:Latin
2318:7748
2287:NCBI
2274:IUCN
2261:ITIS
2240:5276
2209:GBIF
1964:ISBN
1934:2018
1856:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1687:2010
1614:2017
1554:ISBN
1520:ISBN
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