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particular category, but directed at anyone who appeared suspicious simply because they were different or unidentified, particularly travellers (such as pilgrims and beggars) invalids, or people in possession of any kind of powder. In April 1348, Louis
Heyligen reported that people were executed for well-poisoning in Avignon; the same month, Andre Benezeit, secretary of mayor Aymar of Narbonne, reported to the mayor of Gerona in Catalonia that many beggars had been arrested, tortured and executed in Narbonne, Carcassonne and Grasse for well-poisoning.
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329:. According to Li Muisis, the plague reached Tournai in August 1349 and lasted until November. In Tournai, the Black Death caused a religious reformation. Because the plague was seen as punishment of God for the sins of humanity, the authorities issued regulations to ban everything regarded as sinful, such as gambling, as well as forcing couples who lived together without being married to separate or marry immediately.
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and explained that since the plague was a punishment issued by God himself, it was sinful to accuse the Jews of having caused it, and declared the Jews to be under his protection. While there is not much information about the Jewish persecutions during the Black Death in France, the Jewish population
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in June 1348. In his writings, de
Venette claimed that 16,000 people died in Saint-Denis, and an additional 800 people perished each day in Paris between November-December 1348. Overwhelming amounts of death resulted in daily transports of up to 500 dead bodies to mass burial sites. The deceased were
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shortly after its return, and arrived in
Marseilles instead. The ship spread the plague in Marseilles, was subsequently forced to leave the city, and continued on its way along the coast of Southern France. The plague ship spread the pestilence all along its course, which included areas from West
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The migration of the plague caused panic across France, and people started looking for scapegoats. Rumours started to spread that the plague was caused by people who poisoned the wells to cause the plague and exterminate
Christendom. Initially, these accusations weren't directed at people of any
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Due to the size of France, certain parts weren't immediately reached by the plague, which travelled more slowly by land than by sea. Brittany and
Auvergne weren't reached until 1349, and some remote parts weren't reached until 1351. The last part of France to be reached by the Black Death was
51:, the pandemic lasted for several years, as some parts weren't affected until the plague was over in others. The Kingdom of France had the largest population of Europe at the time, and the Black Death was a major catastrophe. The Black Death in France was described by eyewitnesses, such as
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360:
The Black Death made it much more difficult for the kingdom to pay the war subsidy that had been agreed in late 1347. By the second half of 1349, France's spending on war had decreased as the Black Death had spread to
England by this point and led to a pause in fighting.
777:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
202:
In
Avignon, the Pope arranged religious processions to dampen the wrath of God, as the plague was interpreted by the church as a punishment by God for the sins of humanity. The Pope was advised by his physician,
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on 24 June 1348. In
Normandie, the plague made it impossible to bury the corpses even in country villages, and each village which was reached by the plague flagged a black flag to warn anyone approaching.
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385:, where the Jewish population was larger. Several anti-Jewish riots took place while the Black Death was at its peak in April and May 1348, including the massacre of at least 40 Jews in
283:, located outside of Paris. At the time, Paris was the biggest city in Europe, with a population between 80,000-200,000 people. According to Jean de Venette, the plague first arrived to
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in June 1348, but it was likely to have been present there already by as early as March. Documentation stated that it was a ship of pilgrims from
Bordeaux who brought the plague to
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173:, it had reached Sicily by an Italian ship from the Crimea. After having spread across the Italian states, the plague reached France by a plague ship in November 1347.
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These accusations were eventually directed against the Jewish population, and on 5 July (and again on 26 September) Pope
Clement VI issued his condemnations of the
681:
Hildesheimer, Françoise (1980), Le Bureau de la santé de Marseille sous l'Ancien Régime. Le renfermement de la contagion, Fédération historique de Provence
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The Kingdom of France had a population of between 16-20 million people, the largest population of Europe. Similarly to Italy, it was relatively urbanized.
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190:. According to Heyligen, the Black Death reached France in December 1347, when a Genovese plague ship from the East was forced to leave its home port of
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to agree emergency measures to fund the conflict – a war subsidy; different regions of the kingdom decided how to pay the subsidy, such as opting for
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The citizens of Tournai, Belgium burying deceased victims of the plague during the Black Death. Detail shot of a miniature from a folio of the
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had banned them from France, the well-poisoning rumours from France erupted into documented persecutions and mass executions in the
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Bubonic plague would return regularly, but with fewer death victims, until the 18th century. The last epidemic in France was the
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146:. The war had placed considerable financial strain on France, and in November 1347 Philip VI called a general assembly of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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hospital, which was staffed by nuns, whose numbers dwindled as they perished alongside the sick to which they attended.
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The Black Death in Southwest France was not as well-documented as it was in Avignon. It was noted to have been in
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in Burgundy, 50% of the population was confirmed to have died within the short period of August-November 1348.
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in November 1347, spread first through Southern France, and then continued outwards to Northern France.
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In the very Northern parts of France, the Black Death is described in the chronicle of the abbot
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Henneman, John B., Jr (1968). "The Black Death and Royal Taxation in France, 1347–1351".
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Henneman, John B., Jr (1968). "The Black Death and Royal Taxation in France, 1347–1351".
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Gail, Marzieh (1969). The Three Popes: An Account of the Great Schism. New York, 1969.
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The plague in Southern France was described by Louis Heyligen in
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pandemic, known as the Black Death, reached France by ship from
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In April 1348, the Black Death was recorded to have reached
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By Pierart dou Tielt (c. 1340–1360 CE). Made c. 1353.
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Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa
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When the plague spread across Southern France, king
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645:"Les Juifs de Provence pendant la Peste noire"
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169:Since the outbreak of the Black Death at the
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94:. During the Black Death in France, King
88:Jewish persecutions during the Black Death
807:{{Translated|sv|Digerdöden i Frankrike}}
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134:. In 1346, France had lost the
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115:France in the mid-14th century
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1038:14th-century health disasters
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1058:Health disasters in France
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694:Emery, Richard W. (1967).
563:Henneman, John B. (1968).
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746:the corresponding article
403:Great Plague of Marseille
816:For more guidance, see
661:10.3406/rjuiv.1974.1785
649:Revue des Ă©tudes juives
302:Normanniae nova Cronica
247:Antiquitates Flandriae.
104:Compendium de epidemia,
32:between 1347-1352. The
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351:Compendium de epidemia
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224:Santiago de Compostela
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353:due to the pandemic.
292:transported from the
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391:La Baume de Sisteron
313:during the feast of
257:. In the village of
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918:Persecution of Jews
355:The Paris Concilium
347:University of Paris
343:Philip VI of France
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307:Rouen
287:near
266:Paris
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65:Spain
38:Italy
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783:You
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467:ISBN
231:Lyon
123:The
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