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Because the visibility of distinctively Black
Canadian cultural output is still a relatively recent phenomenon, academic, critical and sociological analysis of Black Canadian literature, music, television and film tends to focus on the ways in which cultural creators are actively engaging the process
197:
had 60. Toronto's Black population declined from 1,000 in the 1850s to 500 by the 1870s, due to significant out-migration to the United States. The population remained relatively low until the 1950s when the city's Black population grew to 10,000. Most of the early residents were born in
Toronto or
213:
In the 1960s, approximately 40,000 Black people lived in
Toronto. Within this population there were over 600 teachers, 500 nurses, and 75 doctors. The population consisted of three main groups: Ontario-born Black Canadians, Caribbean immigrants, and Black Nova Scotians. Black Nova Scotians settled
970:
346:
had the lowest median income at $ 13,400. At this time, the incidence for low-income among
Barbadian families was 10.4%, while it was 72.2% for Somali families. The median income for all Torontonians, regardless of ethnicity, was $ 29,800 with 13.9% of families considered low-income.
678:
477:(also known as Caribana), an annual festival of Caribbean Canadian culture which typically attracts at least a million participants each year. The festival incorporates the diversities that exist among the Canadians of African and Caribbean descent.
775:
682:
583:
a cultural space for themselves which is distinct from both mainstream
Canadian culture and African American culture. For example, most of the Black-themed television series which have been produced in Canada to date have been
543:
While
African American culture is a significant influence on its Canadian counterpart, many African and Caribbean Canadians reject the suggestion that their own culture is not distinctive. In his first major hit single
435:
330:
also have sizable Black populations, which have migrated outward from
Toronto over the past decade. (Ajax has the highest percentage of Blacks of any municipality of 5,000 or more in Canada, with 16%.) The
218:. Having moved to the city with low levels of education and without many marketable skills, the Nova Scotian group faced high unemployment rates. Earlier waves of Caribbean immigrants came largely from
2323:
4296:
928:"Little Jamaica Competition is stiff in the shopping area that has sprung up along Eglinton Ave. to cater to the tastes of a growing West Indian community." Ashante Infantry.
4284:
1158:
The
Refugee, or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada, Related by Themselves, with an Account of the History and Condition of the Colored Population of Upper Canada
70:
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125:
90:
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45:
858:
639:
80:
75:
50:
1040:
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There are large variations in the income and poverty levels of different Black sub-groups in the
Toronto area. In 2000, among Blacks in the Toronto area,
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1990:
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is home to a highly educated middle to upper middle class Black population who continue to migrate out of the city limits, into surrounding suburbs.
1799:
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2520:
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3117:
2005:
322:, are popularly associated with Black Canadians, although all are much more racially diverse than is commonly believed. The Toronto suburbs of
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877:
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118:
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3906:
2079:
1789:
1264:
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1223:
1203:
1183:
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265:
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508:, pop music and classical music. Some Black Canadian musicians have enjoyed mainstream worldwide appeal in various genres, such as
5274:
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3020:
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4909:
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111:
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5017:
4809:
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have been among the most prominent depictions of Black
Canadians on the big screen. Notable films have included Sutherland's
369:
292:
85:
588:
comedy or drama series centred around the creation and/or expansion of a Black-oriented cultural or community institution.
355:
Media representation of Black people in Canada has increased significantly in recent years, with television series such as
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1995:
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In 1967, leaders of the Ontario-born Black Canadians merged their celebration of Emancipation Day with traditions of
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2029:
1700:
801:
Scott, Jacqueline (2001). "A Study on the Settlement Experiences of Eritrean and Somali Parents in Toronto".
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Since the late 19th century, Black Canadians have made significant contributions to the culture of
339:
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2154:
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1764:
881:
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190:
166:
3129:
1397:
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1239:
1219:
1199:
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1103:
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182:
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65:
279:, on the outskirts of the city. By 1850, there were more than a dozen Black businesses along
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1947:
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415:
In literature, the most prominent and famous Toronto-based Black Canadian writers have been
363:
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307:
138:
60:
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3528:
3503:
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3200:
3185:
3173:
2785:
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2229:
2161:
2084:
1966:
1942:
1910:
1905:
1856:
1829:
1819:
1725:
1604:
1424:
1407:
1370:
1360:
1099:
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1027:
878:"Underground Railroad Exhibit: Teacher Resources – Backgrounder to UGRR – Lesson Plan One"
819:
481:
467:
439:
385:
381:
311:
288:
146:
4334:
5340:
5154:
4904:
4894:
4354:
4134:
3721:
3698:
3611:
3343:
3190:
3180:
2909:
2710:
2572:
2557:
2069:
2059:
2017:
1985:
1980:
1920:
1824:
1769:
1759:
1720:
1562:
1557:
1446:
1355:
616:
489:
459:
443:
438:, several Black Canadians from the Toronto area have had successful careers, including
315:
299:
181:, which no longer stands. In the 1850s, the city of Toronto had 1000 Black residents,
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5085:
4814:
3062:
3015:
2273:
2198:
2134:
2064:
1925:
1915:
1895:
1883:
1851:
1646:
1567:
1500:
1429:
1390:
997:"Ethno-Racial Groups in Toronto, 1971-2001: A Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile"
595:
was founded in the city in 1988, in response to the killings of several Black men by
585:
545:
525:
493:
420:
377:
357:
327:
284:
276:
186:
295:, founded in 1826, is the oldest Black institution currently operating in the city.
5262:
2530:
2525:
2364:
2022:
2012:
1744:
1350:
1045:
930:
447:
427:, although numerous emerging writers have gained attention in the 1990s and 2000s.
424:
570:
Y'all talkin about 'that nigga's a punk', We talkin about 'that yout's a fosse'...
291:, which contains one of the largest concentrations of Black businesses in Canada.
971:"Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada – Census Subdivision"
574:
Ya'll takin about 'watch where you goin!', We talkin about 'mind where you step!'
3027:
2547:
2389:
2213:
2176:
2166:
2139:
1754:
1666:
1375:
562:
Y'all talking about 'cuttin and hittin skins', We talkin bout 'beat dat face'...
521:
513:
402:
253:
275:, a district which was located in the city's core. Others preferred to live in
5166:
4656:
2515:
2186:
2126:
1844:
1451:
606:
537:
533:
451:
240:
The 1980s and 1990s saw a large influx of East Africans move to the city from
226:, although Jamaica would later outgrow these two nations as a source country.
679:"Visible minority groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories"
568:
Y'all talkin about 'say that one more time', We talkin about 'yo, come again'
5161:
4344:
4324:
2658:
1784:
1710:
1175:
North of the Color Line: Migration and Black Resistance in Canada, 1870–1955
1041:"Little party that grew into Caribbean Carnival celebrates 50th anniversary"
760:
Austin, Bobby William (May 1972). "The Social Status of Blacks in Toronto".
154:
4117:
3146:
3003:
1935:
1888:
1834:
1651:
1535:
1505:
1488:
1380:
1120:
509:
497:
474:
323:
245:
234:
223:
4213:
3039:
2923:
2577:
2567:
1439:
303:
257:
249:
241:
560:
We don't say 'you get one chance', We say 'you better rip the show'...
2627:
1861:
1779:
1737:
1412:
834:"Canada broke another record by welcoming 341,000 immigrants in 2019"
5183:
564:
You cats is steady saying 'word', My cats is steady yellin 'zeen'...
552:
performed a lyric about Toronto's distinctive Black Canadian slang:
1272:
5190:
4182:
3124:
2754:
2254:
1878:
517:
431:
260:
becoming one of the top sources of immigration to Canada in 2019.
177:
Toronto's early Black community settled largely in an area called
137:
252:. More recent black immigrants to the GTA have come largely from
731:"Ontarians should know more about the Black history of Oakville"
566:
So when we singin about the girls we singin about the 'gyal dem'
556:
We don't say 'you know what I'm sayin', T dot says 'ya dun know'
4186:
3066:
2758:
2631:
1276:
142:
Black Canadians as percent of population by census subdivision
558:
We don't say 'hey that's the breaks', we say 'yo, a so it go'
169:(particularly Somalis, Ethiopians, Ghanaians and Nigerians).
373:
focusing principally on Black characters and communities.
202:, and could trace their roots to migration from the trans-
264:
As of 2016, 442,020 Black Canadians resided in Toronto's
705:"Historical Black Settlers Helped Shape Mississauga"
466:
in recent decades; the current generation is led by
5216:
5130:
5121:
4981:
4944:
4872:
4837:
4828:
4759:
4695:
4647:
4520:
4430:
4315:
4275:
4220:
4152:
4056:
4018:
3957:
3899:
3873:
3822:
3813:
3712:
3659:
3597:
3547:
3511:
3502:
3442:
3391:
3370:
3363:
3326:
3305:
3284:
3234:
3208:
3199:
3100:
2994:
2792:
2486:
2456:
2410:
2347:
2336:
2316:
2212:
2125:
1960:
1810:
1595:
1521:
1331:
1317:
1310:
591:Black activism also has a presence in Toronto; the
1137:James: Dudley Laws stung and inspired a generation
572:A shoe is called a 'crep', A big party is a 'fete'
473:The largest and most famous cultural event is the
342:had the highest median income at $ 31,800, while
159:African American immigrants and their descendants
157:origin, although the population also consists of
755:
753:
751:
554:
681:. 2.statcan.ca. 6 October 2010. Archived from
640:List of topics related to the African diaspora
480:Black Canadians have had a major influence on
153:(GTA). The majority of Black Canadians are of
4198:
3078:
2770:
2643:
1288:
462:were the Toronto area's most prominent Black
298:Several neighbourhoods in Toronto, including
268:, which contains a large portion of the GTA.
119:
8:
1257:The Freedom-Seekers, Blacks in Early Canada
1059:Monique Desroches; Marie-Thérèse Lefebvre.
5127:
4834:
4312:
4205:
4191:
4183:
3819:
3508:
3367:
3205:
3085:
3071:
3063:
2777:
2763:
2755:
2650:
2636:
2628:
2344:
1328:
1314:
1295:
1281:
1273:
1087:
1085:
1083:
126:
112:
17:
880:. Pc.gc.ca. 10 April 2007. Archived from
872:
870:
484:, helping pioneer many genres including
1235:Who's who in Black Canada two, Volume 2
990:
988:
670:
25:
4850:Toronto Catholic District School Board
1178:, University of North Carolina Press,
1023:
1012:
859:Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census
815:
804:
436:four major professional sports leagues
4863:Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir
1215:Black like who?: writing Black Canada
1121:Sherona Hall, 59: Fighter for justice
1096:Black Like Who?: Writing Black Canada
7:
2612:
945:"Now and Then: First Baptist Church"
5322:
4508:Ken Lee's stabbing of December 2022
1259:, Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited,
1198:, McGill-Queen's University Press,
599:officers over the previous decade.
271:In Toronto, many Blacks settled in
149:make up a sizable group within the
3094:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
14:
5368:Black Canadian culture in Toronto
904:"Escaped slaves helped build T.O"
5334:
5321:
5310:
5309:
4921:Université de l'Ontario français
4793:Parks, Forestry & Recreation
4266:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2985:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2737:
2717:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2611:
2602:
2601:
1484:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
609:
5292:Toronto Transportation Services
4910:Toronto Metropolitan University
1195:The Blacks in Canada: a history
973:. 2.statcan.ca. 7 December 2010
283:; the modern-day equivalent is
4440:Second Amalgamation of Toronto
635:African-Canadian Heritage Tour
593:Black Action Defence Committee
391:Love, Sex and Eating the Bones
1:
4845:Toronto District School Board
4682:Toronto Region Board of Trade
4422:First Amalgamation of Toronto
4360:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern
5219:infrastructure, and services
4820:Works and Emergency Services
4445:2003 Etobicoke gas explosion
4330:Toronto Carrying-Place Trail
1172:Mathieu, Sarah-Jane (2010),
231:Trinidad and Tobago Carnival
185:had 400, the former city of
4926:University of Guelph-Humber
910:. Toronto. 11 February 2007
864:. Accessed on June 3, 2020.
5384:
5140:Toronto Transit Commission
4450:Northeast blackout of 2003
3434:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
2965:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
2496:African diaspora religions
1620:Indigenous Black Canadians
776:"Black History in Toronto"
655:Indigenous Black Canadians
475:Toronto Caribbean Carnival
5304:
4962:Toronto Reference Library
4856:Conseil scolaire Viamonde
4503:2020–22 COVID-19 pandemic
4264:
3443:Central and South America
2983:
2666:
2597:
2471:African Hebrew Israelites
2247:Afro-Asians in South Asia
1232:Williams, Dawn P (2006),
1212:Walcott, Rinaldo (2003),
1142:. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
1066:The Canadian Encyclopedia
5363:Ethnic groups in Toronto
1513:Turks and Caicos Islands
934:. 7 August 1995. pg. C.1
266:Census Metropolitan Area
4996:Asian events in Toronto
4545:Great Lakes megalopolis
4479:2015 Pan American Games
4460:2010 G20 Toronto summit
4370:Orange Order ascendency
4297:National Historic Sites
3907:Nordic and Scandinavian
1255:Hill, Daniel G (1992),
1192:Winks, Robin W (1997),
625:List of black Canadians
5029:Let's All Hate Toronto
5018:Fiction set in Toronto
4952:Toronto Public Library
4810:Solid Waste Management
4687:Toronto Stock Exchange
4483:Parapan American Games
4474:Rob Ford video scandal
4469:Danzig Street shooting
4455:2008 propane explosion
4390:Centennial of the City
2501:Anti-African sentiment
1022:Cite journal requires
814:Cite journal requires
650:Demographics of Canada
576:
143:
5217:Other transportation,
5208:Durham Region Transit
5172:Union Pearson Express
5132:Public transportation
5042:Films shot in Toronto
4931:University of Toronto
4778:Toronto Public Health
4412:Cancelled expressways
4307:Former municipalities
2553:Civil rights movement
2441:Afro-Caribbean people
1750:Chestnut Ridge people
1672:African-American Jews
1474:Saint Kitts and Nevis
434:. In North America's
417:George Elliott Clarke
141:
5023:Films set in Toronto
4969:Toronto Tool Library
4890:George Brown College
4751:Municipal government
4530:Greater Toronto Area
4380:1918 anti-Greek riot
4258:Notable Torontonians
2511:Atlantic slave trade
2199:United Arab Emirates
333:Greater Toronto Area
293:First Baptist Church
208:Underground Railroad
204:Atlantic slave trade
200:Southwestern Ontario
151:Greater Toronto Area
27:Ethnicity in Toronto
5196:York Region Transit
4706:City of Toronto Act
4498:2020 machete attack
4462:and the associated
2995:Canadian settlement
2400:Sierra Leone Creole
2251:India and Pakistan
1496:Trinidad and Tobago
1346:Antigua and Barbuda
1218:, Insomniac Press,
995:Ornstein, Michael.
782:. 18 September 2017
762:McMaster University
220:Trinidad and Tobago
165:), as well as many
163:Black Nova Scotians
21:Part of a series on
5341:Ontario portal
5101:Labour Day Classic
4916:Tyndale University
4912:(formerly Ryerson)
4880:Centennial College
4798:Recreation Centres
4788:Paramedic Services
4662:Financial District
4634:Scarborough Bluffs
4629:Leslie Street Spit
4493:2018 mass shooting
4385:Christie Pits riot
4375:Great Fire of 1904
4365:Great Fire of 1849
3137:Canadian ethnicity
2543:Black Lives Matter
2150:Ethiopian Israelis
1800:African immigrants
1775:Louisiana Redbones
1711:Chickasaw freedmen
1640:African immigrants
1408:Dominican Republic
840:. 10 February 2020
711:. 16 February 2017
685:on 8 December 2012
550:Kardinal Offishall
530:Kardinal Offishall
370:Da Kink in My Hair
167:African immigrants
144:
5350:
5349:
5300:
5299:
5253:Parking Authority
5064:Places of worship
4977:
4976:
4838:Primary/secondary
4540:Ontario Peninsula
4516:
4515:
4180:
4179:
4148:
4147:
3809:
3808:
3498:
3497:
3359:
3358:
3060:
3059:
2752:
2751:
2625:
2624:
2593:
2592:
2506:Anti-Black racism
2446:British Jamaicans
2436:African Americans
2421:African Americans
2375:Americo-Liberians
2360:African Americans
2332:
2331:
2155:Sudanese refugees
1956:
1955:
1726:Seminole freedmen
1706:Cherokee freedmen
1687:Black Southerners
1662:African Americans
1610:African Americans
1238:, D.P. Williams,
1119:Philip Mascoll, "
951:. 2 February 2017
862:Statistics Canada
645:Slavery in Canada
498:Canadian Afrobeat
397:Nurse.Fighter.Boy
136:
135:
5375:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5325:
5324:
5313:
5312:
5179:Brampton Transit
5128:
4957:List of branches
4835:
4535:Golden Horseshoe
4417:Board of Control
4340:Toronto Purchase
4313:
4285:Oldest buildings
4270:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4184:
3958:Southeast Europe
3820:
3509:
3368:
3206:
3142:French Canadians
3087:
3080:
3073:
3064:
3043:
3042:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3006:
2989:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2809:African-American
2807:
2806:
2805:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2724:United Kingdom (
2723:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2345:
1733:Creoles of color
1716:Choctaw freedmen
1682:Black Mennonites
1615:Black Mennonites
1462:Jamaican Maroons
1418:Samaná Americans
1329:
1315:
1304:African diaspora
1297:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1248:
1228:
1208:
1188:
1155:Benjamin, Drew.
1143:
1134:
1128:
1127:, 9 January 2007
1117:
1111:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1056:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:
992:
983:
982:
980:
978:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
935:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
874:
865:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
830:
824:
823:
817:
812:
810:
802:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
772:
766:
765:
757:
746:
745:
743:
741:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
675:
630:African diaspora
619:
614:
613:
612:
486:Canadian hip hop
454:. In athletics,
364:Lord Have Mercy!
320:Lawrence Heights
128:
121:
114:
18:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5335:
5333:
5296:
5218:
5212:
5117:
5037:Hollywood North
4973:
4940:
4936:York University
4900:OCAD University
4868:
4824:
4761:Public services
4755:
4691:
4643:
4639:Villiers Island
4577:Toronto Islands
4512:
4488:2018 van attack
4432:
4426:
4400:Hurricane Hazel
4317:
4311:
4271:
4262:
4228:General outline
4216:
4214:City of Toronto
4211:
4181:
4176:
4144:
4052:
4019:Southern Europe
4014:
3953:
3900:Northern Europe
3895:
3869:
3805:
3708:
3655:
3593:
3543:
3494:
3438:
3387:
3355:
3322:
3306:Southern Africa
3301:
3280:
3230:
3195:
3186:Irish Canadians
3096:
3091:
3061:
3056:
3050:Greater Toronto
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2990:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2921:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2795:national origin
2794:
2788:
2786:Black Canadians
2783:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2718:
2716:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2626:
2621:
2589:
2563:Genetic history
2488:
2482:
2458:
2452:
2432:United Kingdom
2406:
2385:Afro-Brazilians
2340:
2338:
2328:
2312:
2217:
2208:
2121:
1964:
1952:
1812:
1806:
1677:Alabama Creoles
1597:
1591:
1523:
1517:
1322:
1306:
1301:
1267:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1231:
1226:
1211:
1206:
1191:
1186:
1171:
1168:
1166:Further reading
1146:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1100:Insomniac Press
1092:Rinaldo Walcott
1090:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:, 11 July 2017.
1039:
1035:
1021:
1011:
1004:
1002:
999:
994:
993:
986:
976:
974:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
943:
942:
938:
927:
923:
913:
911:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
876:
875:
868:
857:
853:
843:
841:
832:
831:
827:
813:
803:
800:
799:
795:
785:
783:
780:City of Toronto
774:
773:
769:
759:
758:
749:
739:
737:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
709:www.insauga.com
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
677:
676:
672:
663:
615:
610:
608:
605:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
506:Caribbean music
468:Andre De Grasse
440:Jamaal Magloire
386:Charles Officer
382:Sudz Sutherland
353:
289:Eglinton Avenue
273:St. John's Ward
263:
198:other areas in
179:St. John's Ward
175:
147:Black Canadians
132:
95:
12:
11:
5:
5381:
5379:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5330:
5318:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5123:Transportation
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Amateur sports
5088:
5083:
5081:Shopping malls
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:Seneca College
4902:
4897:
4895:Humber College
4892:
4887:
4885:Collège Boréal
4882:
4876:
4874:
4873:Post-secondary
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4550:Neighbourhoods
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4355:Battle of York
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4060:
4058:
4057:Western Europe
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3874:Eastern Europe
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3823:Central Europe
3817:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3661:Southeast Asia
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:South Sudanese
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3209:Horn of Africa
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3191:Black Loyalist
3188:
3183:
3181:Newfoundlander
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2941:South Sudanese
2931:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2731:Indo-Caribbean
2728:
2726:Afro-Caribbean
2714:
2711:Indo-Caribbean
2708:
2706:Afro-Caribbean
2692:
2680:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2573:Pan-Africanism
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Creole peoples
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2274:Black Dutchmen
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2090:United Kingdom
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:Creek freedmen
1718:
1713:
1708:
1694:
1692:Black Hispanic
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1658:United States
1656:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1563:Miskito people
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1371:Cayman Islands
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1312:
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409:Love Come Down
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1061:"Black Music"
1055:
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582:
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546:BaKardi Slang
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539:
535:
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526:Melanie Fiona
523:
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495:
494:Canadian jazz
491:
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476:
471:
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465:
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422:
421:Lawrence Hill
418:
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398:
393:
392:
387:
383:
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378:Clement Virgo
376:The films of
374:
372:
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358:Drop the Beat
350:
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277:York Township
274:
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233:to establish
232:
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5308:
5263:PortsToronto
5248:Island Ferry
5106:Sports teams
5059:Music venues
5027:
5003:Architecture
4861:
4854:
4712:City Council
4704:
4624:Native trees
4597:Humber River
4555:Demographics
4335:Fort Rouillé
4248:Coat of arms
4233:Demographics
4140:Luxembourger
4091:Scotch-Irish
3617:Anglo-Indian
3512:Central Asia
3429:Puerto Rican
3235:North Africa
3049:
2793:By ethnic or
2324:Saint Helena
2260:in Karnataka
2177:Saudi Arabia
1745:Brass Ankles
1386:Cape Verdean
1256:
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1140:Toronto Star
1139:
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1125:Toronto Star
1124:
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1064:
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683:the original
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448:P. K. Subban
429:
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414:
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400:and Virgo's
395:
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212:
193:had 80, and
176:
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71:South Asians
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5327:WikiProject
5285:North–South
4672:Skyscrapers
4602:Rouge River
3995:Montenegrin
3774:Azerbaijani
3742:Palestinian
3694:Singaporean
3607:Bangladeshi
3327:West Africa
3285:East Africa
3033:Nova Scotia
2583:Reparations
2548:Black power
2296:New Zealand
2127:Middle East
2080:Switzerland
2040:Netherlands
1755:Dominickers
1630:Nova Scotia
1548:El Salvador
1479:Saint Lucia
1469:Puerto Rico
1005:20 February
955:30 November
522:Deborah Cox
514:Glenn Lewis
456:Ben Johnson
281:King Street
254:West Africa
214:largely in
195:Peel Region
161:(including
36:Aboriginals
5357:Categories
5241:Bike Share
5167:GO Transit
5150:Streetcars
5074:Synagogues
4657:Bay Street
4582:Waterfront
4162:Australian
4036:Portuguese
3990:Macedonian
3949:Lithuanian
3881:Belarusian
3704:Vietnamese
3679:Indonesian
3651:Sri Lankan
3599:South Asia
3490:Venezuelan
3480:Salvadoran
3470:Guatemalan
3318:Zimbabwean
3108:Indigenous
2977:Zimbabwean
2516:Coromantee
1931:Paramaccan
1845:Quilombola
1785:Melungeons
1543:Costa Rica
1452:Coromantee
977:22 January
949:Torontoist
914:22 January
888:22 January
844:17 January
786:17 January
740:21 January
715:21 January
689:22 January
661:References
548:", rapper
538:Tory Lanez
534:The Weeknd
452:RJ Barrett
340:Barbadians
91:Vietnamese
46:Cambodians
5280:East–West
5162:Metrolinx
5049:Landmarks
4945:Libraries
4830:Education
4783:Hospitals
4729:Elections
4724:City Hall
4592:Don River
4587:Waterways
4522:Geography
4345:Fort York
4325:Teiaiagon
4128:Québécois
3975:Bulgarian
3927:Norwegian
3922:Icelandic
3891:Ukrainian
3860:Slovenian
3845:Hungarian
3732:Jordanian
3714:West Asia
3689:Malaysian
3669:Cambodian
3634:Pakistani
3584:Taiwanese
3579:Mongolian
3562:Hong Kong
3549:East Asia
3485:Uruguayan
3465:Colombian
3455:Brazilian
3450:Argentine
3409:Dominican
3399:Barbadian
3392:Caribbean
3221:Ethiopian
3152:Québécois
2845:Ethiopian
2821:Barbadian
2678:Australia
2659:Caribbean
2337:Secondary
2301:Sri Lanka
2279:Mardijker
2269:Indonesia
2240:Hong Kong
2235:Guangzhou
2225:Australia
2172:Palestine
2100:Liverpool
2095:Cambridge
1948:Venezuela
1820:Argentina
1575:Nicaragua
1553:Guatemala
1333:Caribbean
1311:Geography
464:sprinters
191:Etobicoke
189:had 225,
155:Caribbean
56:Filipinos
5315:Category
5226:Airports
5069:Churches
4697:Politics
4567:Downtown
4464:protests
4302:Timeline
4221:Features
4167:Hawaiian
4118:Acadians
4096:Scottish
4010:Yugoslav
4000:Romanian
3980:Croatian
3965:Albanian
3939:Estonian
3830:Austrian
3769:Assyrian
3764:Armenian
3737:Lebanese
3674:Filipino
3569:Japanese
3475:Peruvian
3424:Jamaican
3414:Guyanese
3378:American
3364:Americas
3339:Nigerian
3334:Ghanaian
3297:Sudanese
3274:Egyptian
3262:Tunisian
3257:Moroccan
3247:Algerian
3216:Eritrean
3169:Scottish
3147:Acadians
3009:Montreal
2953:Sudanese
2905:Nigerian
2893:Jamaican
2869:Guyanese
2857:Ghanaian
2833:Eritrean
2661:diaspora
2607:Category
2457:Asia and
2426:Haitians
2381:Nigeria
2371:Liberia
2341:diaspora
2317:Atlantic
2291:Malaysia
2192:Africans
2110:Scotland
2055:Portugal
1976:Abkhazia
1936:Saramaka
1911:Suriname
1901:Paraguay
1889:Saramaka
1857:Colombia
1835:Kalungas
1765:Garifuna
1701:Freedmen
1652:Mascogos
1585:CimarrĂłn
1558:Honduras
1536:Garifuna
1506:Merikins
1489:Garifuna
1403:Dominica
1361:Barbados
1341:Anguilla
1319:Americas
1098:. 2003,
838:CIC News
666:Specific
603:See also
581:creating
510:Dan Hill
324:Brampton
246:Ethiopia
235:Caribana
224:Barbados
206:and the
183:Oakville
81:Japanese
76:Italians
5275:Contour
5236:Cycling
5231:Bridges
5113:Tourism
5013:Cuisine
5008:Cinemas
4983:Culture
4717:Speaker
4677:Tourism
4649:Economy
4614:Ravines
4572:Harbour
4560:History
4405:effects
4277:History
4154:Oceania
4086:English
4081:Cornish
4076:British
4069:Flemish
4064:Belgian
4041:Spanish
4031:Maltese
4026:Italian
4005:Serbian
3970:Bosnian
3944:Latvian
3932:Swedish
3917:Finnish
3886:Russian
3801:Turkish
3796:Kurdish
3789:Israeli
3779:Iranian
3684:Laotian
3639:Punjabi
3589:Tibetan
3557:Chinese
3460:Chilean
3419:Haitian
3383:Mexican
3164:English
3159:British
3118:by band
3045:Ontario
2881:Haitian
2617:Commons
2578:Slavery
2568:Maroons
2487:Related
2459:Oceania
2417:France
2306:Kaffirs
2218:Oceania
2085:Ukraine
2060:Romania
2030:Ireland
2013:Germany
1996:Finland
1991:Denmark
1986:Belgium
1981:Austria
1943:Uruguay
1921:Matawai
1869:Ecuador
1840:Macombo
1825:Bolivia
1813:America
1635:Ontario
1598:America
1524:America
1522:Central
1447:Jamaica
1435:Marabou
1425:Grenada
1398:Curaçao
1366:Bermuda
1356:Bahamas
1161:. 1856.
1149:General
1072:26 July
735:TVO.org
502:R&B
351:Culture
344:Somalis
308:Malvern
304:Rexdale
258:Nigeria
256:, with
250:Eritrea
242:Somalia
173:History
51:Chinese
5155:Subway
5091:Sports
4805:Police
4774:Health
4744:Deputy
4667:Hotels
4431:Since
4316:Before
4123:Breton
4113:French
4046:Basque
3912:Danish
3855:Slovak
3850:Polish
3840:German
3815:Europe
3784:Jewish
3757:Yemeni
3752:Syrian
3646:Romani
3629:Nepali
3612:Indian
3574:Korean
3524:Kazakh
3519:Afghan
3349:Yoruba
3269:Coptic
3252:Libyan
3242:Berber
3226:Somali
3201:Africa
3101:Canada
2929:Somali
2915:Yoruba
2722:
2702:Canada
2690:Brazil
2536:Yoruba
2489:topics
2466:Israel
2411:Europe
2356:Ghana
2349:Africa
2187:Turkey
2162:Jordan
2145:Israel
2105:London
2075:Sweden
2065:Russia
2050:Poland
2045:Norway
2023:Blacks
2018:Greece
2001:France
1967:Blacks
1962:Europe
1926:Ndyuka
1916:Kwinti
1896:Guyana
1884:Ndyuka
1862:Raizal
1830:Brazil
1795:Yoruba
1780:Lumbee
1760:Fulani
1738:Gullah
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1605:Canada
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1413:Cocolo
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5054:Media
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4619:Fauna
4609:Parks
4135:Irish
4108:Dutch
4101:Welsh
3985:Greek
3865:Swiss
3835:Czech
3747:Saudi
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2182:Syria
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2070:Spain
2035:Italy
2006:Paris
1879:Aluku
1852:Chile
1811:South
1770:Igbos
1596:North
1457:Igbos
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1381:Arará
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1261:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1200:ISBN
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