Black Death in England - Knowledge (XXG)

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while the death rate of the plague of 1479–1480 could have been as high as 20 per cent. From that point outbreaks became fewer and more manageable, due largely to conscious efforts by central and local governments—from the late 15th century onward—to curtail the disease. This included quarantines on people and goods coming from infected places, bans on public gatherings (such as fairs), enforced household quarantine for the infected (known as 'locking up') and quarantines on ships and crews coming from ports where Plague outbreaks had occurred. From the early 17th century there was also greater use of quarantine facilities, called

1297:. Once the swelling rose to a head and was red in appearance and not deep in the flesh, it was broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon's tail. The feather's fundament was held to the swelling to try to draw out the venom. However, if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance, the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling. If it was too late to prevent, the physician would take the young pigeon, cut it open from breast to back, break it open and apply the pigeon (while still alive) over the cold swelling. The 3807: 1337:(IPMs)—taken by the Crown to assess the wealth of the greatest landowners after their death—to assess the mortality caused by the Black Death, and from this he arrived at an estimate of 23.6% of the entire population. He also looked at episcopal registers for the death toll among the clergy, where the result was between 30 and 40%. Russell believed the clergy was at particular risk of contagion, and eventually arrived at an overall mortality rate of "only" 20 per cent. 1230:, had been the victim of violent incursions from the Scots, and were therefore left particularly vulnerable to the devastations of the plague. Pestilence is less virulent during the winter months, and spreads less rapidly. The Black Death in England had survived the winter of 1348–49, but during the following winter it subsided, and by December 1349 conditions were returning to relative normality. It had taken the disease around 500 days to traverse the entire country. 57: 1616:, an English priest. His ideas paved a path for the Christian reformation in England. Some people did not lose their Christian faith, if anything it was renewed; they began to long for a more personal relationship with God—around the time after the Black Death many chantries (private chapels) began to spread in use from not just the nobility, but to among the well-to-do. This change in the power of the papacy in England is demonstrated by the statutes of 925: 1420:'s estates reveals that, while his manors of Hartlebury and Hanbury had a mortality rate of only 19 per cent, the manor of Aston lost as much as 80 per cent of its population. The manor rolls are less useful for studying the demographic distribution of the mortality, since the rolls only record the heads of households, normally an adult male. Here the IPMs show us that the most vulnerable to the disease were infants and the elderly. 3986: 1481: 792: 1361:

long term changes in population. She and her colleagues analysed pottery sherds from test pits in more than 50 continuously occupied rural settlements in eastern England, and found a decline in the number of pottery producing pits of 45 per cent. Norfolk had the greatest drop of 65 per cent, while there was no drop in 10 per cent of settlements, mostly commercial centres.

1657: 3996: 884:, Dorset, from Gascony in June 1348. By autumn, the plague had reached London, and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country, before dying down by December. Low estimates of mortality in the early 20th century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information, and a figure of 40–60% of the population is widely accepted. 1211:; and along the coast by ship. The full effect of the plague was felt in the capital early the next year. Conditions in London were ideal for the plague: the streets were narrow and flowing with sewage, and houses were overcrowded and poorly ventilated. By March 1349 the disease was spreading haphazardly across all of southern England. 1375:

The Great Mortality, as it was then known, entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese. The clergy were on the front line of the disease, bringing comfort to the dying, hearing final confessions and organising burials. This, almost by necessity, put them at a greater

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reported the results of a new method of assessing the death toll. She argued that pottery before and after the Black Death is datable because there was a change at that time from the high medieval to the late medieval style, and that counts of pottery of each type therefore provide a useful proxy for

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In 1361–1362 the plague returned to England, this time causing the death of around 20% of the population. After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, in local or national outbreaks. From this point its effect became less severe, and one of the last

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Another notable consequence of the Black Death was the raising of the real wage of England (due to the shortage of labour as a result of the reduction in population), a trait shared across Western Europe, which in general led to a real wage in 1450 that was unmatched in most countries until the 19th

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The term "Black Death"—which refers to the first and most serious outbreak of the second pandemic—was not used by contemporaries, who preferred such names as the "Great Pestilence" or the "Great Mortality". It was not until the 17th century that the term under which we know the outbreak today became

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In this year, in Melcombe, in the county of Dorset, a little before the Feast of St. John the Baptist, two ships, one of them from Bristol, came alongside. One of the sailors had brought with him from Gascony the seeds of the terrible pestilence and through him the men of the town of Melcombe were

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Over the following decades the plague would return—on a national or a regional level—at intervals of five to 12 years, with gradually dwindling death tolls. Then, in the decades from 1430 to 1480, the disease returned in force. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15 per cent of the population,

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rolls have returned much higher rates. This could be a consequence of the elite's ability to avoid infection by escaping plague-infected areas. It could also result from lower post-infection mortality among those more affluent, due to better access to care and nursing. If so, this would also mean

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Pesthouse established by Bristol in 1665–6, appear to have been proper quarantine hospitals, staffed by doctors. The establishment of such a hospital may help to explain why the death rate in Bristol in the 1665–66 outbreak was "only" c.0.6 percent. This was much lower than the mortality rate of

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The high rate of mortality among the clergy naturally led to a shortage of priests in many parts of the country. The clergy were seen to have an elevated status among ordinary people and this was partly due to their purported closeness with God, being his envoys on earth. However, as the church

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Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading morals instead. The

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From Weymouth the disease spread rapidly across the south-west. The first major city to be struck was Bristol. The disease reached London in the autumn of 1348, before most of the surrounding countryside. This had certainly happened by November, though according to some accounts as early as 29

1060:, where the bacteria become airborne and enter directly into the patient's lungs. This strain is far more virulent, as it spreads directly from person to person. These types of infection probably both played a significant part in the Black Death, while a third strain was more rare. This is the 1697:

just as the initial outbreak had been. This epidemic was also particularly devastating for the population's ability to recover, since it disproportionately affected infants and young men. This was also the case with the next occurrence, in 1369, where the death rate was around 10−15 per cent.

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Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country, it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties include uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also

1286:, the physician would wrap the naked patient in a blanket drenched in cold water. This was only done while the patient still had natural heat in his system. The desired effect was to make the patient sweat violently and thus purge all corruption from the blood which was caused by the disease. 1093:

showed that it was a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the Black Death was bubonic plague. Modern medical knowledge suggests that because it was a new strain, the human immune system would have had little or no defence against it, helping to explain the plague's

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Estimates suggest that the death rate of clergy in some parts of the archdiocese could have been as high as 48 per cent. This is reflected in the Ordination Register, which shows a massive rise in ordained clergy over the period—some being recruited before the arrival of plague in a clerical

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suggests the exceptionally high mortality level of 62.5 per cent. Assuming a population of 6 million, this estimate would correspond to 3,750,000 deaths. Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole, of 60 per cent. Many

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as every other medieval institution. The corruption within the Catholic priesthood also angered the English people. Many priests abandoned the terrified people. Others sought benefits from the rich families who needed burials. The dissatisfaction led to anti-clericalism and the rise of

1246:, and forced vomiting and urinating. Symptoms of the illness included blotches, hardening of the glands under the groin and underarms, and dementia. During the initial phase of the disease, bloodletting was performed on the same side where the physical manifestations of the buboes or 944:—had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348. England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90 per cent of the population lived in the countryside. Of the major cities, 1323:

uncertainty about the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90%. Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25% to more than 60% of the total population.

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of the English crown. The English were also achieving military success on the Continent. Less than two months before the Battle of Neville's Cross, a numerically inferior English army led by the king himself won a spectacular victory over the French royal forces at the

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Eminent Physician, "Treatise of the pestilence, with its pre-vision, pro-vision and pre-vention, and the doctor's method of cure. From the manuscript of an eminent physician, who practis'd in the last great plague in London", London: printed for J. Roberts, 1721, p.

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There seem to have been relatively few deaths from the Black Death at higher levels of society. The only member of the royal family who can be said with any certainty to have died from the Black Death was in France at the time of her infection. Edward III's daughter

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recruitment drive, but many once plague had arrived, replacing those who had been killed. In 1346, 111 priests and 337 acolytes were recruited. In 1349, 299 priests and 683 acolytes are named, with 166 priests being ordained in one session alone in February 1350."

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The Black Death also affected arts and culture significantly. It was inevitable that a catastrophe of such proportions would affect some of the greater building projects, as the amount of available labour fell sharply. The building of the cathedrals of

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in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread over the entire Italian mainland. It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris by June 1348. Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of

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itself had given the cause of the Black Death to be the impropriety of the behaviour of men, the higher death rate among the clergy led the people to lose faith in the Church as an institution—it had proved as ineffectual against the horror of

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Russell had trusted the IPMs to give a true picture of the national average, because he assumed death rates to be relatively equal across the social spectrum. This assumption has been proven wrong, and studies of peasant plague mortality from

1555:, whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis. The plague's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war, where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355. 1640:. The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English, as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled, contributing to the late-14th-century flowering of English literature, represented by writers such as 1399:...destructive Death (who seizes young and old alike, sparing no one and reducing rich and poor to the same level) has lamentably snatched from both of us our dearest daughter, (whom we loved best of all, as her virtues demanded). 1436:

in the summer of 1348. When the plague broke out in her household she was moved to a small village nearby, but she could not avoid infection, and died there on 2 September. It is possible that the popular religious author

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personally intervened. The rebellion was eventually suppressed, but the social changes it promoted were already irreversible. By around 1400 serfdom was virtually extinct in England, replaced by the form of tenure called

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These legislative measures proved largely inefficient at regulating the market, but the government's repressive measures to enforce them caused public resentment. These conditions were contributing factors to the

960:. Gradually though, the technology for cloth making used on the Continent was appropriated by English manufacturers, who started an export of cloths around mid-century that would boom over the following decades. 1684:

may have had a mortality of around 20 per cent. Genetic analysis performed on remains recovered from the abbey of St. Mary's Graces dating between 1353 and 1364 found the pPCP1 plasmid, a plasmid only found in

940:, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million. The number is probably at the higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems plausible. Earlier demographic crises—in particular the 891:. In the long term, the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour, with subsequent rise in wages, resisted by the landowners, which caused deep resentment among the lower classes. The 241: 1711:

10–20 percent witnessed in Bristol's Plague epidemics of 1565, 1575, 1603–1604 and 1645. The Great Plague of 1665–66 was the last major outbreak in England. It is best known for the famous

1575:. The gentry took advantage of their new positions and a more systematic corruption than before spread. A result of this was that the gentry as a group became highly disliked by commoners. 214: 956:

with around 10,000. The main export, and the source of the nation's wealth, was wool. Until the middle of the century the export had consisted primarily of raw wool to cloth makers in

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The manorial records offer a good opportunity to study the geographical distribution of the plague. Its effect seems to have been about the same all over England, though areas like

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population. It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents. The epidemic reached

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of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of "great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air".

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Allen, R.C. "The Great divergence in European wages and prices from the middle ages to the First World War", Explorations in Economic History, 38 (2001), pp. 411–47

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It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-14th century, without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the

996:. When the city fell the next year, this provided the English with a strategically important enclave that would remain in their possession for over two centuries. 1289:

Another practice was the use of pigeons when treating swellings. Swellings which were white in appearance and deep were unlikely to break, and were anointed with

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landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion. In 1349, King Edward III passed the

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was temporarily halted in the years immediately following the first outbreak of the plague. The shortage of labour also helped advance the transition from the

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appeared. For instance, if a rising appeared on the right side of the groin the physician would bleed a vein in the ankle on the same side. To provoke

290: 2630: 869:. The plague was spread by flea-infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats were the reservoir hosts of the 1762: 1549: 418: 1416:, which had frequent contact with the Continent, were severely affected. On a local level, however, there were great variations. A study of the 4020: 4040: 3835: 3466: 3218:

Paul Slack, "The response to plague in early modern England: public policies and their consequences" in J. Walter & R. Schofield (eds.),

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or 20th century. The higher wages for workers combined with sinking prices on grain products led to a problematic economic situation for the

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Harper-Bill, Christopher (1996). "The English church and English religion after the Black Death". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.).

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Bolton, Jim (1996). "'The world upside down': plague as an agent of economic and social change". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.).

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Ormrod, Mark (1996). "The politics of pestilence: government in England after the Black Death". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.).

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Originating in Asia, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of

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Lindley, Phillip (1996). "The Black Death and English art: a debate and some assumptions". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.).

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was an alternative method which was heated and then placed over the swellings. Once the sore was broken, the physician would apply

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that the mortality rates for the clergy—who were normally better off than the general population—were no higher than the average.

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During the first half of 1349 the Black Death spread northwards. A second front opened up when the plague arrived by ship at the

813: 1425: 989: 229: 3910: 3890: 3544:(June 2016). "Disaster recovery: new archaeological evidence for the long-term impact of the "calamitous" fourteenth century". 1458: 638: 280: 129: 112: 1083:

in Lincolnshire was reported in the science section of The Guardian for 30 November 2016, not only confirming evidence of the

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Willmott, Hugh; Townend, Peter; Mahoney Swales, Diana; Poinar, Hendrik; Eaton, Katherine; Klunk, Jennifer (February 2020).

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Several of Russell's assumptions have been challenged, and the tendency since has been to adjust the assessment upwards.

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Smith, Richard M. (1991). "Demographic developments in rural England, 1300–1348: a survey". In B.M.S. Campbell (ed.).

1637: 1633: 806: 503: 67: 37: 3782:"A Black Death mass grave at Thornton Abbey: the discovery and examination of a fourteenth-century rural catastrophe" 1583:

The omnipresence of death also inspired greater piety in the upper classes, which can be seen in the fact that three

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common, probably derived from Scandinavian languages. It is generally agreed today that the disease in question was

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Harvey, Barbara F. (1991). "Introduction: The "Crisis" of the Early Fourteenth Century". In B.M.S. Campbell (ed.).

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were founded during or shortly after the Black Death. England did not experience the same trend of roving bands of

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Politically, the kingdom was evolving into a major European power, through the youthful and energetic kingship of

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plague, where the flea bite carries the bacteria directly into the blood stream, and death occurs very rapidly.

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of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment, and even though the rebellion was suppressed, in the long term

1331: 1222:, and during the summer months of June, July and August, it ravaged the north. Certain northern counties, like 693: 563: 548: 458: 453: 333: 3301: 1505:

in 1381. The revolt started in Kent and Essex in late May, and once the rebels reached London they burnt down

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It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the

1715:, which killed 100,000 people (20 per cent of the population) in the capital. Other places hit hard included 2997: 1584: 568: 483: 358: 170: 3999: 3806: 3258:

Paul Slack, 'The Local Incidence of Epidemic Disease: the Case of Bristol 1540–1650' in Slack, Paul (ed.),

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September (Michaelmas). It travelled to London by three principal routes: overland from Weymouth, through

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is derived. After three or four days the bacteria enter the bloodstream, and infect organs such as the

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Ormrod, Mark (1986). "The English government and the Black Death of 1348–49". In Mark Ormrod (ed.).

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is considered the most authoritative account. If it is assumed that the chronicle reports the first

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also affected artistic and cultural efforts, and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular.

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was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants. Further down the scale were

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at the time of his death, on 10 April 1347, two years before the Black Death reached that city.

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has been mentioned as a plague victim. This, however, is an impossibility. Ockham was living in

1441:, who died on 30 September 1349, was another victim of the Black Death. The English philosopher 985: 929: 3260:

The Plague Reconsidered: A New Look at Its Origins and Effects in 16th and 17th Century England

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in 1351. The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades.

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government of France. To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as

1442: 874: 708: 673: 558: 488: 413: 408: 165: 95: 3793: 3719: 3711: 3553: 3445: 3098: 3094: 2820: 2600: 2150: 1641: 1629: 1552: 1433: 1348:, in 1996, believed a number closer to 45 per cent would be more realistic. A 2004 study by 1168: 1057: 1056:. The patient will then normally die after a few days. A different strain of the disease is 1033: 1012: 881: 718: 663: 653: 428: 403: 219: 175: 3246: 924: 3361: 2546: 1538: 1514: 1345: 1298: 1068: 1017: 851: 778: 468: 270: 148: 117: 3105:—active from the mid-19th to mid-20th century—had its greatest effect on China and India; 2143:

Gransden, Antonia (1957). "A Fourteenth-Century Chronicle from the Grey Friars at Lynn".

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Horrox, Rosemary (2006). "The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History (review)".

2154: 4014: 3565: 3541: 3521: 3498: 3476: 2892: 1625: 1613: 1506: 1438: 1357: 1344:, in 1969, estimated the death rate to have been around one third of the population. 1223: 209: 204: 160: 80: 1661: 1510: 1243: 1098: 192: 143: 17: 1787:

The Black Death, 1347, George Deaux, Weybright and Talley, New York, 1969, p. 117

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The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in his 1948

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DNA in the human remains exhumed there but also dating the remains to mid-1349.

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Before the Black Death: Studies in The "Crisis" of the Early Fourteenth Century

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Before the Black Death: Studies in The "Crisis" of the Early Fourteenth Century

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A study reported in 2011 of skeletons exhumed from the Black Death cemetery in

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on 24 June 1348. Other sources mention different points of arrival, including

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Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381

3285:"Fighting the Plague in Tudor Norwich", 1 August 2020 (Norwich Record Office) 3654: 1489: 1278:

were used. Sweating was used when measures were desperate; if a patient had

1200: 1118: 3733: 3449: 1563:. As a result, they started to show an increased interest for offices like 1183:. Though the plague might have arrived independently at Bristol later, the 3798: 3781: 3231: 1656: 3858: 3557: 2604: 1600: 1531: 1429: 1251: 1239: 1021: 976: 968: 957: 855: 3181:

Genomes Reveal the Long-Term Persistence of a Historical Plague Focus",

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Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000–1700

3700:"Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago" 1724: 1568: 1522: 1176: 1160: 1127: 949: 896: 866: 3440:

Hatcher, John (1994). "England in the aftermath of the Black Death".

1592: 1560: 1446: 1215: 1122: 1106: 1072: 1061: 1049: 993: 945: 1706:, in preference to household quarantine. Some of these, such as the 845:

in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the

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The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the

3364:(1996). "Introduction". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.). 2549:(1996). "Introduction". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.). 2173:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_02.shtml

1716: 1219: 1218:, after which it spread both south and north. In May it reached 1053: 1041: 1025: 953: 3817: 3236:(Bristol Record Society electronic publication, September 2021) 3813: 3385:

The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe

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Documents Relating to the Great Plague of 1665–1666 in Bristol

1596: 1029: 975:, and it seemed that Edward III would realise his grandfather 3649:

Ormrod, Mark (2000). "England: Edward II and Edward III". In

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Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society

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The first-known case in England was a seaman who arrived at

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The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415

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The Great Mortality; An Intimate History of the Black Death

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Courtenay, W. J. (2004). "Ockham, William (c. 1287–1347)".

1813:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 48–49. 1844:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 1–24. 1028:, which can be transferred to humans through contact with 967:. In 1346, the English had won a decisive battle over the 3262:(Local Population Studies Supplement, Cambridge, 1977). 2175:

BBC British History – Middle Ages – Black Death Arrival

1040:. Here the bacteria multiply and form swellings called 3483:. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press. 1195:, then the arrival most likely happened around 8 May. 242:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

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Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348–1530

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historians have not accepted such a high death rate.

2899:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 447–48. 1899:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 260–61. 3919: 3851: 247:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

3481:The Black Death and the transformation of the West 1980: 1693:, revealing that this outbreak was also caused by 1591:, common on the continent. Neither were there any 1238:Various methods of treatment were used, including 3906:Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani 988:. The victory was immediately followed by Edward 3757:(News ed.). Sutton: Sutton Publishing Ltd. 3131: 3129: 3127: 2972:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Ordfront. p. 145. 2572: 2570: 1676:The Black Death was the first occurrence of the 3306:The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History 3222:(Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 167–88. 1521:. They then demanded the complete abolition of 1397: 1138: 3745:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2930: 2928: 2786: 2784: 1079:DNA. An archaeological dig in the vicinity of 3829: 1525:, and were not pacified until the young King 814: 8: 2387:Winston, Holt Rinehart and; Hrw (May 2002). 1863: 1861: 1097:The Black Death seems to have originated in 979:'s ambition of bringing the Scots under the 3634:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 147–81. 3577:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 124–46. 3526:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3406:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 79–123. 3020: 907:outbreaks of the plague in England was the 3836: 3822: 3814: 3611:Ormrod, Mark; Lindley, P.G., eds. (1996). 3327:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 17–78. 3106: 3101:in the 6th to 8th centuries AD, while the 3016: 3014: 2849: 2837: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2576: 2461: 2364: 2340: 2298: 2250: 2214: 2196: 2160: 2034: 1827: 862:was not used until the late 17th century. 821: 807: 31: 3797: 3723: 3659:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3368:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 1–15. 3135: 2946: 2919: 2855: 2763: 2715: 1955: 1943: 1879: 1796: 291:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3596:. Woodbridge: Boydell. pp. 175–88. 1689:and not the related environmental agent 1036:, through which it makes its way to the 1032:. Flea bites carry the disease into the 932:established England as a military power. 3272: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3005: 2879: 2817:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2790: 2751: 2739: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2457: 2352: 2322: 2310: 2286: 2262: 2226: 2202: 2184: 2118: 2106: 2088: 2052: 2010: 1867: 1780: 1763:Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe 1492:is killed on the left, while the young 45: 34: 3206: 3194: 3118: 2934: 2897:Shaping the Nation: England, 1360–1461 2867: 2775: 2727: 2703: 2691: 2130: 2100: 2064: 2046: 2022: 1967: 1931: 1599:, since the Jews had been expelled by 1464:Economic, social and political effects 1191:of the plague, rather than its actual 2802: 2617: 2553:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. p. 4. 2328: 2274: 2238: 2076: 1919: 1141:the first in England to be infected. 7: 3995: 3459:The Black Death: An Intimate History 1113:in the late spring of 1347, through 27:14th-century bubonic plague pandemic 3683:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3505:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 3461:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 2819:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1668:; one of the last outbreaks of the 1579:Religious and cultural consequences 3177:Bos, Kirsten. "Eighteenth Century 3164:from Victims of the Black Death", 2430:Eminent Physician, 1721, pp. 21–22 1636:of building to the less elaborate 1159:, the plague arrived by ship from 1151:According to the chronicle of the 301:History of the politics of England 25: 3594:England in the Fourteenth Century 3160:Bos, Kirsten. "A Draft Genome of 3037:. Harper Perennial. p. 384. 2631:"Impact of the Black Death: 1349" 2389:Holt Literature and Language Arts 952:, with around 12,000 people, and 296:History of the economy of England 3994: 3985: 3984: 3805: 1664:gave a vivid description of the 1309:and heal the sore with digence. 1094:virulence and high death rates. 1024:. These bacteria are carried by 790: 56: 2155:10.1093/ehr/lxxii.cclxxxiii.270 1496:pacifies the crowd on the right 1459:Consequences of the Black Death 1404:Edward III in a letter to King 1365:Impact of the Black Death: 1349 920:England in the mid-14th century 281:History of education in England 3680:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360 2448:Eminent Physician, 1721, p. 21 2439:Eminent Physician, 1721, p. 20 2421:Eminent Physician, 1721, p. 19 1758:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages 276:Government in medieval England 1: 4021:14th-century health disasters 3383:Gottfried, Robert S. (1983). 3308:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 1173:Feast of St. John the Baptist 4041:Disease outbreaks in England 3741:Russell, Josias Cox (1948). 3501:; Dyer, Christopher (2003). 1991:Oxford Dictionary of English 1105:bacterium is endemic in the 266:English overseas possessions 3743:British Medieval Population 1691:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 1328:British Medieval Population 4062: 3716:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009 3632:The Black Death in England 3615:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. 3613:The Black Death in England 3575:The Black Death in England 3404:The Black Death in England 3366:The Black Death in England 3325:The Black Death in England 2551:The Black Death in England 1488:of 1381: the rebel leader 1456: 1003: 899:was ended in England. The 91:Economy in the Middle Ages 3980: 3520:Horrox, Rosemary (1994). 3149:The Black Death in London 2592:English Historical Review 2146:English Historical Review 1738:Globalization and disease 1117:merchants trading in the 973:Battle of Neville's Cross 942:Great Famine of 1315–1317 877:was the primary vector. 841:pandemic, which reached 419:East Riding of Yorkshire 334:Kingdom of Great Britain 4026:14th century in England 2968:Harrison, Dick (2000). 1121:. From here it reached 3457:Hatcher, John (2008). 3421:Hatcher, John (1977). 3342:Deaux, George (1969). 2850:Hilton & Dyer 2003 2838:Hilton & Dyer 2003 2825:10.1093/ref:odnb/20493 1713:Great Plague of London 1673: 1666:Great Plague of London 1513:, and killed both the 1497: 1471:Ordinance of Labourers 1401: 1282:, a severe version of 1185:Grey Friars' Chronicle 1146:Grey Friars' Chronicle 1143: 1134:Progress of the plague 1130:around the same time. 1044:, from which the term 933: 909:Great Plague of London 135:Black Death in England 4046:Edward III of England 3799:10.15184/aqy.2019.213 3698:Rasmussen, S (2015). 3425:. London: Macmillan. 3344:The Black Death, 1347 1659: 1546:William de Shareshull 1483: 1350:Ole Jørgen Benedictow 1171:) shortly before the 927: 3558:10.15184/aqy.2016.69 3450:10.1093/past/144.1.3 3346:. London: Hamilton. 3033:Kelly, John (2006). 2391:. Houghton Mifflin. 1573:member of parliament 1565:justice of the peace 1475:Statute of Labourers 1432:on her way to marry 1330:. Russell looked at 1254:, medicines such as 992:to the port city of 3911:In medieval culture 3901:Persecution of Jews 3095:Plague of Justinian 3072:, pp. 129, 137 2882:, pp. 206, 247 1753:Medieval demography 1638:Perpendicular style 1418:Bishop of Worcester 1384:Social distribution 1376:risk of infection. 186:Glorious Revolution 154:English Renaissance 106:English unification 76:Prehistoric Britain 18:Black Death of 1348 3442:Past & Present 3302:Benedictow, Ole J. 3232:Alex Beard (ed.), 3097:that affected the 3093:The first was the 2994:Gonville and Caius 2605:10.1093/ehr/cej012 1748:Population decline 1674: 1585:Cambridge colleges 1498: 1406:Alfonso of Castile 1276:Electuarium de Ovo 934: 889:Hundred Years' War 797:England portal 444:Greater Manchester 329:Kingdom of England 286:History of English 101:Anglo-Saxon period 4008: 4007: 3942:Holy Roman Empire 3468:978-0-297-84475-4 2937:, pp. 175–88 2852:, pp. 152–53 2754:, pp. 216–18 2706:, pp. 235–36 2682:, pp. 342–53 2637:on 14 August 2016 2500:, pp. 220–23 2325:, pp. 184–86 2277:, pp. 122–23 2229:, pp. 134–35 2187:, pp. 119–20 2121:, pp. 17, 40 2055:, pp. 139–40 1958:, pp. 317–19 1934:, pp. 276–77 1893:Cipolla, Carlo M. 1799:, pp. 531–32 1768:List of epidemics 1743:Abandoned village 1443:William of Ockham 1370:Archbishop Zouche 1303:Mellilot Plaister 875:Oriental rat flea 873:bacteria and the 831: 830: 166:English Civil War 96:Sub-Roman Britain 16:(Redirected from 4053: 4036:Death in England 3998: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3792:(373): 179–196. 3768: 3746: 3737: 3727: 3694: 3670: 3666:978-1-13905574-1 3645: 3626: 3607: 3588: 3569: 3552:(351): 777–797. 3537: 3516: 3494: 3472: 3453: 3436: 3417: 3398: 3387:. London: Hale. 3379: 3362:Goldberg, Jeremy 3357: 3338: 3319: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3147:Barnie Sloane's 3145: 3139: 3133: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3109:, pp. 35–44 3099:Byzantine Empire 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3030: 3024: 3021:Harper-Bill 1996 3018: 3009: 3008:, pp. 69–70 2990: 2984: 2983: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718:, pp. 65–66 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2633:. Archived from 2627: 2621: 2620:, pp. 77–97 2615: 2609: 2608: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2547:Goldberg, Jeremy 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2013:, pp. 17–18 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1660:In his diaries, 1642:Geoffrey Chaucer 1553:William Edington 1503:Peasants' Revolt 1486:Peasants' Revolt 1434:Pedro of Castile 1428:was residing in 1408: 1307:Linimentum Arcei 1272:Serpentary Roots 1234:Medical practice 1207:; overland from 1147: 1058:pneumonic plague 1034:lymphatic system 893:Peasants' Revolt 823: 816: 809: 795: 794: 793: 504:Northamptonshire 225:Second World War 130:Late Middle Ages 113:High Middle Ages 60: 50: 32: 21: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3976: 3915: 3847: 3842: 3804: 3779: 3776: 3774:Further reading 3771: 3765: 3755:The Black Death 3751:Ziegler, Philip 3749: 3740: 3697: 3691: 3675:Prestwich, M.C. 3673: 3667: 3648: 3642: 3629: 3623: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3585: 3572: 3540: 3534: 3523:The Black Death 3519: 3513: 3497: 3491: 3475: 3469: 3456: 3439: 3433: 3420: 3414: 3401: 3395: 3382: 3376: 3360: 3354: 3341: 3335: 3322: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3247:Beard, pp. 1–2. 3245: 3241: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3179:Yersinia pestis 3176: 3172: 3162:Yersinia pestis 3159: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3107:Benedictow 2004 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3012: 2992:The three were 2991: 2987: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2893:Harriss, Gerald 2891: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2680:Benedictow 2004 2678: 2674: 2668:Benedictow 2004 2666: 2662: 2656:Benedictow 2004 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2577:Benedictow 2004 2575: 2568: 2561: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2462:Benedictow 2004 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2365:Benedictow 2004 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2341:Benedictow 2004 2339: 2335: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2299:Benedictow 2004 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2251:Benedictow 2004 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2215:Benedictow 2004 2213: 2209: 2200: 2197:Benedictow 2004 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2161:Benedictow 2004 2142: 2141: 2137: 2133:, pp. 9–10 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2035:Benedictow 2004 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1828:Benedictow 2004 1825: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1733: 1719:in Derbyshire, 1695:Yersinia pestis 1687:Yersinia pestis 1678:second pandemic 1670:second pandemic 1654: 1634:Decorated style 1581: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1410: 1403: 1386: 1367: 1346:Jeremy Goldberg 1320: 1315: 1299:cupping therapy 1236: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1077:Yersinia pestis 1069:East Smithfield 1018:Yersinia pestis 1008: 1002: 1000:The Black Death 986:Battle of Crécy 930:Battle of Crécy 922: 917: 852:Yersinia pestis 847:second pandemic 827: 791: 789: 784: 783: 609: 607:By city or town 599: 598: 544:South Yorkshire 519:Nottinghamshire 514:North Yorkshire 434:Gloucestershire 374:Buckinghamshire 369:City of Bristol 354: 344: 343: 324: 316: 315: 271:English society 261: 253: 252: 251: 230:Postwar Britain 220:Interwar period 215:First World War 149:Elizabethan era 118:Norman Conquest 86:Medieval period 70: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3896:Notable deaths 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3747: 3738: 3695: 3689: 3671: 3665: 3651:Jones, Michael 3646: 3640: 3627: 3621: 3608: 3602: 3589: 3583: 3570: 3542:Lewis, Carenza 3538: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3499:Hilton, Rodney 3495: 3489: 3477:Herlihy, David 3473: 3467: 3454: 3437: 3431: 3418: 3412: 3399: 3393: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3353:978-0679400110 3352: 3339: 3333: 3320: 3314: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3277: 3265: 3250: 3239: 3224: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3170: 3153: 3151:, pgs 136-140. 3140: 3136:Gottfried 1983 3123: 3111: 3103:third pandemic 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3043: 3025: 3010: 3002:Corpus Christi 2985: 2978: 2960: 2951: 2947:Prestwich 2005 2939: 2924: 2920:Gottfried 1983 2912: 2905: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2856:Prestwich 2005 2842: 2830: 2807: 2795: 2780: 2768: 2764:Prestwich 2005 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2716:Gottfried 1983 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2622: 2610: 2581: 2566: 2559: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2460:, p. 129 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2404: 2397: 2379: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2149:. lxxii: 274. 2135: 2123: 2111: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2049:, pp. 5–6 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1972: 1960: 1956:Prestwich 2005 1948: 1944:Prestwich 2005 1936: 1924: 1912: 1905: 1884: 1880:Prestwich 2005 1872: 1857: 1850: 1832: 1819: 1801: 1797:Prestwich 2005 1789: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1682:pestis secunda 1653: 1650: 1580: 1577: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1451: 1396: 1385: 1382: 1366: 1363: 1342:Philip Ziegler 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1291:Oil of Lillies 1260:Venice-Treacle 1235: 1232: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1111:Constantinople 1081:Thornton Abbey 1046:bubonic plague 1004:Main article: 1001: 998: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911:in 1665–1666. 839:bubonic plague 829: 828: 826: 825: 818: 811: 803: 800: 799: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 610: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 594:Worcestershire 591: 586: 584:West Yorkshire 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 509:Northumberland 506: 501: 496: 491: 489:City of London 486: 481: 479:Leicestershire 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 439:Greater London 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Cambridgeshire 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 339:United Kingdom 336: 331: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 250: 249: 244: 239: 238: 237: 235:Social history 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 201: 200: 190: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 158: 157: 156: 151: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 127: 126: 125: 120: 110: 109: 108: 98: 93: 83: 78: 72: 71: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 43: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4058: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3764:0-7509-3202-3 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3710:(3): 571–82. 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690:0-19-822844-9 3686: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3641:1-871615-56-9 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3622:1-871615-56-9 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3603:0-85115-448-4 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3584:1-871615-56-9 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3533:0-7190-3497-3 3529: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3512:0-415-31614-6 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3490:0-7509-3202-3 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3444:(144): 3–35. 3443: 3438: 3434: 3432:0-333-21293-2 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3413:1-871615-56-9 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3394:0-7090-1299-3 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3375:1-871615-56-9 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3334:1-871615-56-9 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3315:0-85115-943-5 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3209:, p. 147 3208: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3138:, p. 131 3137: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3084:, p. 253 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3060:, p. 143 3059: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3044:0-00-715070-9 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3023:, p. 107 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2979:91-7324-852-5 2975: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2949:, p. 550 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2922:, p. 137 2921: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2906:0-19-822816-3 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2870:, p. 156 2869: 2864: 2861: 2858:, p. 548 2857: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840:, p. 232 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2805:, p. 143 2804: 2799: 2796: 2793:, p. 248 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2778:, p. 246 2777: 2772: 2769: 2766:, p. 546 2765: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2742:, p. 152 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2694:, p. 250 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2670:, p. 377 2669: 2664: 2661: 2658:, p. 343 2657: 2652: 2649: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2582: 2579:, p. 383 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560:1-871615-56-9 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2536:, p. 230 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2512:, p. 367 2511: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2488:, p. 216 2487: 2482: 2479: 2476:, p. 227 2475: 2470: 2467: 2464:, p. 383 2463: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2367:, p. 142 2366: 2361: 2358: 2355:, p. 129 2354: 2349: 2346: 2343:, p. 132 2342: 2337: 2334: 2331:, p. 140 2330: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2313:, p. 182 2312: 2307: 2304: 2301:, p. 140 2300: 2295: 2292: 2289:, p. 137 2288: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2265:, p. 156 2264: 2259: 2256: 2253:, p. 134 2252: 2247: 2244: 2241:, p. 122 2240: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2217:, p. 127 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199:, p. 127 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2163:, p. 127 2162: 2159:Translation: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2079:, p. 778 2078: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2004: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1973: 1970:, p. 279 1969: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1946:, p. 245 1945: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1922:, p. 117 1921: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1906:0-415-09005-9 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 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The term 835:Black Death 749:Southampton 619:Bournemouth 579:West Sussex 524:Oxfordshire 424:East Sussex 198:Regency era 181:Restoration 47:History of 4015:Categories 2803:Deaux 1969 2618:Lewis 2016 2599:: 197–99. 2398:0030564980 2329:Deaux 1969 2275:Deaux 1969 2239:Deaux 1969 2077:Lewis 2016 1920:Deaux 1969 1775:References 1704:pesthouses 1646:John Gower 1618:Praemunire 1603:in 1290. 1527:Richard II 1515:Chancellor 1494:Richard II 1457:See also: 1318:Death toll 1264:Matthiolus 1256:Mithridate 1228:Cumberland 1209:Gloucester 1205:Winchester 1091:Genotyping 981:suzerainty 965:Edward III 915:Background 744:Shrewsbury 724:Portsmouth 704:Nottingham 684:Manchester 659:Folkestone 644:Colchester 614:Birmingham 534:Shropshire 494:Merseyside 474:Lancashire 399:Derbyshire 3881:Migration 3859:Pandemics 3786:Antiquity 3566:164178697 3546:Antiquity 1996:6 January 1609:Y. pestis 1543:Treasurer 1519:Treasurer 1490:Wat Tyler 1356:In 2016, 1201:Salisbury 1119:Black Sea 1103:Y. pestis 1085:Y. pestis 871:Y. pestis 769:Worcester 754:St Albans 739:Sheffield 734:Rochester 699:Newcastle 679:Maidstone 669:Liverpool 589:Wiltshire 449:Hampshire 364:Berkshire 352:By county 3990:Category 3852:Thematic 3753:(2003). 3734:26496604 3677:(2005). 3479:(1997). 3304:(2004). 3004:(1352); 2996:(1348), 2895:(2005). 1982:"death, 1895:(1993). 1731:See also 1601:Edward I 1532:copyhold 1517:and the 1430:Bordeaux 1252:sweating 1240:sweating 1189:outbreak 1169:Weymouth 1165:Melcombe 1075:, found 1052:and the 1022:bacteria 977:Edward I 958:Flanders 882:Weymouth 856:bacteria 774:Worthing 764:Wetherby 714:Plymouth 649:Coventry 624:Brighton 539:Somerset 389:Cornwall 384:Cheshire 323:Polities 68:Timeline 38:a series 36:Part of 4000:Commons 3932:England 3927:Denmark 3725:4644222 3653:(ed.). 3294:Sources 2641:23 July 1725:Norwich 1593:pogroms 1569:sheriff 1523:serfdom 1313:Victims 1295:Camomil 1284:risings 1248:risings 1193:arrival 1177:Bristol 1161:Gascony 1128:Gascony 1115:Genoese 971:at the 950:Norwich 897:serfdom 867:Gascony 843:England 759:Torquay 729:Reading 689:Margate 634:Chester 629:Bristol 554:Suffolk 529:Rutland 499:Norfolk 394:Cumbria 49:England 3972:Sweden 3962:Poland 3957:Norway 3937:France 3886:Causes 3869:Second 3761: 3732: 3722: 3687: 3663: 3638: 3619: 3600: 3581: 3564: 3530: 3509: 3487: 3465: 3429: 3410: 3391: 3372: 3350: 3331: 3312: 3166:Nature 3041: 2976: 2903: 2557: 2395: 1903: 1848: 1817: 1630:Exeter 1561:gentry 1539:Valois 1447:Munich 1280:tokens 1224:Durham 1216:Humber 1123:Sicily 1107:rodent 1073:London 1050:spleen 1042:buboes 1013:plague 994:Calais 946:London 837:was a 709:Oxford 674:London 559:Surrey 414:Durham 409:Dorset 260:Topics 40:on the 3967:Spain 3947:Italy 3874:Third 3864:First 3562:S2CID 3183:eLife 1721:Derby 1391:manor 1305:with 1054:lungs 1026:fleas 969:Scots 719:Poole 664:Leeds 654:Dover 429:Essex 404:Devon 311:Riots 3759:ISBN 3730:PMID 3704:Cell 3685:ISBN 3661:ISBN 3636:ISBN 3617:ISBN 3598:ISBN 3579:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3507:ISBN 3485:ISBN 3463:ISBN 3427:ISBN 3408:ISBN 3389:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3348:ISBN 3329:ISBN 3310:ISBN 3039:ISBN 2974:ISBN 2901:ISBN 2643:2016 2597:cxxi 2555:ISBN 2393:ISBN 1998:2009 1901:ISBN 1846:ISBN 1815:ISBN 1717:Eyam 1644:and 1628:and 1597:Jews 1571:and 1548:and 1484:The 1426:Joan 1274:and 1226:and 1220:York 1203:and 1179:and 1030:rats 954:York 928:The 833:The 779:York 469:Kent 306:Wars 3794:doi 3720:PMC 3712:doi 3708:163 3554:doi 3446:doi 2821:doi 2601:doi 2151:doi 1626:Ely 1509:'s 1293:or 1163:to 1155:at 4017:: 3790:94 3788:. 3784:. 3728:. 3718:. 3706:. 3702:. 3560:. 3550:90 3548:. 3126:^ 3013:^ 2927:^ 2854:• 2783:^ 2595:. 2569:^ 2412:18 2377:19 2327:• 2201:• 2105:• 2051:• 1989:. 1984:n. 1860:^ 1826:• 1727:. 1648:. 1620:. 1567:, 1534:. 1270:, 1266:, 1262:, 1258:, 1242:, 1071:, 3837:e 3830:t 3823:v 3802:. 3796:: 3767:. 3736:. 3714:: 3693:. 3669:. 3644:. 3625:. 3606:. 3587:. 3568:. 3556:: 3536:. 3515:. 3493:. 3471:. 3452:. 3448:: 3435:. 3416:. 3397:. 3378:. 3356:. 3337:. 3318:. 3185:. 3168:. 3047:. 2982:. 2909:. 2827:. 2823:: 2645:. 2607:. 2603:: 2563:. 2401:. 2157:. 2153:: 2000:. 1986:" 1909:. 1854:. 1823:. 1672:. 1167:( 822:e 815:t 808:v 20:)

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