435:, a British musician of Jamaican and Guyanese heritage, released "Cockney Translation", one of the first examples of British 'white slang' and British 'black slang' appearing side-by-side on a record (however, still distinct from each other). While Smiley Culture was commenting on how the two forms of slang were very distinct from each other and lived side-by-side, more natural fusions would become common in later years. Some hip-hop artists from the late 80s and early 90s, such as
1318:
382:, which fuse elements of MLE with local influences. This has led to some linguists referring to an overarching variety of English known as Multicultural British English (MBE), also known as Multicultural Urban British English (MUBE) or Urban British English (abbreviated UBE), which emerged from and is heavily influenced by MLE.
536:, and 73 De Pijp, for example, have been noted for using slang derivatives of MLE. Kate Burridge and Howard Manns, both Australian linguists, also noted that some MLE phrases (such as 'peng', meaning attractive or good) were being used generally by Australian youth. Similar influences have also been noted in Finnish teenagers.
439:, regularly infused both cockney and patois influenced slang in their music, showcasing how elements of both were becoming very much entwined and influencing each other, reflecting how younger, working-class Londoners were speaking. Such influences were not restricted to persons of a specific racial background. In 1987,
661:
as a pronoun: 'Man' is widely used as a first person singular pronoun, which may be rendered "man's" when combined with certain verbs such as "to be" and "to have": "man got arrested", "man's getting emotional". "Man" can also be used to refer to the second-person or third-person singular: "Where's
543:
has developed very strong similarities derived from MLE, which arose independently but with similar cultural influences and origin roots. A Canadian linguist, Derek Denis, has been noting MTE for some of the MLE phrases (such as "mans", meaning a group of guys, "wasteman", meaning someone's a waste
2370:
815:. From principles of levelling, it would be expected that younger speakers would show precisely the levelled qualities, with further developments reflecting the innovatory status of London as well as the passage of time. However, evidence, such as Cheshire
4102:
2354:
505:
and
Englishes along with their indigenised London versions, local London and south-eastern vernacular varieties of English, local and international youth slang, as well as more levelled and standard-like varieties from various sources."
4076:
370:
have suggested that diversity of friendship groups is a contributing factor to the development of MLE; the more ethnically diverse an adolescent's friendship networks are, the more likely it is that they will speak MLE.
2933:
5872:
430:
descent were 'bidialectal', switching between
Jamaican creole and London English; while white working class adolescents would occasionally use creole-inspired slang, they retained their accents. In 1985,
876:
gradual process. The change (from approximately ) involves lowering of the onset, and as such, it is a reversal of the diphthong shift. It can be interpreted as a London innovation with diffusion to the
4133:
4098:
3562:
2499:
3447:
517:
in 2010, "In much of the East End of London the
Cockney dialect... will have disappeared within another generation.... it will be gone within 30 years.... It has been 'transplanted' to... towns."
3025:
3603:
2856:
2795:
4072:
4217:
In: Auer, Peter, Hilpert, Martin, Stukenbrock, Anja and
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt,(eds.) Space in language and linguistics. linguae and litterae . Walter de Gruyter, pp. 128–164.
864:
shift. However, the added fronting is greater in London than in the southeastern periphery, resulting in variants such as and monophthongised . Fronting and monophthongisation of
2995:
443:, a British sociologist, commented that "In some parts of Britain, West Indian patois has become the public language of inner-city youths, irrespective of their racial origin".
446:
By the late 1990s, London was becoming increasingly multilingual, and residential segregation was less common. Young people from various ethnic backgrounds intermixed and, in
5417:
454:
noted that white working-class school kids were using "recreolised lexis". In the following decade, it would become ever more common, showcased prominently in music such as
5817:
3699:
4233:
3047:
Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1994). "Convergent explanation and alternative regularization patterns: Were/weren't levelling in a vernacular
English variety".
2560:
5980:
3816:
1967:
580:(System 2 below). Speakers of MLE use any of the three systems, with choice correlating with ethnicity and gender. Cheshire and Fox (2008) found the use of non-standard
3764:
2925:
544:
of space or a loser, and "yute", a slang term of
Jamaican origin for "youth", used to refer to a young adult or child), which were commonly used by Torontonian youths.
4266:
2826:
2439:
2234:
6005:
5975:
3731:
2681:
1928:
5625:
528:
from the mid-2010s onwards, elements of MLE began to spread internationally along with the genres. Some
Australian, Canadian, Dutch, and Irish musicians, such as
3669:
5840:
3638:
1339:
4125:
3967:
3357:
576:
will/won't and are/ain't). Most non-Standard varieties in the
English speaking world have a system where both positive and negative contexts have levelled to
6015:
3554:
3417:
2529:
2491:
2162:
3439:
4164:
426:
being used in the UK, setting the foundation for what would later become known as MLE. Research conducted in the early 1980s concluded that adolescents of
2262:
5812:
5512:
4485:
3934:
3322:
1266:"Dun know" ("of course" or "you already know", also an expression of approval. An abbreviated form of "You done know" as in "You done know how it goes".)
3017:
584:
to be most common among Black
Caribbean speakers, and least common among those of Bangladeshi descent. Bangladeshis were also found to use non-standard
6010:
3870:
3595:
354:
Speakers of MLE come from a wide variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and live in diverse neighbourhoods. As a result, it can be regarded as a
3516:
2849:
2263:"The post-racial, non-rhotic, inner city, Th-fronting, cross cultural, dipthong shifting, multi-ethnic, L-vocalisation, K-backing fusion of language"
5907:
3892:
2612:
2586:
2192:
564:
is something that is found across the
English speaking world. Many non-standard systems in Britain (and parts of the US Mid-Atlantic coast) use
5887:
3794:
2400:
450:
at least, Cockney was no longer the majority-spoken local dialect, resulting in children of various ethnic backgrounds adopting MLE. Linguist
5897:
5750:
5653:
5562:
5347:
4302:
4222:
3206:
Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerswill, Paul; Torgersen, Eivind (2013). "Language contact and language change in the multicultural metropolis".
2787:
2469:
2433:
2364:
2228:
2902:
2117:
5995:
5860:
5582:
4655:
4540:
2331:
490:
4447:
Paul Kerswill: A new urban dialect in a connected world: Multicultural London English (lecture given at Shaanxi Normal University, 2019),
2089:
2037:
1198:"Buff" (strong/attractive) (can be used in conjunction with "ting" meaning an attractive situation, or more commonly, an attractive woman)
3916:"Recent changes in London English. An overview of the main lexical, grammar and discourse features of Multicultural London English (MLE)"
6000:
5802:
5063:
2125:
1809:
912:
2987:
5865:
5663:
5618:
5168:
4020:
1898:
4421:
1300:"On a G ting" (almost the same as the above but less common and, unlike the above, used almost exclusively before making a statement)
5912:
3387:
2728:
2023:
1365:
1011:
is pronounced further back in the vocal tract and is realised as when it occurs before non-high back vowels, such as in words like
652:
An innovative feature is the ability to form questions in "Why ... for?" compared to Standard English "Why ...?" or "What ... for?".
5902:
5835:
4967:
4320:
1744:
3691:
687:
can also mark information structure overtly, to mark a topic or to foreground new information, as in the italicised example in .
5877:
5215:
5011:
4428:
4242:
2964:
2552:
1032:
771:
753:
514:
297:
1956:
5882:
5855:
5700:
5532:
4972:
4478:
4275:
3756:
1343:
2818:
2734:
2423:
1238:(a situation or thing that is awful, undesirable, disappointing, or embarrassing. Originally it held a positive connotation)
1777:
user who rates the quality of takeaways selling chicken and chips, frequently uses Multicultural London English vocabulary.
779:
While older speakers in London today display a vowel and consonant system that matches previously dominant accents such as
5611:
5572:
5265:
5227:
2218:
949:
3724:
2650:
5720:
5567:
5220:
5040:
4857:
4050:
3997:
3842:
1920:
1727:
1060:
926:
784:
160:
3178:
Cheshire, Jenny; Hall, David; Adger, David (2017). "Multicultural London English and social and educational policies".
2850:""Good to see the mandem from the endz doing their ting" – Multicultural London English in the tweets of Grime artists"
1269:"Alie/Ahlie!" ("Am I lying?", used as an expression of agreement, or as a question marker as in "Ahlie you sit there?")
4943:
4933:
4531:
4498:
4494:
4376:
3661:
679:, arguably a reduction of 'isn't it', has a third discourse function in MLE, in addition to the widespread usage as a
229:
1328:
4276:"Ethnicity, friendship network and social practices as the motor of dialect change: linguistic innovation in London"
3630:
5527:
5242:
5100:
4511:
4274:
Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerswill, Paul; Torgersen, Eivind (2008), Ulrich Ammon and Mattheier, {Klaus J.} (ed.),
4205:
3959:
3349:
1641:
1632:
655:
The "traditional Southern" England phrasal preposition "off of" has "robust use", especially with "Anglo females".
572:
for negative conjugations (System 1 below) to make the distinction between positive and negative contexts clearer (
3409:
2521:
2154:
2004:
Ethnicity, friendship network and social practices as the motor of dialect change: Linguistic innovation in London
1347:
1332:
5985:
5807:
5507:
5033:
4991:
4962:
4894:
4862:
4471:
941:
1491:"Side ting" (sexual partner other than a girlfriend/wife, as in the standard British phrase "a bit on the side")
1485:"Roadman" (a youth member that spends a lot of time on the streets and may sell and use drugs, or cause trouble)
5232:
5186:
5085:
5058:
5023:
4918:
4789:
4180:
4160:
2269:
1532:
1002:
787:
ones noted in recent studies (such as Williams & Kerswill 1999 and Przedlacka 2002) of teenage speakers in
307:
3915:
3314:
4392:
485:"), conveying the idea of "fake Jamaican", because of popular belief that it stems solely from immigrants of
5690:
5444:
5277:
5095:
5070:
1782:
1770:
1718:
957:
540:
165:
110:
100:
90:
72:
4453:
1429:"Boss(man)" (used to refer to an individual, often a service worker in a convenience store or chicken shop)
5359:
5337:
5141:
4838:
4807:
4685:
3871:"'Ching, wap, ox': Slang interpreters decipher texts for court evidence | Police | the Guardian"
3509:
1757:
1706:
1291:
1280:
1273:
1235:
1158:
1135:
1054:
1026:
1008:
996:
989:
977:
935:
920:
906:
895:
891:
885:
881:
865:
857:
847:
843:
836:
767:
763:
749:
2609:"Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition and diffusion of a new variety ESRC grant page"
5557:
5477:
5342:
5237:
4950:
4884:
4638:
4628:
4623:
3151:
Cheshire, Jenny (2013). "Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun".
2867:
1665:
1536:
366:
and commented that the "differences between ethnicities, where they exist, are quantitative in nature".
5550:
3884:
1868:
461:
As the media became more aware of MLE in the 2000s, a variety of names emerged to describe it such as "
4463:
2608:
2582:
5954:
5710:
5658:
5643:
5634:
4979:
4872:
4812:
4690:
4663:
4580:
3231:
2184:
1058:
1030:
1000:
955:
947:
939:
924:
910:
832:
510:
180:
3786:
5990:
5685:
5668:
5577:
5407:
5399:
5297:
5260:
5146:
5131:
5006:
4996:
4923:
4762:
4350:"Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English"
2651:"Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English"
2392:
1736:
1088:
521:
455:
3692:"Police and politicians need a better understanding of slang | Feature from King's College London"
2957:"The past, present, and future of Canadian English: What our accent tells us about being Canadian"
2461:
5467:
5434:
5369:
5352:
5207:
5028:
4575:
4565:
4308:
3256:
3114:
3064:
2894:
2323:
2056:
2029:
1731:, the protagonist Gary "Eggsy" Unwin uses MLE, but his mother and stepfather use regular Cockney.
796:
788:
105:
95:
4349:
716:
yeah I know. I'm a lot smaller than all of them man and who were like "whoa". I mean the sister
2085:
2002:
5892:
5850:
5845:
5472:
5457:
5429:
5389:
5181:
5163:
5118:
4867:
4643:
4607:
4298:
4260:
4218:
3926:
3106:
2724:
2673:
2429:
2360:
2315:
2224:
2019:
1840:
221:
489:
and Caribbean descent. However, research suggests that the roots of MLE are more varied: two
5675:
5592:
5545:
5497:
5424:
5332:
5322:
5317:
5307:
5153:
5126:
4984:
4904:
4849:
4747:
4729:
4716:
4553:
4548:
4364:
4290:
3183:
3160:
3098:
3056:
2665:
2307:
2011:
1749:
1697:
1469:
1131:
533:
494:
486:
344:
336:
241:
233:
209:
120:
115:
3440:"Sorry Michael Gove, my blackness is not a funny outfit for politicians like you to try on"
1890:
839:, the vowel in FOOT: "more retracted in the outer-city borough of Havering than in Hackney"
783:, young speakers often display different qualities. The qualities are on the whole not the
5933:
5462:
5364:
5302:
5272:
5255:
5080:
4955:
4776:
4752:
4724:
4695:
4668:
4633:
4520:
4333:
2880:
2068:
1835:
1753:
1143:
502:
447:
423:
363:
253:
225:
125:
82:
4442:
4321:"Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition and diffusion of a new variety"
3379:
3018:"A Linguistics Professor Wrote An Entire Academic Paper On The Toronto Slang Word 'Mans'"
1157:, one of the most striking features of MLE is the advanced articulation of the sibilants
850:"absent in most inner-London speakers" of both sexes and all ethnicities but "present in
728:
as a quotative, to introduce direct reported speech at key points in dramatic narrative.
5695:
5537:
5452:
5412:
5312:
5136:
4889:
4794:
4784:
4700:
4502:
4126:"Big Shaq giver koncert i København – 'Man's Not Hot' – rapperen til ny hiphopfestival"
2116:
Multilingualism: Empowering Individuals, Transforming Societies (MEITS) (21 May 2017).
1845:
1817:
1790:
1284:
880:
Raised onset of the vowel in words like FACE, which results in variants such as . Like
432:
427:
411:
355:
198:
175:
4443:
Multicultural London English – Language and Linguistic Science, The University of York
4429:
Endogenous change in inner-London teenage speech as the generator of vowel innovations
4324:
4161:"Research shows that Cockney will disappear from London's streets within a generation"
1636:, one of the earliest seen forms of the language is widespread throughout this series.
588:
the least, but this variable was used more by white British speakers than anyone else.
5969:
5782:
5587:
5502:
5158:
5075:
5016:
4928:
4879:
4757:
4739:
4368:
3224:
3118:
3068:
2669:
2327:
1713:
1154:
812:
792:
498:
407:
340:
237:
56:
17:
4312:
4241:, Queen Mary's Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics, vol. 33, archived from
2956:
2033:
5777:
5090:
4938:
4817:
4334:"Linguistic Innovators: The English of Adolescents in London: Full Research Report"
3089:
Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue (2008). "Was/were variation: A perspective from London".
1677:
851:
680:
557:
497:
and group second language acquisition. Specifically, it can contain elements from "
440:
436:
395:
205:
888:
to is strongest among BAME. It is also seen as a reversal of the diphthong shift.
493:-funded research projects found that MLE has most likely developed as a result of
3843:"Leeds men bragged about stealing luxury cars on social media - and it backfired"
2718:
5917:
5762:
5755:
4229:
1813:
1317:
1084:
1022:
873:
451:
403:
374:
Variants of MLE have emerged in diverse neighbourhoods of other cities, such as
367:
170:
4042:
5603:
5001:
4448:
3102:
3060:
2311:
1692:
parodies the speech patterns of Multicultural London English for comic effect.
1659:
1165:
973:
399:
379:
375:
3989:
3930:
3110:
2677:
2649:
Cheshire, Jenny; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Sue; Torgersen, Eivind (1 April 2011).
2583:"Linguistic Innovators: The English of Adolescents in London ESRC grant page"
2319:
1111:, etc) is stopped (i.e., pronounced "d"), so the aforementioned words become
5767:
5730:
5725:
4558:
4294:
4201:
Identity, ethnicity and place: the construction of youth language in London.
2295:
2015:
1685:
1671:
1650:
902:
861:
391:
332:
282:
270:
4283:
Sociolinguistica : International Yearbook of European Sociolinguistics
1740:, speaks Multicultural London English and interprets speech for colleagues.
1426:"Blud" (an endearing term for a close friend; from "blood" implying family)
1294:(exclamation, used to express bad, excitement, shocking, unbelievable, wow)
898:. Additionally, is used by some BAME, especially girls, in the inner city.
2926:"Toronto slang on the rise thanks to city's growing pop culture relevance"
2895:"Toronto slang on the rise thanks to city's growing pop culture relevance"
1444:"Dinger" (car, often in a criminal context, referring to a stolen vehicle)
5735:
4585:
4185:
2118:"Multilingualism: Empowering Individuals, Transforming Societies (MEITS)"
1794:
1605:"Pattern" (to fix something/yourself up/get something/get something done)
1593:"Link (up)" (to meet up, give someone something, pre-relationship status)
1473:
1283:(expression of approval, greeting, thanks, agreement, and also used as a
894:
realised as and not "levelled" : In inner-city London, is the norm for
759:
525:
501:
of English, Englishes from the Indian subcontinent and Africa, Caribbean
315:
303:
4199:
4073:"YouTube star reviews London chicken shops in search of 'pengest munch'"
3596:"'Ching, wap, ox': slang interpreters decipher texts for court evidence"
2296:""Original London style": London Posse and the birth of British Hip Hop"
2185:"What is MLE? – Language and Linguistic Science, The University of York"
1602:"Par (off)" (to verbally abuse someone, or to make a mockery of someone)
5772:
5522:
5517:
5327:
4673:
4600:
4595:
3164:
1830:
1802:
1774:
1756:
pilots who juxtapose the dialect's vocabulary and grammar with a 1940s
1177:
Examples of vocabulary common in Multicultural London English include:
780:
529:
410:
slang did not become widely visible until the 1970s. The popularity of
311:
257:
46:
4190:
3187:
5740:
4590:
4570:
4348:
Cheshire, Jenny; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Sue; Torgersen, Eivind (2011),
2755:
2001:
Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerswill, Paul; Torgersen, Eivind (2008).
1417:
1276:(a generalised exclamation, previously common in the 1940s and 1950s)
988:. That is now much less common, with some MLE speakers not dropping
808:
415:
348:
339:
that emerged in the late 20th century. It is spoken mainly by young,
249:
60:
4375:
Cheshire, Jenny; Fox, Sue; Kerwill, Paul; Torgerson, Eivind (2005).
1816:
uses MLE heavily throughout the film. The character's voice actor,
1542:"Allow (it/that)" (to urge someone else to exercise self-restraint)
3990:"England riots: What's the meaning of the words behind the chaos?"
3817:"Culture Shock: Language Differences | Surrey meets the Caribbean"
1764:
1689:
804:
800:
245:
4393:"english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE"
1767:
mentioned her as being a speaker of Multicultural London English.
872:(BAME) speakers. It seems to be a geographically directional and
1207:"Deep" (very unfortunate/serious) (used to describe a situation)
869:
398:, and to a lesser extent the migration from other areas such as
5607:
4467:
3662:"The London sayings and phrases that annoy the rest of England"
2819:"The Thin White Line Between U.K Grime And Toronto Rap Culture"
2788:"Grime and UK drill are exporting multicultural London English"
5745:
1311:
1164:
Like most accents of England, Multicultural London English is
419:
2492:"Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang"
1432:"Bruv" (an endearing term used for a close friend or brother)
362:
ethnic styles" in their data on phonetics and quotatives in
4422:
Linguistic innovators: the English of adolescents in London
4377:"Reversing 'drift': Changes in the London diphthong system"
3510:"Multicultural London English Innovation starts inner city"
1864:
1297:"Big man ting" ("seriously", used after making a statement)
539:
It has been noted that in other countries, such as Canada,
3555:"17 Multicultural London English words and what they mean"
980:
was commonly dropped in traditional Cockney in words like
390:
MLE is rooted mostly in the widespread migration from the
314:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3631:"Sick, bad, wicked: London's colourful slang on the rise"
3410:"Big up MLE - the origins of London's 21st century slang"
2155:"Big up MLE – the origins of London's 21st century slang"
1955:
Cheshire, Jenny; Nortier, Jacomine; Adger, David (2015).
1500:"Ting" (a thing or a situation, also an attractive woman)
860:-lowering across region: it is seen as a reversal of the
2462:"Yo, Blingland! Hip-hop culture rules for British teens"
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
1213:"Gassed" (overwhelmed, happy, excited, full of oneself)
1648:
Characters of all ethnicities in the Channel 4 series
1447:"Fam" (short for "family", can also refer to "friend")
2988:"Why Torontonians should be proud of our local slang"
4181:"Cockney to disappear from London 'within 30 years'"
2720:
Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives
1438:"Creps" (shoes, more typically trainers or sneakers)
1435:"Boy" (a term of belittlement, to belittle someone)
758:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5947:
5926:
5826:
5793:
5709:
5642:
5490:
5443:
5398:
5378:
5290:
5206:
5199:
5117:
5049:
4903:
4848:
4837:
4830:
4775:
4738:
4715:
4654:
4616:
4539:
4530:
4519:
4510:
4441:Paul Kerswill's Multicultural London English Page,
2723:. Taylor and Francis. 10 January 2014. p. 96.
1231:"Moist" (soft / uncool, more extreme form of ‘wet’)
458:and British hip hop, and in films like Kidulthood.
280:
268:
263:
216:
195:
153:
79:
67:
52:
42:
32:
4424:, Oxford Graduate Seminar, 12 November 2007 (ppt).
3380:"The rise of Multicultural London English, innit?"
2356:Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music
1722:often use Multicultural London English vocabulary.
1645:use an early form of Multicultural London English.
1554:"Buss" (to give/to send, to bust, or to ejaculate)
1134:may additionally apply to resulting from stopped
1091:"th" can be stopped (i.e., pronounced as "t"), so
868:are correlated with ethnicity and strongest among
720:she's about five times bigger than you innit Mark?
4319:Kerswill, Paul; Cheshire, Jenny (18 March 2009).
4099:"Boy Reviewing London's Chicken Shops Goes Viral"
1921:"How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?"
1669:also use the dialect, as well as the parody film
736:my mum's boyfriend "put that in your pocket now".
556:variation: The past tense of the verb "to be" is
2220:The Stories of Slang: Language at its most human
1560:"Cheff" (stab, from a chef cutting with a knife)
1195:"Booky/Bookey/Bookie/Buki" (suspicious, strange)
772:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1416:"Akh" (a term of enddearment, derived from the
2086:"Multicultural British English – Rob Drummond"
1793:under the pseudonym Big Shaq, which satirises
1241:"Peng" (attractive person, or something good)
5619:
4479:
2393:"Resources – Language and Linguistic Science"
1786:uses Multicultural London English throughout.
1654:use Multicultural London English continually.
8:
4265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1599:"Merk" (to beat someone, finish someone off)
1964:Queen Mary Occasional Papers in Linguistics
1596:"Lips" (to kiss, specifically on the mouth)
1385:"My man" (third-person singular, masculine)
1346:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1130:Among speakers of Jamaican descent, London
5813:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
5626:
5612:
5604:
5513:Comparison of American and British English
5382:
5203:
4911:
4845:
4834:
4536:
4527:
4516:
4486:
4472:
4464:
3725:"Teaching unit 2: Angela - street trouble"
3257:"Multicultural London English (MLE) – KTS"
2756:University of Lancaster press release 2010
1244:"Piff" (attractive person, something good)
706:
702:Hadiya: it weren't like it was an accident
683:or a follow-up as in and below. In MLE,
422:, led to the emergence of slang rooted in
29:
27:Sociolect of English in the United Kingdom
3208:Revue Française de Linguistique Appliqueé
1620:"Twos" (to share something with somebody)
1611:"Set (me some/that)" (to ask for an item)
1608:"Pree" (to stare at something or someone)
1366:Learn how and when to remove this message
5981:Languages attested from the 20th century
5696:Decline and legacy of the British Empire
3138:
2767:
2705:
1865:"UrBEn-ID Urban British English project"
1456:"Garms" (clothes, derived from garments)
1225:"Leng" (attractive, gun, something good)
662:man going?" (Where are you/is he going?)
591:
568:variably for positive conjugations, and
4228:Cheshire, Jenny, Nortier, Jacomine and
4204:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 128–164,
4158:University of Lancaster press release,
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3243:
1856:
1503:"Wasteman" (a worthless/useless person)
1388:"My guy" (close friend or acquaintance)
1379:"Man" (first or second-person singular)
1099:. Syllable-initial voiced "th" (as in
308:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6006:Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom
5976:20th-century establishments in England
4258:
3923:Complutense Journal of English Studies
3719:
3717:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
2936:from the original on 12 September 2022
2876:
2865:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2064:
2054:
1810:The Spider-Man: Across the Spiderverse
1482:"Riddim" (instrumental/beat of a song)
823:(2013), contradicts that expectation.
4124:Stolberg, Kjartan F. (8 March 2018).
4000:from the original on 12 November 2020
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2986:Farooqui, Salmaan (23 October 2019).
2924:Farooqui, Salmaan (13 October 2019).
2829:from the original on 17 December 2019
2798:from the original on 22 February 2021
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2212:
2210:
2080:
2078:
1789:The song "Man's Not Hot" by comedian
1716:(and her friends Lisa and Ryan) from
1465:"Mandem" (group of men, male friends)
1303:"Swear down!" ("swear it", "really?")
846:-fronting: fronting of the offset of
7:
5583:Non-native pronunciations of English
4427:Paul Kerswill and Eivind Torgersen,
3940:from the original on 27 January 2022
3767:from the original on 8 November 2020
2615:from the original on 21 October 2018
2589:from the original on 21 October 2018
2522:"The death of a toasting translator"
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2111:
2109:
2107:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1957:"Emerging Multiethnolects in Europe"
1950:
1948:
1946:
1344:adding citations to reliable sources
762:. For the distinction between ,
491:Economic and Social Research Council
477:". MLE is sometimes referred to as "
6016:Youth culture in the United Kingdom
5803:Black and Asian Studies Association
4041:Gompertz, Will (26 February 2016).
3885:"Songs From the City by Dan Hancox"
3660:Davis, Rachael (12 December 2020).
2998:from the original on 14 August 2022
1973:from the original on 15 August 2016
1800:Many of the characters in the show
1710:speak Multicultural London English.
1701:speak Multicultural London English.
1639:The Bhangra Muffin characters from
1617:"Touch yard" (to have reached home)
1476:", to refer to a fake friend/enemy)
509:According to research conducted at
358:. One study was unable "to isolate
4235:Emerging multiethnolects in Europe
4208:from the original on 19 March 2021
4167:from the original on 26 March 2021
4136:from the original on 26 March 2021
4105:from the original on 19 March 2021
4079:from the original on 19 March 2021
4053:from the original on 19 March 2021
3970:from the original on 26 March 2021
3858:(dingers is slang for stolen cars)
3737:from the original on 19 March 2021
3702:from the original on 19 March 2021
3672:from the original on 26 March 2021
3641:from the original on 26 March 2021
3606:from the original on 19 March 2021
3565:from the original on 19 March 2021
3522:from the original on 19 March 2021
3450:from the original on 19 March 2021
3420:from the original on 19 March 2021
3390:from the original on 19 March 2021
3360:from the original on 26 March 2021
3325:from the original on 19 March 2021
2737:from the original on 19 March 2021
2687:from the original on 19 March 2021
2563:from the original on 26 March 2021
2532:from the original on 19 March 2021
2502:from the original on 19 March 2021
2472:from the original on 19 March 2021
2442:from the original on 19 March 2021
2403:from the original on 19 March 2021
2373:from the original on 26 March 2021
2353:Hebdige, Dick (2 September 2003).
2334:from the original on 19 March 2021
2237:from the original on 19 March 2021
2217:Green, Jonathon (5 October 2017).
2195:from the original on 26 March 2021
2165:from the original on 19 March 2021
2128:from the original on 19 March 2021
2043:from the original on 19 March 2021
1931:from the original on 16 April 2021
1901:from the original on 15 April 2021
1871:from the original on 19 March 2021
1695:The gang protagonists of the film
1566:"Chirpse" (to flirt with somebody)
1548:"Beg" (please, a wannabe/try-hard)
1150:may also be heard among Jamaicans.
25:
5818:National Black Police Association
3895:from the original on 8 March 2021
3841:Hyde, Nathan (13 November 2019).
3797:from the original on 1 March 2021
3028:from the original on 3 March 2022
2955:Wijekoon, Pamoda (17 July 2020).
2905:from the original on 8 March 2022
2862:from the original on 6 June 2022.
2817:Dichio, Luca (15 November 2018).
2551:Braier, Rachel (30 August 2013).
2422:Thorne, Tony (27 February 2014).
1806:use Multicultural London English.
1704:Several characters in the sitcom
1551:"Bun" (to smoke, to kill someone)
1468:"Paigon" (a modified spelling of
870:Black, Asian, and minority ethnic
631:He/she/it was, he/she/it weren't
6011:Working-class culture in England
4418:, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982.
4369:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x
3960:"The secret world of gang slang"
3350:"The secret world of gang slang"
3228:Jamaican pronunciation in London
2670:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x
2425:Dictionary of Contemporary Slang
1575:"Crease" (to laugh hysterically)
1557:"Chat breeze" (talk rubbish/lie)
1316:
1222:"Hench" (physically fit, strong)
909:results in realisations such as
694:they was getting jealous though
634:He/she/it was, he/she/it wasn't
628:He/she/it was, he/she/it wasn't
3180:Languages, Society & Policy
2967:from the original on 5 May 2022
2092:from the original on 8 May 2021
2010:. Vol. 22. pp. 1–23.
1201:"Butters" (ugly, or disgusting)
1186:"Bait" (obvious, or well known)
923:can result in variants such as
754:International Phonetic Alphabet
515:Queen Mary University of London
5533:English-based creole languages
3914:Palacios Martínez, Ignacio M.
1581:"Duss" (to make a run for it)
1382:"You" (second-person singular)
1:
5573:List of English-based pidgins
4454:Learn Jafaikan in Two Minutes
4289:, Max Niemeyer Verlag: 1–23,
4189:, 1 July 2010, archived from
3091:Language Variation and Change
3049:Language Variation and Change
541:Multicultural Toronto English
520:With the worldwide growth of
5939:Multicultural London English
5568:Linguistic purism in English
3787:"The Chicken Shop Is London"
2468:. London. 22 February 2004.
2294:Wood, Andy (1 August 2009).
2223:. Little, Brown Book Group.
1734:Lisa, the police officer in
1728:Kingsman: The Secret Service
1569:"Clap" (to hit/shoot/attack)
1512:"Wifey" (girlfriend or wife)
1497:"Sket" (a promiscuous woman)
1256:"Wet" (uncool, boring, soft)
938:results in variants such as
325:Multicultural London English
131:Multicultural London English
33:Multicultural London English
5996:English language in England
4669:London & Thames Estuary
4357:Journal of Sociolinguistics
3153:Journal of Sociolinguistics
2794:. London. 30 January 2021.
2658:Journal of Sociolinguistics
1897:. London. 2 November 2013.
1587:"Jack" (to steal something)
1531:"Aks" (ask, an example of
1462:"Gyaldem" (group of girls)
1391:"My G" (short for "my guy")
1228:"Long" (laborious, tedious)
667:Discourse-pragmatic markers
230:African dialects of English
6032:
6001:English language in London
5866:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
5528:English as a lingua franca
3315:"From the mouths of teens"
2498:. London. 20 August 2012.
2399:. The University of York.
1528:"Air" (to ignore somebody)
1518:"Wagwan" (What's going on)
1515:"Yard" (house or dwelling)
1406:"You(s) lot" (you, plural)
1210:"Dutty" (dirty, bad, ugly)
1204:"Dead/bad" (boring, empty)
63:; variants in other cities
5808:Black Equity Organisation
5508:Broad and general accents
5418:regional and occupational
5385:
5251:
5177:
4914:
4803:
3103:10.1017/S0954394509000015
3061:10.1017/S0954394500001691
2528:. London. 16 March 2011.
2312:10.1080/14788810902981050
294:
37:
5654:First Africans in London
4341:ESRC End of Award Report
2553:"Jafaican? No we're not"
1545:"Beef" (argument, fight)
1488:"Shank" (to stab, knife)
1247:"Safe" (greetings, good)
1192:"Bare" (very/a lot/many)
884:, monophthongisation of
5691:Race Relations Act 1965
4391:Lindsey, Geoff (2011).
4384:University of Lancaster
4332:Kerswill, Paul (2007).
4295:10.1515/9783484605299.1
4198:Kerswill, Paul (2013),
4043:"Adele: The full story"
3757:"Hipster Fried Chicken"
2016:10.1515/9783484605299.1
1814:Hobie Brown/Spider Punk
1771:The Chicken Connoisseur
1719:The Catherine Tate Show
1657:Characters in the film
1403:"You man" (you, plural)
1253:"Wavey" (high or drunk)
750:phonetic transcriptions
73:Ethnic groups in London
4686:Received Pronunciation
2875:Cite journal requires
1745:Armstrong & Miller
1707:People Just Do Nothing
1441:"Ends" (neighbourhood)
747:This section contains
617:You were, you weren't
601:Non-standard system 2
598:Non-standard system 1
296:This article contains
5841:Antiguan and Barbudan
4880:Multicultural Toronto
4416:Black British English
3763:. 27 September 2015.
3761:www.theguardian.co.uk
3386:. 15 September 2017.
3321:. 22 September 2011.
1572:"Cotch" (to hang out)
1537:West Country dialects
1506:"Upsuh" (out of town)
1219:"Gully" (rough, cool)
620:You was, you weren't
38:Urban British English
18:Black British English
5659:Atlantic slave trade
5635:Black British people
5041:Western Pennsylvania
3446:. 27 November 2019.
3414:www.newstatesman.com
3232:Philological Society
2159:www.newstatesman.com
1927:. 24 February 2016.
1797:music, utilises MLE.
1773:(Elijah Quashie), a
1763:A BBC article about
1725:In the feature film
1642:Goodness Gracious Me
1614:"Shoobz" (to party)
1535:that also occurs in
1494:"Skeng" (gun, knife)
1423:"Blem" (a cigarette)
1340:improve this section
819:(2011) and Cheshire
639:We were, we weren't
623:You was, you wasn't
560:. Regularisation of
511:Lancaster University
394:to the UK following
181:Early Modern English
5827:Ethnic and national
5686:Bristol Bus Boycott
5578:Mid-Atlantic accent
5169:Trinidad and Tobago
4101:. 9 December 2016.
4075:. 9 December 2016.
2901:. 13 October 2019.
1760:for comedic effect.
1737:Little Miss Jocelyn
1087:: Syllable-initial
642:We was, we weren't
499:learners' varieties
414:in the UK, such as
360:distinct (discrete)
220:Various, including
161:Proto-Indo-European
5918:Other black groups
5794:Civic and economic
5101:Pennsylvania Dutch
3996:. 12 August 2011.
3964:www.standard.co.uk
3821:blogs.surrey.ac.uk
3416:. 26 August 2017.
3354:www.standard.co.uk
3165:10.1111/josl.12053
2161:. 26 August 2017.
1752:sketches with two
1625:In popular culture
1397:"These man" (they)
789:South East England
645:We was, we wasn't
106:North Sea Germanic
5963:
5962:
5836:African-Caribbean
5601:
5600:
5486:
5485:
5286:
5285:
5195:
5194:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5034:Pacific Northwest
4895:Standard Canadian
4826:
4825:
4771:
4770:
4711:
4710:
4414:David Sutcliffe,
4304:978-3-484-60528-2
4223:978-3-11-031202-7
3966:. 10 April 2012.
3891:. 25 March 2021.
3889:Poetry Foundation
3602:. 29 March 2019.
3356:. 10 April 2012.
3188:10.17863/CAM.9804
2823:Sidedoor Magazine
2435:978-1-4081-8181-2
2366:978-1-134-93104-0
2230:978-1-4721-3967-2
1820:, is from London.
1590:"Kweff" (to stab)
1578:"Dash" (to throw)
1453:"Gally" (girl(s))
1420:word for brother)
1394:"Them man" (they)
1376:
1375:
1368:
1065:in words such as
1037:in words such as
649:
648:
609:I was, I weren't
595:Standard English
322:
321:
304:rendering support
300:phonetic symbols.
222:Caribbean English
16:(Redirected from
6023:
5986:City colloquials
5628:
5621:
5614:
5605:
5498:English language
5383:
5204:
5187:Falkland Islands
5086:General American
5059:African-American
4912:
4846:
4835:
4537:
4528:
4517:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4465:
4460:, 12 April 2006.
4403:
4401:
4399:
4387:
4381:
4371:
4354:
4344:
4338:
4328:
4323:. Archived from
4315:
4280:
4270:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4194:
4193:on 19 March 2021
4176:
4174:
4172:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3793:. 14 July 2017.
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3592:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3551:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3346:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3311:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2655:
2646:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2300:Atlantic Studies
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2275:on 19 March 2021
2274:
2268:. Archived from
2267:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2009:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1750:Second World War
1748:has a series of
1698:Attack the Block
1371:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1320:
1312:
1293:
1282:
1275:
1250:"Shook" (scared)
1237:
1189:"Balling" (rich)
1161:as post-dental .
1160:
1144:Hypercorrections
1137:
1132:t-glottalization
1064:
1056:
1036:
1028:
1010:
1006:
998:
991:
979:
961:
953:
945:
937:
930:
922:
916:
908:
897:
893:
887:
883:
867:
859:
849:
845:
838:
791:outside London:
769:
765:
707:
612:I was, I wasn't
606:I was, I wasn't
592:
495:language contact
273:
210:English alphabet
201:
85:
30:
21:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6020:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5943:
5934:British English
5922:
5828:
5822:
5795:
5789:
5741:British hip hop
5712:
5705:
5670:Empire Windrush
5645:
5638:
5632:
5602:
5597:
5482:
5439:
5394:
5374:
5282:
5278:Solomon Islands
5247:
5191:
5173:
5105:
5096:New York Latino
5071:American Indian
5051:
5045:
4906:
4899:
4840:
4822:
4808:Channel Islands
4799:
4767:
4734:
4707:
4650:
4612:
4522:
4506:
4492:
4438:
4411:
4409:Further reading
4406:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4379:
4374:
4352:
4347:
4336:
4331:
4327:on 4 June 2009.
4318:
4305:
4278:
4273:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4248:on 4 March 2016
4245:
4238:
4227:
4211:
4209:
4197:
4179:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4021:"Student Slang"
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3444:The Independent
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3319:The Independent
3313:
3312:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3223:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3126:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2848:Raiski, Ilari.
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2496:The Independent
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2063:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1836:Estuary English
1827:
1675:and its sequel
1663:and its sequel
1627:
1525:
1479:"Rambo" (knife)
1450:"Feds" (police)
1413:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1337:
1321:
1310:
1272:"Oh, my days!"
1263:
1183:
1175:
1073:, which become
976:: word-initial
969:
829:
777:
776:
775:
743:
705:
669:
550:
424:Jamaican patois
388:
302:Without proper
269:
226:Jamaican Patois
224:(in particular
202:
197:
191:
156:
149:
126:British English
86:
83:Language family
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5898:Sierra Leonean
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5861:Montserratians
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5832:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5540:
5538:Englishisation
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5445:Southeast Asia
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5360:South Atlantic
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5142:Cayman Islands
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5055:
5053:
5052:ethno-cultural
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4644:Stoke-on-Trent
4641:
4636:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4503:Modern English
4493:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4452:Emily Ashton,
4450:
4445:
4437:
4436:External links
4434:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4419:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4388:
4372:
4363:(2): 151–196,
4345:
4329:
4316:
4303:
4271:
4225:
4195:
4177:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4130:SOUNDVENUE.COM
4116:
4090:
4064:
4033:
4019:Thorne, Tony.
4011:
3981:
3951:
3906:
3876:
3862:
3833:
3808:
3778:
3748:
3713:
3683:
3652:
3635:news.yahoo.com
3617:
3576:
3533:
3508:Thorne, Tony.
3461:
3431:
3401:
3371:
3336:
3269:
3248:
3236:
3217:
3193:
3170:
3159:(5): 608–633.
3143:
3124:
3074:
3055:(3): 273–302.
3039:
3024:. 7 May 2018.
3009:
2978:
2947:
2916:
2886:
2877:|journal=
2840:
2809:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2729:
2710:
2698:
2664:(2): 151–196.
2626:
2600:
2574:
2543:
2513:
2483:
2453:
2434:
2428:. Bloomsbury.
2414:
2397:www.york.ac.uk
2384:
2365:
2345:
2306:(2): 175–190.
2286:
2261:Nott, Christ.
2248:
2229:
2206:
2189:www.york.ac.uk
2176:
2139:
2103:
2074:
2065:|journal=
2024:
1984:
1942:
1912:
1882:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:Multiethnolect
1843:
1841:Koiné language
1838:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:Daniel Kaluuya
1812:adaptation of
1807:
1798:
1791:Michael Dapaah
1787:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1682:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1633:The Real McCoy
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:"Gas" (to lie)
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:"Ching" (stab)
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:"Gyal" (girl)
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1285:parting phrase
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:"Greezy" (bad)
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1151:
1138:, for example
1128:
1082:
1057:is fronted to
1045:(which become
1029:is fronted to
1020:
993:
968:
965:
964:
963:
954:, rather than
932:
917:
899:
889:
878:
874:diachronically
855:
840:
828:
825:
770:⟩, see
746:
745:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
730:
729:
722:
721:
712:
703:
698:
689:
688:
668:
665:
664:
663:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
590:
589:
549:
546:
433:Smiley Culture
428:Afro-Caribbean
412:Jamaican music
406:. Distinctive
387:
384:
356:multiethnolect
320:
319:
306:, you may see
292:
291:
286:
278:
277:
274:
266:
265:
264:Language codes
261:
260:
218:
214:
213:
203:
199:Writing system
196:
193:
192:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
176:Middle English
166:Proto-Germanic
159:
157:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6028:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5956:
5955:Black Britons
5953:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:sub-divisions
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5784:
5783:Drum and bass
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5711:Black British
5708:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5644:Black British
5641:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:International
5556:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Torres Strait
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4973:North-Central
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:New York City
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Ottawa Valley
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4679:Multicultural
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Black Country
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:West Midlands
4627:
4625:
4624:East Midlands
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4022:
4015:
4012:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3701:
3697:
3696:www.kcl.ac.uk
3693:
3687:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3564:
3560:
3559:www.bbc.co.uk
3556:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:John C. Wells
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:Kerswill 2007
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2869:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2792:The Economist
2789:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:BBC News 2010
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2730:9781317934769
2726:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:Kerswill 2013
2702:
2699:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2527:
2526:The Economist
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:. Routledge.
2358:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2122:www.meits.org
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2058:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2025:9783484605299
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1895:The Economist
1892:
1891:"Argot bargy"
1886:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:Lauren Cooper
1712:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1400:"Us man" (we)
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1359:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:This section
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:Interjections
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1155:Geoff Lindsey
1153:According to
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1127:respectively.
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1004:
994:
987:
983:
975:
971:
970:
966:
959:
951:
943:
933:
928:
918:
914:
904:
900:
890:
879:
875:
871:
863:
856:
853:
841:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Milton Keynes
790:
786:
782:
773:
761:
757:
755:
751:
740:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
723:
719:
715:
713:
711:
704:
701:
699:
697:
693:
691:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
593:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Black British
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
345:multicultural
342:
341:working-class
338:
334:
330:
327:(abbreviated
326:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
299:
293:
290:
287:
285:
284:
279:
275:
272:
267:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
194:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
158:
152:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:Anglo-Frisian
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:West Germanic
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:Indo-European
88:
84:
78:
74:
71:Various (see
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:Multicultural
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5938:
5676:
5669:
5664:Abolitionism
5343:South Africa
5338:Sierra Leone
5091:Miami Latino
4980:Philadelphia
4968:Inland North
4873:Newfoundland
4691:West Country
4678:
4505:by continent
4458:The Guardian
4457:
4415:
4396:. Retrieved
4383:
4360:
4356:
4340:
4325:the original
4286:
4282:
4250:, retrieved
4243:the original
4234:
4230:Adger, David
4210:, retrieved
4200:
4191:the original
4184:
4169:. Retrieved
4138:. Retrieved
4129:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4046:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3963:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3922:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3865:
3857:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3791:www.vice.com
3790:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3704:. Retrieved
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3665:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3634:
3608:. Retrieved
3600:The Guardian
3599:
3567:. Retrieved
3558:
3524:. Retrieved
3452:. Retrieved
3443:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3383:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3353:
3327:. Retrieved
3318:
3260:. Retrieved
3251:
3244:Lindsey 2011
3239:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3179:
3173:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3094:
3090:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3021:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2992:Toronto Star
2991:
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2960:
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2898:
2889:
2868:cite journal
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2822:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2791:
2763:
2751:
2741:25 September
2739:. Retrieved
2719:
2713:
2708:, p. 5.
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2661:
2657:
2617:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2557:The Guardian
2556:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2466:The Guardian
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2424:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2355:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2303:
2299:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2239:. Retrieved
2219:
2197:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2158:
2130:. Retrieved
2121:
2094:. Retrieved
2045:. Retrieved
2003:
1975:. Retrieved
1963:
1933:. Retrieved
1925:www.vice.com
1924:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1859:
1801:
1781:
1780:The TV show
1743:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1705:
1696:
1678:Sumotherhood
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1362:
1353:
1338:Please help
1326:
1176:
1147:
1140:both of them
1139:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1016:
1012:
985:
981:
972:Reversal of
820:
816:
778:
766:and ⟨
748:
733:
725:
717:
714:
709:
700:
695:
692:
684:
681:tag-question
676:
672:
658:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
538:
519:
508:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
445:
441:Dick Hebdige
437:London Posse
396:World War II
389:
373:
359:
353:
328:
324:
323:
295:
288:
281:
130:
5756:Lovers rock
5468:Philippines
5261:New Zealand
5147:Bay Islands
5127:The Bahamas
5050:Social and
5007:New Orleans
4924:New England
4818:Isle of Man
4763:Port Talbot
4664:East Anglia
4581:Northumbria
3097:(1): 1–38.
2567:15 December
2446:15 February
2377:15 February
2241:15 February
1783:Chewing Gum
1509:"Wap" (gun)
1274:/oʊmɑːdeɪz/
1085:Th-stopping
1023:Th-fronting
995:Backing of
934:Backing of
919:Backing of
558:regularised
452:Tony Thorne
404:West Africa
310:instead of
171:Old English
155:Early forms
5991:Sociolects
5970:Categories
5913:Zimbabwean
5701:Race riots
5408:Bangladesh
5400:South Asia
5353:Cape Flats
5303:The Gambia
5228:Aboriginal
5064:vernacular
5029:California
5002:High Tider
4997:Appalachia
4858:Aboriginal
4790:South-West
4634:Birmingham
4591:Sunderland
4576:Manchester
4566:Lancashire
4398:2 December
4252:17 January
4152:References
4026:4 February
3944:27 January
3852:7 February
3801:10 October
3771:10 October
2961:The Pigeon
2559:. London.
1688:character
1660:Kidulthood
1533:metathesis
1356:March 2022
1181:Adjectives
1173:Vocabulary
1166:non-rhotic
1146:like for
974:H-dropping
967:Consonants
877:periphery.
852:outer-city
463:Nang slang
400:South Asia
380:Manchester
376:Birmingham
343:people in
5927:Languages
5903:Tanzanian
5873:Congolese
5846:Barbadian
5768:UK garage
5751:Caribbean
5731:Afroswing
5726:Afrobeats
5473:Singapore
5435:Sri Lanka
5390:Hong Kong
5216:variation
5208:Australia
5119:Caribbean
4985:Baltimore
4868:Lunenburg
4813:Gibraltar
4730:Highlands
4608:Yorkshire
4571:Liverpool
4212:9 January
4171:6 January
4109:4 January
3931:2386-3935
3847:LeedsLive
3384:SOAS Blog
3119:145255880
3111:1469-8021
3069:144204035
3002:14 August
2971:14 August
2833:14 August
2802:14 August
2678:1467-9841
2536:5 January
2506:5 January
2476:5 January
2407:5 January
2338:5 January
2328:162401250
2320:1478-8810
2279:5 January
2199:5 January
2169:5 January
2132:5 January
2067:ignored (
2057:cite book
1852:Citations
1758:RP accent
1686:satirical
1672:Anuvahood
1666:Adulthood
1651:Phoneshop
1327:does not
1089:voiceless
901:Advanced
862:diphthong
741:Phonology
467:Blinglish
392:Caribbean
368:Linguists
347:parts of
333:sociolect
283:Glottolog
271:ISO 639-3
68:Ethnicity
59:parts of
5893:Nigerian
5878:Ghanaian
5856:Guyanese
5851:Jamaican
5736:Britfunk
5677:Windrush
5593:Standard
5563:Learning
5551:Nerrière
5542:Globish
5458:Malaysia
5430:Pakistan
5370:Zimbabwe
5298:Cameroon
5132:Barbados
4863:Atlantic
4831:Americas
4748:Abercraf
4717:Scotland
4696:Cornwall
4617:Midlands
4601:Teesside
4596:Tyneside
4586:Pitmatic
4549:Cheshire
4495:Dialects
4313:10973301
4261:citation
4232:(2015),
4206:archived
4186:BBC News
4165:Archived
4163:. 2010.
4140:15 April
4134:Archived
4103:Archived
4077:Archived
4051:Archived
4047:BBC News
4004:26 March
3998:Archived
3994:BBC News
3974:26 March
3968:Archived
3935:Archived
3899:26 March
3893:Archived
3795:Archived
3765:Archived
3741:19 March
3732:Archived
3706:19 March
3700:Archived
3676:19 March
3670:Archived
3666:MyLondon
3645:19 March
3639:Archived
3610:19 March
3604:Archived
3569:19 March
3563:Archived
3526:19 March
3517:Archived
3454:19 March
3448:Archived
3424:19 March
3418:Archived
3394:19 March
3388:Archived
3364:19 March
3358:Archived
3329:18 March
3323:Archived
3026:Archived
2996:Archived
2965:Archived
2940:22 April
2934:Archived
2903:Archived
2899:CBC News
2857:Archived
2827:Archived
2796:Archived
2735:Archived
2682:Archived
2613:Archived
2587:Archived
2561:Archived
2530:Archived
2500:Archived
2470:Archived
2440:Archived
2401:Archived
2371:Archived
2332:Archived
2235:Archived
2193:Archived
2163:Archived
2126:Archived
2090:Archived
2047:24 March
2038:Archived
2034:10973301
1968:Archived
1935:16 April
1929:Archived
1905:15 April
1899:Archived
1869:Archived
1825:See also
1795:UK drill
1308:Pronouns
1095:becomes
903:fronting
842:Lack of
833:Fronting
785:levelled
764:/ /
760:Help:IPA
562:was/were
554:Was/were
526:UK drill
487:Jamaican
483:Jafaikan
479:Jafaican
475:Blockney
316:Help:IPA
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5908:Ugandan
5883:Ivorian
5773:Dubstep
5713:culture
5679:scandal
5646:history
5523:Engrish
5518:E-Prime
5491:Related
5478:Vietnam
5463:Myanmar
5333:Nigeria
5328:Namibia
5318:Liberia
5200:Oceania
5182:Bermuda
5154:Jamaica
5081:Chicano
4919:Midland
4905:United
4841:America
4777:Ireland
4753:Cardiff
4725:Glasgow
4674:Cockney
4554:Cumbria
4532:England
4523:Britain
4499:accents
4083:5 April
4057:20 June
4049:. BBC.
3826:16 June
3262:31 July
3234:(1973).
3032:8 March
3022:Narcity
2909:8 March
1831:Cockney
1803:Top Boy
1775:YouTube
1470:English
1348:removed
1333:sources
1290:"Rah!"
1279:"Safe"
1234:"Peak"
1071:another
1067:brother
1053:), and
1043:through
992:at all.
854:girls".
813:Ashford
797:Reading
781:Cockney
752:in the
734:this is
726:This is
586:weren't
570:weren't
548:Grammar
530:Onefour
503:creoles
481:" (or "
473:", or "
471:Tikkiny
448:Hackney
386:History
364:Hackney
337:English
331:) is a
312:Unicode
258:Cockney
242:Bengali
234:Punjabi
217:Sources
121:English
47:England
5888:Kenyan
5796:groups
5778:Jungle
5637:topics
5546:Gogate
5453:Brunei
5365:Uganda
5348:accent
5323:Malawi
5291:Africa
5266:accent
5221:accent
5164:Samaná
5137:Bequia
4956:accent
4929:Boston
4907:States
4890:Quebec
4850:Canada
4839:North
4795:Ulster
4785:Dublin
4701:Dorset
4559:Barrow
4521:Great
4512:Europe
4431:(ppt).
4311:
4301:
4221:
3929:
3117:
3109:
3067:
2727:
2691:9 July
2676:
2619:23 May
2593:23 May
2432:
2363:
2326:
2318:
2227:
2096:6 June
2032:
2022:
1977:23 May
1875:23 May
1472:word "
1418:Arabic
1281:/seɪf/
1236:/piːk/
1109:though
1079:anuver
1075:bruver
1051:frough
1013:cousin
827:Vowels
821:et al.
817:et al.
809:Slough
768:
708:Bisa:
416:reggae
349:London
254:Somali
250:Arabic
116:Anglic
61:London
53:Region
5948:Lists
5763:Grime
5721:Music
5588:Plain
5503:Basic
5425:Nepal
5413:India
5313:Kenya
5308:Ghana
5273:Palau
5233:South
5076:Cajun
5017:Texas
5012:Older
4992:South
4963:North
4939:Maine
4758:Gower
4740:Wales
4656:South
4541:North
4380:(PDF)
4353:(PDF)
4337:(PDF)
4309:S2CID
4279:(PDF)
4246:(PDF)
4239:(PDF)
3938:(PDF)
3919:(PDF)
3735:(PDF)
3728:(PDF)
3520:(PDF)
3513:(PDF)
3212:XVIII
3115:S2CID
3065:S2CID
2860:(PDF)
2853:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2324:S2CID
2273:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
2041:(PDF)
2030:S2CID
2008:(PDF)
1971:(PDF)
1966:: 4.
1960:(PDF)
1765:Adele
1690:Ali G
1523:Verbs
1474:pagan
1411:Nouns
1292:/rɑː/
1159:/s,z/
1093:thing
1063:]
1059:[
1039:three
1035:]
1031:[
1005:]
1001:[
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956:[
952:]
948:[
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940:[
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925:[
915:]
911:[
805:Essex
801:Luton
756:(IPA)
718:innit
710:innit
696:innit
685:innit
673:Innit
534:Drake
522:grime
456:grime
246:Hindi
206:Latin
5379:Asia
5256:Fiji
5243:West
5159:Saba
5024:West
4944:West
4934:East
4497:and
4400:2015
4299:ISBN
4267:link
4254:2016
4219:ISBN
4214:2016
4173:2016
4142:2020
4111:2017
4085:2018
4059:2018
4028:2023
4006:2021
3976:2021
3946:2022
3927:ISSN
3901:2021
3854:2023
3828:2023
3803:2021
3773:2021
3743:2021
3708:2021
3678:2021
3647:2021
3612:2021
3571:2021
3528:2021
3456:2021
3426:2021
3396:2021
3366:2021
3331:2021
3264:2023
3230:The
3107:ISSN
3034:2022
3004:2022
2973:2022
2942:2022
2930:CP24
2911:2022
2881:help
2835:2022
2804:2022
2743:2020
2725:ISBN
2693:2019
2674:ISSN
2621:2016
2595:2016
2569:2016
2538:2021
2508:2021
2478:2021
2448:2021
2430:ISBN
2409:2021
2379:2021
2361:ISBN
2340:2021
2316:ISSN
2281:2021
2243:2021
2225:ISBN
2201:2021
2171:2021
2134:2021
2098:2022
2069:help
2049:2020
2020:ISBN
1979:2016
1937:2021
1907:2021
1877:2016
1684:The
1331:any
1329:cite
1148:foot
1123:and
1105:that
1101:this
1097:ting
1077:and
1069:and
1049:and
1047:free
1041:and
1017:come
1015:and
986:hand
984:and
982:hair
907:/uː/
896:/aʊ/
892:/aʊ/
886:/eɪ/
882:/aɪ/
866:/aɪ/
858:/aɪ/
848:/oʊ/
844:/oʊ/
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513:and
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418:and
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289:None
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4501:of
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3184:doi
3161:doi
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3057:doi
2666:doi
2308:doi
2012:doi
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