632:
804:
42:
819:
the ground or turn over clods of earth or small rocks looking for food. Birds have been seen using walking tracks to forage. A group of ten birds were observed trying to break open ice on a frozen lake. They have been recorded foraging along the beach for fly larvae in beached kelp. Most commonly, black currawongs forage in pairs, but they may congregate in larger groupsβflocks of 100 birds have descended on orchards to eat apples or rotten fruit. The species has been observed in a
945:, and are often fed by tourists there. The National Parks Authority tolerated this practice until 1995 when they found the birds were becoming a nuisance and began discouraging people from feeding wildlife. However, the agile currawongs are adept at snatching fragments of food left by picnickers so the birds may only ultimately be discouraged by an (impractical) ban on food in National Parks. Birds also take other items such as soap or cutlery from campsites to examine.
94:
216:
69:
547:
737:
using the procedure as a form of dirt bath. The black currawong has an undulating flight pattern in time with its wing beats, and often cocks its tail in the air for balance when it lands. Play behaviour has been observed, particularly with subadult individuals. Black currawongs have been observed wrestling with each other, where a bird would attempt to force its opponent on its back, at
573:. The bill and legs are black and the eyes bright yellow. The white tips line the trailing edges of the wings in flight, and a paler arc across the bases of the primary flight feathers is also visible on the underwing. Although there is no seasonal variation to the plumage, the black may fade a little to a dark brown with wear. Immature birds have browner-tinged plumage, and a yellow
957:. The population trend appears to be stable, and even though the population size has not been quantified, it is unlikely to approach the susceptible thresholds under the population size criterion (10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be greater than 10 percent in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population size), and the
602:, or even akin to part song and part human laughter. Although often noisy when flying in flocks, it can be silent when seeking prey or thieving food. Before or around dawn and at nightfall appear to be periods of increased calling, and birds are reported to be more vocal before rain or storms. Parents also make a long fluting whistle to summon their young.
2131:
859:) on the beach at Sundown Point. They have been observed securing dead larger prey to ease subsequent dismemberment; a parent currawong had wedged a dead chicken's wings under a log to facilitate pulling off portions such as legs and entrails to feed to its young, and another time hooked a dead rabbit on a spur of a log to rip it into pieces.
736:
Black currawongs are found singly or in pairs, but may gather into groups of 20 to 80 birds. Birds have been observed digging wet yellow clay out of a drain and applying it all over their plumage. Wiping the carpal areas of wings in particular with their bills, they did not appear to wash afterwards,
818:
No systematic studies have been done on the diet of the black currawong, but it is known to be omnivorous, feeding on a wide variety of foodstuffs including insects and small vertebrates, carrion, and berries. Birds often forage on the ground but also in tree canopies. They use their bills to probe
719:
and heathland at altitude. In dryer more open forest, it is replaced by the clinking currawong, although the two may co-occur in places such as the
Central Highlands and Eastern Tiers. Both the Flinders and King island subspecies are found across their respective islands, but prefer more forested
554:
The black currawong is about 50 cm (20 in) long with an 80 cm (31 in) wingspan. The male is somewhat larger and heavier than the female; males of the nominate subspecies average 405 g (14.3 oz) to females' 340 g (12 oz). Male wings average around 27 cm
774:
Breeding occurs from August to
December. Like all currawongs, it builds a large cup-nest out of sticks, lined with softer material, and placed in the fork of a tree from 3 to 20 m (9.8 to 65.6 ft) high. Old nests are sometimes tidied up and reused in following years. A typical
445:
Common names include black currawong, sooty currawong, black bell-magpie, black or mountain magpie, black or sooty crow-shrike, and muttonbird. Black jay is a local name applied to the species within
Tasmania. The species is often confused with the local dark-plumaged subspecies of the
933:
on the
Australian mainland, especially in public parks and gardens where people make a habit of feeding it. Black currawongs have been recorded taking young peas from pods, raiding orchards, seizing chickens from poultry yards, and entering barns in search of mice.
662:, but its status there is unknown. Within its range it is largely sedentary, although some populations at higher altitudes may move to lower altitudes during winter. Flocks have also been recorded making the 20 km (12 mi) long journey across water from
441:
with the pied currawong. A 2013 genetic analysis by Anna Kearns and colleagues gave some indication that the black currawong lineage diverged from a common ancestor of the grey and pied currawongs (though sampling was limited and not the focus of the study).
610:
The black currawong is commonly confused with the clinking currawong, but the latter species has a white rump and larger white wing patches. The black currawong has a heavier bill and a characteristic call unlike the clink-clink call of the clinking. The
564:
at 370β410 g (13β14 oz) for males with 26 cm (10 in) wings on average, and 308 g (10.9 oz) and 25 cm (9.8 in) wing for a female. The sexes are similar in plumage, which is all black except for white patches at the
969:
of King Island, has declined over much of its range on King Island, possibly due to clearing of its forest habitat, and has been listed as vulnerable. There are estimated to be around 500 birds. It is unclear whether competition with the more numerous
795:). Both parents feed the young, but the male feeds them alone after leaving the nest and as they become more independent, and also moves from giving food directly to them to placing it on the ground near them so they learn to eat for themselves.
1103:
Cracticus fuliginosus. Cract. corpore toto fuliginoso; remigiis, rectricibusque caudae ad apicem albis; rostro pedibusque nigris. Long. tot. 18 unc; rostri, 2Β½; alee, 10; caudae, 7; tarsi, 2ΒΌ. Hab. in Terra Van Diemen
357:
Within its range, the black currawong is generally sedentary, although populations at higher altitudes relocate to lower areas during the cooler months. The habitat includes densely forested areas as well as alpine
555:(11 in) and tails 19 cm (7.5 in), while female wings average 25.8 cm (10.2 in) and tails 18.5 cm (7.3 in). Data for the two island subspecies is limited, but males of subspecies
559:
have been measured at 360 and 398 g (12.7 and 14.0 oz) with 26 cm (10 in) wings on average, and a female at 335 g (11.8 oz) with a 24 cm (9.4 in) wing, and subspecies
589:
The black currawong is a loud and vocal species, and makes a variety of calls. Its main call is markedly different from the pied or grey currawongs and has been described as a combination of alternating
888:) and many types of insects, such as ants, moths, flies, crickets, grasshoppers and beetles like weevils, scarabs and leaf beetles. It is adaptable, and has learnt to eat the introduced European wasp (
619:
are similar in size but lack the white wing patches, and instead have entirely black plumage and white, rather than yellow eyes. The black currawong is unlikely to be mistaken for the closely related
1848:
2083:
1983:
1726:
1271:
Kearns, Anna; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013). "A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciational history of the
Australo-Papuan Butcherbirds and their allies".
2321:
958:
433:
of the latter species, the complex having progressively less white plumage as one moves south. Subsequent authors have considered it a separate species, although
2360:
2427:
2047:
942:
1953:
Mallick, Stephen A.; Driessen, Michael M. (2003). "Feeding of wildlife: How effective are the 'Keep
Wildlife Wild' signs in Tasmania's National Parks?".
1697:"Notes on Tasmanian Birds. IV: Dusky Wood-Swallows on migration. V: Similar behaviour in Ravens, Currawongs and Magpies. VI: Seal predation on seabirds"
2295:
2334:
1509:. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 13 April 2007
646:
to
Tasmania where it is widespread, although it is uncommon or absent from areas below 200 m (660 ft) altitude. It breeds mainly in the
1258:
The
Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories
1994:
1863:
2093:
1740:
Mey, Eberhard (2004). "Taxonomy, distribution and parasitophyletic evidence of the
Philopterus-complex (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera)".
1223:
485:
in 1916. The two island subspecies have identical plumage to the nominate, but are slightly smaller with shorter wings and tails, subspecies
2437:
514:. The affinities of all three genera were recognised early on and they were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by ornithologist
2447:
2109:
1831:
1771:
1144:
2020:
577:
until they are two years old. The oldest recorded age of a black currawong has been 15 years; a bird was sighted in July 2004 near
2432:
650:, with scattered records elsewhere in Tasmania. Reports of breeding are rare from the northeast. It is found on many islands of
2339:
506:-like in appearance and habits, currawongs are only distantly related to true crows, and are instead closely related to the
334:. It is a large crow-like bird, around 50 cm (20 in) long on average, with yellow irises, a heavy bill, and black
623:
as the latter does not reach
Tasmania, but it has a longer and deeper bill and lacks the white rump and undertail coverts.
2121:
1079:
820:
647:
2207:
1388:
Mathews, G.M. (1916). "List of additions of new sub-species to, and changes in, my "List of the Birds of Australia"".
1049:
725:
2365:
758:
2054:
93:
1993:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 2000. Archived from
2185:
728:, on Hobart's outskirts, in winter. Some remained to breed in Hobart in 1994 after a year of severe weather.
938:
707:
691:
679:
677:
The black currawong is generally found in wetter eucalypt forests, dominated by such species as alpine ash (
671:
399:
1498:
2233:
2212:
2147:
902:) was seen to turn on them and catch and eat one suddenly. Other vertebrates recorded as prey include the
478:
347:
1720:
188:
1446:
1022:
2225:
2194:
763:
937:
Black currawongs are very common around picnic areas in Tasmania's two most popular National Parks,
666:
to the mainland in the morning and returning at nightfall, as well as moving between islands in the
631:
911:
874:
578:
58:
2246:
954:
844:
685:
670:. The black currawong has expanded into the northeast corner of the island, to Musselroe Bay and
667:
351:
88:
2326:
1215:
2442:
2386:
2352:
2269:
2089:
1827:
1767:
1407:
1288:
1219:
1140:
890:
852:
836:
745:, while others have been reported rolling on their backs and juggling with food items such as
643:
515:
507:
378:, the black currawong spends more time foraging on the ground. It roosts and breeds in trees.
327:
303:
1178:
Amadon, Dean (1951). "Taxonomic notes on the Australian butcher-birds (family Cracticidae)".
953:
Despite its small range, the black currawong is unlikely to meet the range size criteria for
2391:
2199:
1962:
1935:
1904:
1801:
1708:
1677:
1650:
1564:
1461:
1427:
1370:
1326:
1280:
1207:
1183:
1087:
1017:
812:
2238:
2373:
636:
523:
482:
470:
434:
359:
2027:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia
999:
1091:
930:
880:
655:
620:
570:
566:
519:
447:
422:
375:
2251:
2085:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7: Boatbill to Starlings
803:
41:
2421:
2404:
2347:
2114:
1966:
1208:
1008:
962:
895:
868:
808:
780:
776:
78:
73:
2274:
2135:
971:
663:
616:
612:
546:
438:
367:
2261:
1923:
1892:
1548:
884:, as well as domestic pea, and apples. Invertebrates consumed include earthworms (
2308:
2179:
1284:
919:
903:
885:
828:
651:
581:, less than 2 km (1.2 mi) from where it had been banded in July 1989.
530:
and the butcherbirds and relatives in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini
527:
511:
418:
323:
311:
2170:
910:), small lizards, tadpoles, chickens, ducklings, the young of domestic turkey,
496:
Together with the pied and grey currawong, the black currawong forms the genus
17:
2399:
1116:
1075:
792:
753:
702:
697:
659:
458:
403:
387:
339:
338:
with white wing patches. The male and female are similar in appearance. Three
205:
863:
788:
784:
716:
535:
498:
371:
331:
315:
297:
165:
155:
145:
105:
1696:
1292:
1053:
215:
2378:
2164:
1668:
Green, R.H.; Swift, J.W. (1966). "Feather painting by Black Currawongs".
742:
503:
363:
307:
125:
50:
2300:
2220:
1641:
Milledge, David R. (1972). "The birds of Maatsuyker Island. Tasmania".
738:
335:
1465:
1331:
1314:
2082:
Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling, S. J., eds. (2006).
1939:
1908:
1805:
1712:
1681:
1654:
1568:
1447:"The phylogeny and classification of Australo-Papuan passerine birds"
1431:
1374:
1187:
929:
It can become quite bold and tame, much like its close relative, the
721:
115:
2313:
2287:
2141:
1411:
720:
habitats there. The black currawong has been recorded in gardens in
2053:. King Island Natural Resource Management Group Inc. Archived from
2282:
802:
712:
630:
545:
531:
411:
711:). In lowlands it is more restricted to denser forests and moist
27:
Large passerine bird endemic to Tasmania and Bass Strait islands
783:, spotted, blotched red-brown or purplish-brown eggs. As in all
746:
574:
417:"soot", and refers to the black plumage. American ornithologist
300:
135:
2145:
862:
The black currawong consumes the berries of the species in the
762:, has been recovered and described from a black currawong near
705:. It also frequents cool rainforest of beech, king billy pine (
993:
991:
292:
1849:"Predation by avifauna on European wasp species in Tasmania"
1766:. Sydney, Australia: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 111.
1260:. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 555β56.
227:
2046:
King Island Natural Resource Management Group Inc. (2004).
1121:
A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and Adjacent Islands
362:. It is rare below altitudes of 200 m (660 ft).
2019:
Garnett, Stephen T.; Crowley, Gabriel M. (2 March 2009).
1080:"Characters of new species of Birds from New South Wales"
386:
The black currawong was first described by ornithologist
518:
after he had studied their musculature. Ornithologists
457:
There are three subspecies of the black currawong: the
2119:
1361:
Sharland, MSR (1925). "Tasmania's indigenous birds".
429:), seeing it as part of a continuum with subspecies
421:
regarded the black currawong as a subspecies of the
2154:
454:), known as the clinking currawong or hill magpie.
1139:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 258.
791:), and remain in the nest for an extended period (
550:Gathering nesting material near Loongana, Tasmania
1984:"Recovery Outline: Black Currawong (King Island)"
1725:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1023:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706296A94061073.en
2048:"Are we losing our native birds on King Island?"
1507:Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS)
1792:Fletcher, J.A. (1924). "Birds of the steppes".
1084:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1886:
1884:
1817:
1815:
959:International Union for Conservation of Nature
526:recognised the close relationship between the
473:, described by Schodde and Mason in 1999; and
1824:The Food of Australian Birds: (II) Passerines
1787:
1785:
1783:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1445:Sibley, Charles G.; Ahlquist, Jon E. (1985).
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
8:
1210:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
2021:"The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000"
1978:
1976:
1924:"Bird notes from Wilmot, Tasmania. Part II"
1847:Spencer, Chris P.; Richards, Karen (2008).
1826:. Melbourne University Press. p. 364.
1636:
1634:
1251:
1249:
1247:
894:). A bird that was being harassed by three
2142:
1206:Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E. (2008).
779:has two to four pale grey-brown, purplish-
366:, its diet includes a variety of berries,
214:
67:
40:
31:
1757:
1755:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1484:
1482:
1330:
1021:
1256:Schodde, Richard; Mason, Ian J. (1999).
1237:
1235:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
787:, the chicks are born naked, and blind (
658:. It was recorded historically from the
2126:
1955:Ecological Management & Restoration
1822:Barker, R.D.; Vestjens, W.J.M. (1984).
1549:"Field Notes on the Black Bell-Magpie (
987:
437:and Ian Mason describe it as forming a
2088:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
1762:Pizzey, Graham; Knight, Frank (1997).
1718:
1214:. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p.
1201:
1199:
1197:
974:is impacting on the subspecies there.
1764:Field Guide to the Birds of Australia
1416:) and its position in classification"
1273:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1044:
1042:
1040:
7:
724:in Tasmania's southeast, and around
2428:IUCN Red List least concern species
1052:. Australian Museum. Archived from
1009:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1893:"Bird notes from Wilmot, Tasmania"
1092:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1836.tb01374.x
310:and the nearby islands within the
25:
1412:"The myology of the bell-magpie (
715:, while it also occurs in alpine
2129:
1967:10.1046/j.1442-8903.2003.00157.x
534:, which later became the family
92:
2025:Biodiversity Threatened species
1991:Biodiversity Threatened species
998:BirdLife International (2016).
833:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae
322:, it is closely related to the
2213:Strepera_(Strepera)_fuliginosa
759:Australophilopterus curviconus
463:Strepera fuliginosa fuliginosa
370:, and small vertebrates. Less
342:are recognised, one of which,
1:
943:Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair
289:), also known locally as the
1285:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020
695:), sometimes with a beech (
654:, including the Hunter and
489:having a shorter tail than
467:Strepera fuliginosa parvior
2464:
2110:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1137:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
635:Juvenile black currawong,
2438:Endemic birds of Tasmania
1742:Ornithologischer Anzeiger
1180:American Museum Novitates
967:Strepera fuliginosa colei
965:. One of its subspecies,
475:Strepera fuliginosa colei
344:Strepera fuliginosa colei
222:
213:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
2448:Taxa named by John Gould
1856:The Tasmanian Naturalist
1499:"ABBBS Database Search:
1016:: e.T22706296A94061073.
627:Distribution and habitat
2433:Birds described in 1837
2115:Drawing of black magpie
1922:Fletcher, J.A. (1903).
1891:Fletcher, J.A. (1903).
1862:: 10β13. Archived from
1695:Mollison, B.C. (1962).
1628:Higgins et al., p. 559.
1608:Higgins et al., p. 558.
1590:Higgins et al., p. 557.
1547:Fletcher, J.A. (1922).
1532:Higgins et al., p. 560.
1488:Higgins et al., p. 562.
1315:"The Black Bell-magpie"
1313:Fletcher, J.A. (1918).
1241:Higgins et al., p. 563.
1168:Higgins et al., p. 556.
878:, and the native sedge
841:Egretta novaehollandiae
708:Athrotaxis selaginoides
680:Eucalyptus delegatensis
642:The black currawong is
1715:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1135:Simpson, D.P. (1979).
961: evaluated it as
815:
639:
551:
1390:Austral Avian Records
806:
689:), and mountain gum (
634:
549:
392:Cracticus fuliginosus
318:species in the genus
225:subspecies indicated
223:Black currawong range
1056:on 23 September 2009
849:Epthianura albifrons
823:with forest ravens (
821:mixed-species flocks
692:E. dalrympleana
2405:Strepera-fuliginosa
2200:Strepera_fuliginosa
2186:Strepera fuliginosa
2156:Strepera fuliginosa
1869:on 17 February 2011
1501:Strepera fuliginosa
1002:Strepera fuliginosa
949:Conservation status
912:Tasmanian nativehen
875:Astroloma humifusum
845:white-fronted chats
579:Fern Tree, Tasmania
396:Coronica fuliginosa
286:Strepera fuliginosa
198:Strepera fuliginosa
59:Conservation status
2247:BirdLife-Australia
1551:Strepera fulginosa
1503:(Black Currawong)"
1408:Leach, John Albert
924:Petroica phoenicea
916:Tribonyx mortierii
853:European starlings
837:white-faced herons
816:
640:
552:
452:S. versicolor
427:Strepera graculina
330:within the family
180:S. fuliginosa
2415:
2414:
2387:Open Tree of Life
2148:Taxon identifiers
2095:978-0-19-553996-7
1466:10.1071/MU9850001
1332:10.1071/mu917223f
1225:978-0-643-06511-6
1050:"Black Currawong"
891:Vespula germanica
825:Corvus tasmanicus
807:Black currawong,
749:with their feet.
648:Central Highlands
567:tips of the wings
516:John Albert Leach
508:Australian magpie
394:, and in 1837 as
328:Australian magpie
277:
276:
272:
271:
82:
49:Black currawong,
16:(Redirected from
2455:
2408:
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2226:7FF38E732C0FF0B6
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2134:
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2099:
2070:
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2065:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
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2000:on 28 March 2011
1999:
1988:
1980:
1971:
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1950:
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1940:10.1071/MU903108
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1909:10.1071/MU903049
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1713:10.1071/MU962112
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1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:10.1071/MU925094
1358:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1253:
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1213:
1203:
1192:
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1175:
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1126:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1025:
995:
900:Petroica boodang
857:Sturnus vulgaris
813:Tasman Peninsula
726:Mount Wellington
668:Maatsuyker group
400:specific epithet
266:
261:
253:
248:
240:
235:
228:
218:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
44:
35:Black currawong
32:
21:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2374:Observation.org
2372:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2252:black-currawong
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2106:
2096:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1821:
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1813:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1761:
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1753:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1717:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1612:
1607:
1594:
1589:
1576:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1360:
1359:
1340:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1154:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1123:. London: self.
1115:
1114:
1110:
1096:
1094:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1028:
1026:
997:
996:
989:
985:
980:
951:
801:
772:
752:One species of
734:
686:E. obliqua
656:Furneaux Groups
637:Cradle Mountain
629:
608:
606:Similar species
587:
544:
524:Jon E. Ahlquist
483:Gregory Mathews
481:, described by
471:Flinders Island
435:Richard Schodde
384:
354:to extinction.
314:. One of three
281:black currawong
273:
259:
258:
246:
245:
233:
232:
224:
209:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
28:
23:
22:
18:Black Currawong
15:
12:
11:
5:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2176:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2104:External links
2102:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2038:
2011:
1972:
1961:(3): 199β204.
1945:
1914:
1880:
1839:
1832:
1811:
1779:
1772:
1751:
1732:
1707:(2): 112β114.
1687:
1660:
1630:
1610:
1592:
1574:
1534:
1520:
1490:
1478:
1437:
1399:
1380:
1338:
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1263:
1243:
1231:
1224:
1193:
1182:(1504): 1β33.
1170:
1152:
1145:
1127:
1108:
1067:
1036:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
950:
947:
931:pied currawong
926:) and rabbit.
896:scarlet robins
881:Gahnia grandis
800:
797:
771:
768:
733:
730:
628:
625:
621:pied currawong
607:
604:
586:
583:
543:
540:
520:Charles Sibley
448:grey currawong
423:pied currawong
383:
380:
376:pied currawong
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2080:
2079:
2075:
2060:on 2012-03-12
2056:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1934:(2): 108β10.
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
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1843:
1840:
1835:
1833:0-643-05115-5
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1800:(2): 107β17.
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:0-207-18013-X
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:(2): 149β203.
1747:
1744:(in German).
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1676:(4): 253β54.
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1649:(4): 167β70.
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1601:
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1597:
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1502:
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1441:
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1421:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1369:(2): 94β103.
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1325:(4): 227β28.
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:(3): 941β52.
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
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1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
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1161:
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1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:0-304-52257-0
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
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1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
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1041:
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1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
982:
977:
975:
973:
968:
964:
963:least concern
960:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
935:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
887:
883:
882:
877:
876:
872:, as well as
871:
870:
869:Leptecophylla
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
810:
809:Fortescue Bay
805:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
769:
767:
765:
761:
760:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
731:
729:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
687:
683:), messmate (
682:
681:
675:
673:
672:Cape Portland
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
617:little ravens
614:
605:
603:
601:
600:killok killok
597:
593:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:tail feathers
568:
563:
558:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:of Tasmania;
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
410:"sooty" from
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:invertebrates
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
296:, is a large
295:
294:
288:
287:
282:
268:
265:
256:
254:
252:
243:
241:
239:
230:
229:
221:
217:
212:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Passeriformes
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2155:
2084:
2062:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1990:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1903:(1): 49β51.
1900:
1896:
1871:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1859:
1855:
1842:
1823:
1797:
1793:
1763:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1721:cite journal
1704:
1700:
1690:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1563:(1): 60β63.
1560:
1556:
1550:
1511:. Retrieved
1506:
1500:
1493:
1469:. Retrieved
1457:
1453:
1440:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1366:
1362:
1322:
1318:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1209:
1179:
1173:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1095:. Retrieved
1083:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1027:. Retrieved
1013:
1007:
1001:
972:forest raven
966:
952:
936:
928:
923:
915:
908:Mus musculus
907:
899:
889:
879:
873:
867:
861:
856:
848:
840:
832:
829:silver gulls
824:
817:
773:
757:
754:chewing lice
751:
735:
706:
696:
690:
684:
678:
676:
664:Maria Island
641:
609:
599:
595:
591:
588:
561:
556:
553:
528:woodswallows
512:butcherbirds
497:
495:
490:
486:
474:
466:
462:
456:
451:
444:
439:superspecies
430:
426:
414:
407:
395:
391:
385:
356:
343:
324:butcherbirds
319:
290:
285:
284:
280:
278:
263:
257:
250:
244:
237:
231:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
29:
2309:iNaturalist
2180:Wikispecies
2076:Cited texts
1460:(1): 1β14.
1426:(1): 2β38.
1396:(3): 53β68.
1117:Gould, John
1076:Gould, John
1029:19 November
920:flame robin
904:house mouse
886:Lumbricidae
652:Bass Strait
542:Description
502:. Although
479:King Island
419:Dean Amadon
408:fuliginosus
390:in 1836 as
348:King Island
312:Bass Strait
2422:Categories
2400:Xeno-canto
978:References
955:vulnerable
793:nidicolous
785:passerines
764:Launceston
703:understory
698:Nothofagus
660:Kent Group
406:adjective
404:Late Latin
388:John Gould
364:Omnivorous
352:vulnerable
340:subspecies
238:fuliginosa
1188:2246/3960
983:Citations
939:Freycinet
789:altricial
717:scrubland
536:Artamidae
374:than the
360:heathland
332:Artamidae
316:currawong
298:passerine
174:Species:
156:Artamidae
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2443:Strepera
2353:22706296
2327:10766246
2239:22706296
2234:BirdLife
2171:Q1586211
2165:Wikidata
1471:15 April
1414:Strepera
1410:(1914).
1293:23219707
1119:(1837).
1078:(1836).
770:Breeding
743:Tasmania
732:Behavior
598:sounds,
510:and the
499:Strepera
459:nominate
382:Taxonomy
372:arboreal
320:Strepera
308:Tasmania
167:Strepera
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
51:Tasmania
2366:1120784
2301:2489447
2288:blacur2
2262:blacur2
2221:Avibase
1873:27 June
1097:14 July
1086:: 106.
1060:27 July
851:), and
827:), and
799:Feeding
739:Maydena
713:gullies
644:endemic
562:parvior
491:parvior
402:is the
336:plumage
304:endemic
264:parvior
208:, 1837)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2392:552272
2340:563151
2122:Portal
2092:
2064:5 July
2031:3 July
2004:3 July
1830:
1770:
1513:4 July
1291:
1222:
1143:
1125:Pl. 5.
1104:dicta.
866:genus
777:clutch
722:Hobart
613:forest
431:ashbyi
415:fΕ«lΔ«go
398:. The
291:black
267:
262:
260:
249:
247:
236:
234:
2379:75510
2322:IRMNG
2283:eBird
2275:6ZY72
2259:BOW:
2136:Birds
2058:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1867:(PDF)
1852:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
864:heath
747:pears
596:wheek
585:Voice
557:colei
532:clade
487:colei
461:form
412:Latin
350:, is
251:colei
206:Gould
2361:NCBI
2348:IUCN
2335:ITIS
2314:8424
2296:GBIF
2090:ISBN
2066:2010
2033:2010
2006:2010
1875:2010
1828:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1727:link
1515:2010
1473:2009
1289:PMID
1220:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1099:2010
1062:2009
1031:2021
1014:2016
941:and
781:buff
615:and
594:and
575:gape
569:and
522:and
504:crow
326:and
301:bird
279:The
136:Aves
2270:CoL
2208:AFD
2195:ADW
1963:doi
1936:doi
1928:Emu
1905:doi
1897:Emu
1860:130
1802:doi
1794:Emu
1709:doi
1701:Emu
1678:doi
1670:Emu
1651:doi
1643:Emu
1565:doi
1557:Emu
1462:doi
1454:Emu
1428:doi
1420:Emu
1371:doi
1363:Emu
1327:doi
1319:Emu
1281:doi
1216:196
1184:hdl
1088:doi
1018:doi
918:),
843:),
835:),
592:kar
477:of
469:of
346:of
306:to
293:jay
2424::
2402::
2389::
2376::
2363::
2350::
2337::
2324::
2311::
2298::
2285::
2272::
2249::
2236::
2223::
2210::
2197::
2182::
2167::
2023:.
1989:.
1975:^
1957:.
1930:.
1926:.
1899:.
1895:.
1883:^
1858:.
1854:.
1814:^
1798:24
1796:.
1782:^
1754:^
1746:43
1723:}}
1719:{{
1705:62
1703:.
1699:.
1674:65
1672:.
1647:72
1645:.
1633:^
1613:^
1595:^
1577:^
1561:22
1559:.
1555:.
1553:)"
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