270:
234:
585:
blame for such relationships lay with the Black Venus herself. "What would seem an acknowledgment of the capture of
African people and the violation of black women is inverted into the Sable Venus’s conquest of European men . . . Through the representation of black women as sexual predators, the poem is able to deny the realities of slavery as well as white men’s desire for African women". Also, the classical details of the painting were more than just a way to show the painters learning. They were intentionally included to convey meaning that would be interpretable to learned gentlemen. They act together with Stothard's depiction of the Sable Venus as "thick and muscular" (very different from classical white beauty) to convey the temptation of white man's "desire for the undesirable" and its unmentionable consequences. In 2015
667:
434:
sea" (rather than greyhounds). The fast ships were able to elude the
British patrols and sail further up African rivers than larger ships. It also allowed the slavers to load a shipment of slaves quickly so as to reduce sickness among the crew and slaves alike. They then sailed to the West Indies where slaves were exchanged from molasses, which was carried back to Rhode Island to make more rum, which could be sold at a profit and used for further trade. In a treatise on the subject Jay Coughtry concluded that this scenario was correct in outline however he noted that "Returning slavers, however, did not carry enough syrup to supply even the local African fleet with sufficient rum for the first leg of the slaving voyages, let alone furnish a surplus for domestic consumption and coastwise exports".
438:
1748:
1733:
408:
century. Initially in
Virginia, for example, "Negros had been regarded as servants indentured for life, their children were born free and were also reared in the true faith". However, in many cases planters refused to let them go. So they came up with a new excuse based on race and the Christian bible. They argued that the Negros were the children of Ham or Cannan and claimed that slavery was a biblical practice based on Noah's curse: "And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren” (Genesis IX, 25). Some slave owners even claimed that Negros were not human and so could not become Christian.
484:
and kept in motion, he would mope, squat down with his chin on his knees and arms clasped about his legs, and in a very short time die. Among civilized races it is thought impossible to hold one’s breath until death follows; it is thought the
Africans can do so. They had no means of concealing anything, and certainly did not kill each other. The duties of the Camisas were also to look after the other negroes during the day, and when found sitting with knees up and head drooping, the Camisas would start them up, run them about the deck, give them a small ration of rum, and divert them until in a normal condition.
647:
in a very good condition of health and flesh, as compared with other similar cargoes, owing to the fact that they had not been so much crowded together on board as is common in slave voyages, and had been better fed than usual". Apparently, this was due to the fact that the slavers had only been able to load 600 captives rather than 1000, the full capacity. Nevertheless 90 had died and at least 10 more died after the arrival (considered a small loss). In spite of their suffering, the author wrote that he was amused at "their strange looks, motions, and actions". It was anticipated that
307:, a representative from Georgia, arguing that African captives brought illegally to the United States after the effective date should be sold and not set free. Early concluded that if such a law were enacted, "The whole people will rise up against it. Why? Because to enforce it would be to turn loose, in the bosom of the country, firebrands that would consume them." As indicated by the title, his book was primarily restricted to the slave trade to the United States and was far more detailed on the political aspects of that than Mannix and Cowley.
218:"; although, at 294 pages, it might not be considered short. It was also infused with views about race prevalent at the time. For example, it included the line, "Because the white men were superior in a variety of ways the black men received them with joy, and opened traffic at once". It also touted the "pluck" of some slave ship captains and posited that slave-ship experience was helpful in developing American sea power. In this regard, he cited the experience of
29:
511:
381:
well-organized economic systems, efficient agricultural practices, and admirable codes of law. We have only in recent years begun to appreciate West Africa's contribution to sculpture, folk literature, and music". In contrast to Du Bois, their account was emotive. It had no quotations of long political speeches, but rather focused on narratives of slave ship captains and crews.
599:
581:", it includes "a wealth of classical details, to show the painter’s learning". According to Mannix and Cowley, the messages of the painting and poem were obvious: "that slave women are preferable to English girls at night, being passionate and accessible". The idealize figure belies the horrors faced by women slaves, which they described in graphic detail.
262:, for talk and drink. On a prearranged signal, the slavers suddenly took up arms against them. The villagers that fled in a wild dash for life were captured by men from a rival village with whom the captain had made a secret pact. Spears devoted several pages to the gripping story, which was not included in
478:
In another example, they included a quotation from George W. Howe, a medical student who shipped in 1859 with an illegal slave ship. Howe purported it to be the last slaving ship. The authors commented that it was one of the best descriptions of the morbid melancholy that often affected slaves during
420:
in parliament. Unfortunately, the blockade was thwarted by the United States, which refused to allow their ships to be searched. Even though it was technically illegal, the U.S. government did not enforce the ban and it became a major transporter of slaves to the New World. Demand for imported slaves
395:
had attempted to enslave the
Indians but they were not suited to the work, which led to "thousands of Indians dying in corrals, and scores of men and women burned alive in the hope that their fate would induce the others to work" (Mannix's description). In 1515, moved by the suffering of the Indians,
646:
in 1808. The legend in the book uses the phrase, "walking skeletons covered over with a piece of tanned leather". While the description seems applicable, the text of the Harper's Weekly article stated, "It is said by persons acquainted with the slave-trade and who saw them, that they were generally
584:
However, Mannix and Cowley's interpretation of the poem based on the quoted lines is at odds with the more detailed analysis of the full poem by Dr. Regulus Allen. She concluded that neither
Edwards or Teale condoned intimate relations between white men and their black slaves. The poem indicates the
494:
The authors concluded that, "What had produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos . . . In the
Western Hemisphere, besides introducing a vigorous new strain of immigrants, it had created the plantation system, it had opened vast areas to the cultivation of the four great
483:
Notwithstanding their apparent good health, each morning three or four dead would be found, brought upon deck, taken by arms and heels, and tossed overboard as unceremoniously as an empty bottle. Of what did they die? and always at night? In the barracoons it was known that if a negro was not amused
467:
In another portion of the square are a number of women, their bodies painted, and their figures exposed with barely a yard of cloth around their hips, with rows of girls from the age of twelve and upwards exposed to the examination of Arabs and subject to inexpressible indignities by the dealers. We
407:
According to Mannix and Cowley, in the 16th century, slavers were unapologetic–slavery was just an accepted practice. It was justified on the basis of religion. Africans were seen as benefiting by conversion to
Christianity. The "racial excuse was seldom used". The racial aspect surfaced in the 17th
450:
According to Mannix and Cowley, slavers began to carry an
American passenger (called the capitano de bandiera, or captain of the flag) who ostensively took command of the vessel if it was boarded by the English. They claimed that one was a tailor, and another was a grog-shop keeper. It wasn't until
298:
De Bois intended his account to be "a small contribution to the scientific study of slavery and the
American Negro". Du Bois kept his account matter of fact, data driven, and almost entirely without emotion, although in her introduction, Saidya Hartman commented that he later used a less disengaged
806:
as well as other scholars estimated the total was closer to ten million. Mannix and Cowley estimated that up to approximately 30% of the captured Africans died. More refined estimates averaged less than 20%. Mannix and Cowley claimed that in England and France "it created greater accumulations of
462:
Mannix and Cowley included many quotations from eyewitnesses to the horrors endured by the slaves and the callous indifference of the slavers. For example, they included a half page quotation from a narrative by George Lydiard Sulivan, a British naval officer in a squadron tasked with suppressing
777:
is always welcome, particularly when it fills a gap and increases public knowledge of ill-understood matters. 'Black Cargoes' does all that. It is the long-needed single volume covering all the salient angles of the evil, old trade in African Negroes ". The "special current overtones" presumably
701:
The first object that attracted my compassion while visiting on a neighboring estate was a truly beautiful Samboe girl of about eighteen, tied up with both arms to a tree, as naked as she came to the world, and lacerated in such a shocking condition by the whips of two Negro drivers that she was,
501:
focused on the slavers and the human cargo that was carried from Africa to the New World. It did not include substantive discussions of re-capture slaves returned to Africa or the regional transport of slaves within the United States, which became the dominant form of forced relocation of slaves
433:
Although Rhode Island was not highlighted by Mannix and Cowley, it became the center of the American slave trade in the 18th century. A triangular trading route was developed. Small "clippers" were loaded with rum distilled in Rhode Island. Mannix and Cowley described them as the "whippets of the
446:
As noted earlier, Du Bois approached his history of the suppression of the slave trade more systematically than in the colorful Mannix and Cowley narrative. He included a table showing the passage of laws of countries banning the trade and the implementation of treaties which allowed the British
662:
was one of three slave ships seized by the United States Navy and returned to Key West in 1860. There were nearly 1,400 Africans aboard. They were place in former slave pens, before being shipped to Liberia. The high cost of keeping the slaves in Key West led to the passage of legislation that
380:
In contrast to Spears, Mannix and Cowley were respectful of African culture: "There were kingdoms and commonwealths comparable in size with many European nations, and even the smaller tribes had definite and often complex cultures . . . Many of their communities had highly involved religions,
302:
Each chapter was preceded by a precise list of contents. There were no illustrations except for a diagram that illustrated the legislative history of the Act of 1807 (effective in 1808), which banned the importation of slaves to the United States. He included long quotations from debates. For
282:
as one of his primary sources, although their books could not be more different. De Bois based his account on his PhD thesis at Harvard University and it is still considered a standard on the topic. As such it has been republished by the Louisiana State University with an introduction by
830:
but more reliable and thorough. While the newer work was said to correct many misconceptions and stereotypes, it was criticized as "coldly detached' and "miss the human side of the story". Thus it could play into a kind of "moral amnesia . . . apparently welcomed by many whites".
425:, during which white plantation owners were slaughtered in 1804. The authors claimed that all states south of Maryland feared a slave rebellion, nevertheless the fear was later overcome by greed. They concluded (as did Du Bois before them) that the invention of the
807:
wealth than had been known in previous centuries." Subsequent analysis indicated that the return on investment was about 10% or less, about what could be expected from other investments. Nevertheless, the critic concluded that despite its statistical inaccuracies,
447:(which had taken over the role of "policeman of the seas") to actually enforce the bans. However, since they were not permitted to search American ships, captains from other countries began to falsely fly American flags which frustrated the effort.
372:, a hardcover magazine, in 1962. The title page had the heading, "Packed like animals in the holds of ships, Negros bound for America were prey to disease, brutal masters, and their own suicidal melancholy. Such was the fearful MIDDLE PASSAGE".
249:
commented that "Its tone is high and the general impression given is a true one". On the other hand, he noted that "There is a dangerous blending of history and fiction in the book that makes the reader not always certain of his ground". While
429:
in 1828, which made the processing of cotton far more efficient, led to a vast expansion of cotton plantations and the need for more slaves. Also according to Du Bois slavery was changing from a "family institution to an industrial system".
404:, to import slaves from Africa to relieve the suffering of the Indians. His request was granted, although the motive for granting the request may have been at least partially economic. In 1518, 4000 African slaves were sent to the island.
411:
According to Mannix and Cowley, the slave trade then blossomed and continued essentially unabated for nearly three centuries. However, in 1807, Britain and the United States passed legislation banning the slave trade. Britain launched a
363:
was Mannix's book, and his role was chiefly editorial. However, he had been preparing to write a book that was never published, and his material was included. He noted that he accepted primary responsibility for chapters 5, 7, and 12.
1662:. Vol. 1. Includes prints (some by William Blake) after drawings by the author. London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, & J. Edwards, Pall Mall. pp. 325–326 & illustrations facing pp. 110 & 326
279:
273:
Diagram by W. E. B. Du Bois for his book "The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870" that illustrates the legislative history of the Act of 1807 that banned slave trade, Longmans,
441:
Table by W. E. B. Du Bois for his book "The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870" that shows bans by countries and treaty agreements to suppress the slave trade, Longmans,
978:"Reviews: The American Slave Trade. An Account of its Origin Growth and Suppression. By John R. Spears. Illustrated by Walter Appleton Clark. Pp. xvi and 232. Price. $ 2.50. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1900"
1097:
798:. A reviewer in Reviews of American History in 1982 highlighted some flaws in Mannix and Cowley's analysis. For example, Mannix and Cowley estimated 50 million Africans were moved to the new world as slaves.
495:
slave crops–sugar, rice, tobacco, and cotton–and it had also encouraged the fatal and persistent myth of Negro inferiority". It took the American Civil War to effectively end the trade in about 1865.
1683:"Book Reviews: "Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1518-1865". By Daniel P. Mannix, in collaboration with Malcolm Cowley. (New York: The Viking Press, 1962. pp. vii, 306. $ 6.95.)"
258:, which depicted action sequences. For example, the figure captioned, "A wild dash for life was made." depicts the treacherous slaughter of villagers who the slavers had invited on board the ship,
269:
226:. Even in a discussion of the degraded action of slavers there was a condescending tone: "And degradation is the inevitable fate of everyone who deliberately ignores justice in his treatment of
468:
saw several Arab slave-dealers around these poor creatures; they were in treaty for the purchase of three or four women who had been made to take off the only rag of a garment which they wore.
877:
757:
called "this bloody traffic", written in such a style as to make it easy but not pleasant reading". Another historian described it as "one of the canonical histories on the slave trade".
702:
from her neck to her ankles, literally dyed over with blood. It was after receiving two hundred lashes that I perceived her with her head hanging downwards, a most miserable spectacle.
299:
style of writing. Du Bois mainly focused on the political debates about the slave trade in the United States and the various, mostly ineffective, legislative attempts to suppress it.
233:
666:
437:
1139:
1626:
765:, the popular news magazine at the time, did an extensive summary which included many of the disturbing details. It included the dust cover illustration by
1659:
Narrative, of a five years' expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America, from the year 1772, to 1778
1875:"Human Merchandise Was Big Business: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, A History. By James A. Rawley. Illustrated. 452 pp. New York: W. W. Norton. $ 24.95"
1710:
591:
549:
extoling the slave economy of British colonies in the West Indies. Mannix and Cowley quoted four lines from the 15th stanza of the associated poem,
881:
746:
1381:
Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa. Narrative of five years' experiences in the suppression of the slave trade
1994:
643:
291:
in 2014. The Oxford edition was part of a project to republish De Bois's major works as a series and it includes the series introduction by
533:
included many historical illustrations. One of the most beautiful and disturbing of these is the reproduction of a heroic sized painting,
878:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw"
1525:
1989:
1384:. Map and illustrations based on photographs and sketches by the author. London: Samson Low, Marston, Low & Searle. pp. 253–254
835:
456:
1984:
1460:"An "Abominable" New Trade: The Closing of the African Slave Trade and the Changing Patterns of U.S. Political Power, 1808-60"
459:
with the British that allowed their ships to be searched and for violators to be tried in joint British and American courts.
1734:""A Fixed Melancholy": Migration, Memory, and the Middle Passage. (New York: The Viking Press, 1962. pp. vii, 306. $ 6.95.)"
1017:
254:
was also narrative, Spears's book often included longer stories and quotations. It also included original illustrations by
2009:
2004:
1792:
1131:
1072:
401:
753:. I am not sure that the authors intended it to be. It is, however, a savage indictment of all those connected with what
369:
187:
2014:
1999:
840:
recommended a quartet of narrative histories of the slave trade for non-specialist and college students that included
1580:
1417:
1049:
1874:
857:
782:
in the United States at the time. The article included the illustration of the captured Africans on the slave ship
546:
214:) as short and moralistic. It was dedicated to "All who sincerely strive to understand and obey the divine command
811:
presented a "vivid and compelling picture of the trade, in the process capturing its broader moral significance".
266:. Mannix and Cowley include many historical illustrations, but most of these have a loose connection to the text.
954:
397:
391:
magazine review, the black slave trade to the Americas ironically began as a humanitarian effort. Colonist in
149:
1773:
1682:
1102:. Book introduction by Saidya Hartman; series introduction by Henry Louis Gates Jr. Oxford University Press
693:
in their American Heritage article "Middle Passage". Both engravings originally appeared in Stedman's book
1657:
1599:
1422:
766:
713:
416:
to suppress the trade by all nations. The British policy came about largely through the moral advocacy of
34:
909:. In collaboration with Malcolm Cowley; introduction by Malcolm Cowley. New York: Viking Press. p. x
1850:
779:
542:
255:
145:
1774:"Books: Unexpiated Guilt: Black Cargoes (306 pp.)–Daniel P. Mannix with Malcolm Cowley–Viking ($ 6.95)"
387:
begins with Christopher Columbus and the brutal suppression of a revolt by Indians. As recounted in a
904:
750:
690:
682:
292:
161:
153:
754:
417:
1379:
745:
received positive reviews from scholars. A reviewer in The Journal of Negro History (now known as
1831:
1702:
1552:
578:
422:
284:
178:
164:. It had a narrative format and was widely recognized in the popular press at the time including
1901:
934:. Illustrated by Walter Appleton Clark. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. dedication, 30, 46 & 62
633:
607:
638:
magazine article, a wood engraving after a daguerreotype of slaves on the captured slave-ship,
1951:
1182:. Vol. 13, no. 2. In collaboration with Malcolm Cowley. pp. 22–25 & 103–107
977:
586:
452:
28:
929:
1694:
799:
137:
50:
1310:
1611:
815:
760:
538:
515:
288:
219:
165:
463:
the slave trade in the Indian Ocean. The last paragraph of the quotation is as follows:
182:
review indicated that its subject had "special current overtones". One of the chapters,
1926:
1557:
663:
enabled the Navy to take slave ships and the re-captured Africans directly to Liberia.
648:
595:
as a 79-page catalog of images of the black female form from 38,000 BC to the present.
413:
171:
141:
54:
1978:
1019:
The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870
678:
246:
237:
Illustration by Walter Appleton Clark captioned "A wild dash for life was made." for
510:
1548:
95:
1175:
655:, which the United States had established as a colony for freed slaves in Africa.
695:
The Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam
304:
577:
In addition to depicting the Sable Venus on a scallop shell in the fashion of "
1928:
Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade
850:
Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade
426:
392:
602:
A wood engraving after a daguerreotype of slaves on the captured slave-ship,
573: – anonymous but likely Isaac Teale (Edwards's tutor)
1312:
The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade, 1700-1807
931:
The American Slave Trade: An Account of Its Origin, Growth and Suppression
598:
280:
The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America
158:
The American Slave Trade: An Account of Its Origin, Growth and Suppression
1041:
1493:
1459:
1218:
724:, published in 1835 was used on the dust cover of the first edition of
1835:
1819:
1706:
652:
749:) wrote: "This is not, perhaps, the definitive scholarly study of the
278:
Spears acknowledged an earlier history from 1896 by W. E. B. Du Bois,
848:(2003), by Johannes Postma, which he suggested should be read first;
1698:
545:. The painting was reproduced as an etching to illustrate a book by
957:. The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations
982:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
665:
597:
509:
436:
268:
232:
1956:. Introduction by Philip D. Curtin. Lexington, Mass: D. C. Heath
677:
Mannix and Cowley's book and article included two engravings by
589:
published a collection of poems including a reimagining of the
222:(the American naval Revolutionary War hero) on the slave ship,
22:
Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1518–1865
906:
Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1518–1865
129:
Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1518–1865
1042:"Primary Sources: The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade"
210:(the last full-length book on the topic copyrighted prior to
642:
brought to Key West in 1860, well after the slave trade was
535:
The Voyage of the Sable Venus from Angola to the West Indies
794:
Several more scholarly and quantitative treatises followed
230:. Get rich he may, but be degraded hell-low he shall be" .
287:
in 1970, and by Oxford University with an introduction by
673:
by William Blake after John G. Stedman in Stedman's book.
522:, 1801, one of many historical illustrations included in
520:
Voyage of the Sable Venus from Angola to the West Indies
479:
the Middle Passage. The quoted paragraph is as follows:
1096:
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2014). Henry Louis Gates Jr. (ed.).
1553:"Rebirth of Venus: Robin Coste Lewis's historical art"
1099:
The Suppression of the African Slave Trade, 16 38–1870
955:"(still image) A wild dash for life was made., (1901)"
1074:
The Suppression of the African Slave Trade, 1638–1870
1006:
Spears 1900, pp. 58–62 and illustration facing pg 64.
303:
example, he devoted a full page to quote a speech by
697:. Stedman described the woman's torture as follows:
1527:
The Sable Venus. An Ode. Inscribed to Bryan Edwards
117:
109:
101:
91:
76:
68:
60:
46:
1494:""The Sable Venus" and Desire for the Undesirable"
953:Digital Collections, The New York Public Library.
148:in the United States prior to the passage of the
1315:. Temple University Press. pp. 1 & 7–8]
699:
481:
465:
318:has the following numbered chapter headings:
1579:"From our own correspondent" (June 2, 1860).
826:section described it as a drier account than
691:"A Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows"
8:
773:wrote, "A SOUND book on a rich subject with
21:
1077:. Foreword by John Hope Franklin. LSU Press
241:by John R. Spears, C. Scribner's Sons, 1900
206:by Cowley characterized Spears's 1900 book
1906:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida
1873:Fredrickson, George M. (1 November 1981).
1581:"The Africans of the Slave Bark, Wildfire"
903:Mannix, Daniel P. (1962). "Introduction".
27:
20:
1793:"Grim Chapter of Man's Inhumanity to Man"
1487:
1485:
1212:
1210:
1120:Du Bois 1896, pp. v, 94, 98-99 & 107.
681:after paintings by John Gabriel Stedman:
1498:Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900
820:The Transatlantic Slave Trade, A History
651:would agree to have them transported to
1625:Younger, Karen Fisher (December 2008).
869:
747:The Journal of African American History
683:"Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave"
216:Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself
1607:
1597:
421:had previously dampened following the
176:and was praised in academic articles.
671:Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave
632:review of the book) was taken from a
7:
1754:from the original on 16 January 2024
1713:from the original on 15 January 2024
1333:Du Bois 1896, pp. 136 & 143–145.
976:Du Bois, W. E. B. (September 1901).
852:(1967) edited by Philip Curtin; and
1174:Mannix, Daniel P. (February 1962).
606:, brought to Key West in 1860 from
1852:The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census
1627:"Liberia and the Last Slave Ships"
1022:. New York: Longmans, Green and Co
786:in Key West included in the book.
564:Both just alike, except the white,
352:Slave Catching in the Indian Ocean
325:Slaving in the Seventeenth Century
14:
1791:Furnas, J. C. (4 November 1962).
1142:from the original on 17 June 2024
1052:from the original on 14 June 2024
722:Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil
514:Engraving by William Grainger of
144:was published in 1962 during the
1378:Sulivan, George Lydiard (1873).
837:The Journal of Caribbean History
802:in his "pathbreaking" 1969 book
1931:. University of Wisconsin Press
1925:Curtin, Philip D., ed. (1967).
1780:. 2 November 1962. p. 102.
644:prohibited in the United States
567:No difference, no—none at night
331:Flush Times on the Guinea Coast
152:. It was the first book on the
1879:The New York Times Book Review
1681:Sweat, Edward F. (July 1963).
1656:Stedman, John Gabriel (1796).
1514:, pp. 112–113 and illustration
1464:The William and Mary Quarterly
1458:Deyle, Steven (October 2009).
928:Spears, John Randolph (1900).
844:. Others on his list included
824:The New York Times Book Review
455:in the Lincoln administration
343:The Fight to Abolish the Trade
1:
1950:Northrup, David, ed. (1994).
1416:Howe, George W. (July 1890).
1164:, pp. Contents & page xiv
1130:Hulett, Keith (14 May 2013).
502:after the Revolutionary War.
473:George Lydiard Sulivan (1873)
402:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
16:1962 book by Daniel P. Mannix
1995:Works about American slavery
1818:Kolchin, Peter (June 1982).
1687:The Journal of Negro History
570:The beauteous dames between.
368:was published separately in
349:The Roaring Eighteen-Forties
186:was published separately in
1824:Reviews in American History
1732:Ramesh, Mallipeddi (2014).
1219:"Review [Untitled]"
741:At the time of its release
707:John Gabriel Stedman (1796)
355:The Dream of a Slave Empire
2031:
1990:20th-century history books
1849:Curtin, Philip D. (1969).
1217:Dorsey, Joseph C. (2006).
1071:Du Bois, W. E. B. (1970).
1016:Du Bois, W. E. B. (1896).
245:The obvious biases aside,
37:used on the dust cover of
1900:Postma, Johannes (2005).
775:special current overtones
592:Voyage of the Sable Venus
26:
1953:The Atlantic Slave Trade
1903:The Atlantic Slave Trade
1510:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1444:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1402:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1364:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1342:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1295:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1273:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1260:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1247:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1200:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1160:Mannix and Cowley 1962,
1136:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1132:"Peter Early, 1773-1817"
854:The Atlantic Slave Trade
846:The Atlantic Slave Trade
804:The Atlantic Slave Trade
649:President James Buchanan
624:Another illustration in
579:Botticelli’s White Venus
328:The Early American Trade
311:Contents and Attribution
239:The American Slave Trade
208:The American Slave Trade
192:magazine, also in 1962.
150:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1492:Allen, Regulus (2011).
1434:– via HathiTrust.
1277:, pp. 186–187 & 195
551:The Sable Venus. An Ode
1985:1962 non-fiction books
1820:"The Slaving Business"
1741:The Eighteenth Century
1309:Coughtry, Jay (1981).
767:Johann Moritz Rugendas
718:Nègres a fond de Calle
714:Johann Moritz Rugendas
710:
674:
621:
527:
492:
476:
443:
398:Bartolomé de las Casas
275:
242:
140:in collaboration with
132:(referred to below as
53:in collaboration with
35:Johann Moritz Rugendas
1645:– via Proquest.
1418:"The Last Slave-Ship"
1355:Du Bois 1896, p. 150.
1286:Du Bois 1896, p. 152.
780:civil rights movement
669:
612:that was included in
601:
543:Royal Academy of Arts
513:
489:George W. Howe (1890)
440:
272:
256:Walter Appleton Clark
236:
160:published in 1900 by
146:civil rights movement
2010:Atlantic slave trade
2005:Slavery and religion
1551:(October 19, 2015).
1264:, pp. 26 & 59–60
769:. A reviewer in the
751:Atlantic slave trade
628:(and reprinted in a
293:Henry Louis Gates Jr
200:The introduction of
162:John Randolph Spears
154:Atlantic slave trade
1881:. pp. 7, 42–43
1524:Anonymous (1765).
1426:. pp. 113–128
1423:Scribner's Magazine
1299:, pp. 186 & 200
884:on October 21, 2010
561:, where she’s seen;
457:negotiated a treaty
418:William Wilberforce
359:Cowley stated that
23:
2015:Viking Press books
2000:History of slavery
1797:The New York Times
1610:has generic name (
1478:– via JSTOR.
1237:– via JSTOR.
1048:. 1 October 2023.
675:
622:
528:
444:
423:Haitian Revolution
366:The Middle Passage
340:The Yankee Slavers
337:Captains and Crews
334:The Middle Passage
285:John Hope Franklin
276:
243:
184:The Middle Passage
179:The New York Times
1631:Civil War History
1223:Caribbean Studies
1180:American Heritage
856:(1994) edited by
587:Robin Coste Lewis
453:William H. Seward
370:American Heritage
196:Earlier histories
189:American Heritage
170:magazine and the
125:
124:
113:Print (hardcover)
102:Publication place
2022:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1897:
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1234:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1176:"Middle Passage"
1171:
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1152:
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1149:
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1127:
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1118:
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941:
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925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
880:. Archived from
874:
800:Philip D. Curtin
708:
490:
474:
138:Daniel P. Mannix
87:
85:
51:Daniel P. Mannix
31:
24:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
1975:
1974:
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1969:
1959:
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1924:
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1909:
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1699:10.2307/2716346
1680:
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1587:
1585:Harper's Weekly
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876:
875:
871:
866:
816:James A. Rawley
792:
778:relates to the
739:
737:Contemporaneous
734:
709:
706:
635:Harper's Weekly
609:Harper's Weekly
553:, as follows:
541:of the British
539:Thomas Stothard
516:Thomas Stothard
508:
491:
488:
475:
472:
378:
313:
289:Saidiya Hartman
220:John Paul Jones
198:
110:Media type
83:
81:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1942:
1917:
1892:
1865:
1841:
1830:(2): 173–176.
1810:
1799:. p. BR 2
1783:
1765:
1747:(2): 235–253.
1724:
1693:(3): 223–224.
1673:
1648:
1617:
1571:
1558:The New Yorker
1540:
1516:
1503:
1481:
1450:
1437:
1408:
1395:
1370:
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1348:
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1122:
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1088:
1063:
1033:
1008:
999:
968:
945:
920:
895:
868:
867:
865:
862:
858:David Northrup
834:A reviewer in
791:
788:
771:New York Times
738:
735:
733:
730:
704:
630:New York Times
618:New York Times
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
507:
504:
486:
470:
414:naval blockade
377:
374:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:The Beginnings
312:
309:
197:
194:
173:New York Times
142:Malcolm Cowley
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
55:Malcolm Cowley
48:
44:
43:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1991:
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1986:
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1982:
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1973:
1955:
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1921:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1896:
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1696:
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1660:
1652:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1608:|author=
1601:
1600:cite magazine
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:Chiasson, Dan
1544:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:Black Cargoes
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:Black Cargoes
1441:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:Black Cargoes
1399:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:Black Cargoes
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:Black Cargoes
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:Black Cargoes
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:Black Cargoes
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:Black Cargoes
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:Black Cargoes
1244:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Black Cargoes
1197:
1194:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:Black Cargoes
1157:
1154:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1046:WEBDuBois.org
1043:
1037:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
956:
949:
946:
933:
932:
924:
921:
908:
907:
899:
896:
883:
879:
873:
870:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Black cargoes
839:
838:
832:
829:
828:Black Cargoes
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
809:Black Cargoes
805:
801:
797:
796:Black Cargoes
790:Retrospective
789:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Black Cargoes
736:
731:
729:
727:
726:Black Cargoes
723:
720:, taken from
719:
715:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:Black Cargoes
684:
680:
679:William Blake
672:
668:
664:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
626:Black Cargoes
619:
615:
614:Black Cargoes
611:
610:
605:
600:
596:
594:
593:
588:
582:
580:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
555:
554:
552:
548:
547:Bryan Edwards
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:Black Cargoes
525:
524:Black Cargoes
521:
517:
512:
506:Illustrations
505:
503:
500:
499:Black Cargoes
496:
485:
480:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
448:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
419:
415:
409:
405:
403:
400:, petitioned
399:
394:
390:
386:
385:Black Cargoes
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
361:Black Cargoes
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
319:
317:
316:Black Cargoes
310:
308:
306:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
271:
267:
265:
264:Black Cargoes
261:
257:
253:
252:Black Cargoes
248:
247:W. E. Du Bois
240:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Black Cargoes
209:
205:
204:
203:Black Cargoes
195:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Black Cargoes
131:
130:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:United States
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
39:Black Cargoes
36:
30:
25:
19:
1971:
1958:. Retrieved
1952:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1927:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1902:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1878:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1851:
1844:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1796:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1744:
1740:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1690:
1686:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1658:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1637:(4): 424–442
1634:
1630:
1620:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1556:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1472:. Retrieved
1470:(4): 833–850
1467:
1463:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1421:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1380:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1311:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1229:(1): 317–325
1226:
1222:
1201:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1135:
1125:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1098:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1073:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1018:
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
988:(2): 156–157
985:
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
948:
936:. Retrieved
930:
923:
911:. Retrieved
905:
898:
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
872:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
827:
823:
819:
814:A review of
813:
808:
803:
795:
793:
783:
774:
770:
761:
759:
742:
740:
725:
721:
717:
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315:
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263:
260:Duke of York
259:
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201:
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188:
183:
177:
172:
166:
157:
133:
128:
127:
126:
96:Viking Press
38:
18:
755:Wilberforce
712:A print by
305:Peter Early
224:King George
1979:Categories
1758:16 January
1717:15 January
1500:: 667–691.
1251:, pp. 1–3.
864:References
822:(1981) in
451:1862 when
427:cotton gin
393:Hispaniola
346:Contraband
1885:March 28,
1448:, p. 287.
1406:, p. 120.
1368:, p. 250.
1346:, p. 202.
640:Wildfire,
396:a priest
376:Narrative
228:inferiors
92:Publisher
77:Published
33:Print by
1749:Archived
1711:Archived
1430:June 21,
1204:, p. 10.
1140:Archived
1050:Archived
961:June 13,
888:July 29,
784:Wildfire
705:—
660:Wildfire
604:Wildfire
559:Florence
487:—
471:—
61:Language
1960:13 June
1935:13 June
1910:13 June
1836:2702324
1803:15 June
1707:2716346
1666:21 June
1641:14 June
1590:May 30,
1564:May 26,
1474:15 June
1388:20 June
1319:13 June
1146:17 June
1106:14 June
1081:14 June
1056:14 June
1026:21 June
992:22 June
938:13 June
913:15 June
732:Reviews
653:Liberia
620:review.
82: (
72:History
64:English
1858:7 June
1834:
1705:
1533:23 May
1233:7 June
1186:23 May
616:and a
156:since
121:306 pp
47:Author
1832:JSTOR
1752:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1703:JSTOR
537:, by
442:1896.
274:1896.
136:) by
118:Pages
69:Genre
1962:2024
1937:2024
1912:2024
1887:2024
1860:2024
1805:2024
1778:Time
1760:2024
1719:2024
1668:2024
1643:2024
1612:help
1592:2024
1566:2024
1535:2024
1476:2024
1432:2024
1390:2024
1321:2024
1235:2024
1188:2024
1148:2024
1108:2024
1083:2024
1058:2024
1028:2024
994:2024
963:2024
940:2024
915:2024
890:2016
762:Time
689:and
658:The
389:Time
167:Time
84:1962
80:1962
1695:doi
818:'s
685:in
557:In
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