574:...my ears were saluted with the agreeable sound of a fall of water and advancing a little further I saw the spray arrise above the plain like a column of smoke which would frequently dispear again in an instant caused I presume by the wind which blew pretty hard from the S. W. I did not however loose my direction to this point which soon began to make a roaring too tremendious to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the Missouri. ... I hurryed down the hill which was about 200 feet high and difficult of access, to gaze on this sublimely grand spectacle. ... immediately at the cascade the river is about 300 yds. wide; about ninety or a hundred yards of this next the Lard. bluff is a smooth even sheet of water falling over a precipice of at least eighty feet, the remaining part of about 200 yards on my right formes the grandest sight I ever beheld, the height of the fall is the same of the other but the irregular and somewhat projecting rocks below receives the water in its passage down and brakes it into a perfect white foam which assumes a thousand forms in a moment sometimes flying up in jets of sparkling foam to the height of fifteen or twenty feet and are scarcely formed before large roling bodies of the same beaten and foaming water is thrown over and conceals them. in short the rocks seem to be most happily fixed to present a sheet of the whitest beaten froath for 200 yards in length and about 80 feet perpendicular. the water after descending strikes against the butment before mentioned or that on which I stand and seems to reverberate and being met by the more impetuous courant they role and swell into half formed billows of great height which rise and again disappear in an instant. this butment of rock defends a handsom little bottom of about three acres which is diversified and agreeably shaded with some cottonwood trees; in the lower extremity of the bottom there is a very thick grove of the same kind of trees which are small, in this wood there are several Indian lodges formed of sticks. ... from the reflection of the sun on the spray or mist which arrises from these falls there is a beatifull rainbow produced which adds not a little to the beauty of this majestically grand senery. after wrighting this imperfect discription I again viewed the falls and was so much disgusted with the imperfect idea which it conveyed of the scene that I determined to draw my pen across it and begin agin, but then reflected that I could not perhaps succeed better than pening the first impressions of the mind; I wished for the pencil of Salvator Rosa or the pen of Thompson, that I might be enabled to give to the enlightened world some just idea of this truly magnificent and sublimely grand object, which has from the commencement of time been concealed from the view of civilized man; but this was fruitless and vain. I most sincerely regretted that I had not brought a
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neither man nor beast dare pass those gulphs which separate her little domain from the shores. the water is also broken in such manner as it descends over this pitch that the mist or sprey rises to a considerable height. this fall is certainly much the greatest I ever behald except those two which I have mentioned below. it is incomparably a greater cataract and a more noble interesting object than the celebrated
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317:. Both Lewis and Clark named Crooked Falls in their journals. Clark named three of the remaining waterfalls on his map: "Great Falls" (which retains its name to this day), "Beautiful Cascade" (now called Rainbow Falls), and "Upper Pitch" (now known as Black Eagle Falls). "Beautiful Cascade" was renamed "Rainbow Falls" in 1872 by Thomas B. Rogers, an engineer with the
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899:, and other public and private bodies established the River's Edge Trail, a 30-mile (48 km) series of paved and unpaved trails that follow the Great Falls as well as the Lewis and Clark Expedition portage route (along with other scenic and historic area of the City of Great Falls and town of Black Eagle).
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The Lewis and Clark
National Historic Trail Interpretive Center was built in 1998 on a cliff overlooking the Missouri River near Crooked Falls. It provides an extensive look into Lewis and Clark's discovery of the Great Falls and their portage around them, as well as exhibits on native peoples of the
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laid down by rivers, glaciers, and lakes in the past. Some of the
Kootenai Formation is marine, however, laid down by shallow seas. The river is eating away at the softer nonmarine sandstone, with the harder rock forming the falls themselves. Until relatively recently (in geologic time) the Missouri
417:. The current course of the Missouri River essentially marks the southern boundary of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Missouri, Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers flowed eastward around the glacial mass, eventually settling into their present courses. As the ice retreated, meltwater poured through the
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Paper No. 38-15. Northeastern
Section, 38th Annual Meeting. Geological Society of America. March 27–29, 2003; Farshori, M. Zahoor, and Hopkins, John C. "Sedimentology and Petroleum Geology of Fluvial and Shoreline Deposits of the Lower Cretaceous Sunburst Sandstone Member, Mannville Group, Southern
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Only one of the waterfalls that comprise the Great Falls of the
Missouri River, Crooked Falls, exists in its natural state today. Dams built on the falls beginning in the 1880s have significantly altered and even submerged the five waterfalls. Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and half of Black
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I arrived at another cataract of 26 feet. ... below this fall at a little distance a beatifull little Island well timbered is situated about the middle of the river. in this Island on a
Cottonwood tree an Eagle has placed her nest; a more inaccessible spot I believe she could not have found; for
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with me by the assistance of which even I could have hoped to have done better but alas this was also out of my reach; I therefore with the assistance of my pen only indeavoured to traces some of the stronger features of this seen by the assistance of which and my recollection aided by some able
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The
Missouri River drops a total of 612 feet (187 m) from the first of the falls to the last, which includes a combined 187 feet (57 m) of vertical plunges and 425 feet (130 m) of riverbed descent. The Great Falls have been described as "spectacular", one of the "scenic wonders of
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in the Great Falls
Tectonic Zone. The Missouri River settled into a bedrock canyon which lay beneath the clay laid down by Glacial Lake Great Falls. The course of the Missouri in and around the Great Falls has changed very little since then, in comparison to lower regions of the river on the
333:). Black Eagle Falls is named for the black eagle which built a nest in a cottonwood tree on an island in the middle of the falls. It is not clear when the falls lost their original name of "Upper Pitch," but they had acquired their modern name by at least 1877.
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designated in 1966, commemorates the route by which Lewis and Clark bypassed the falls. The landmarked areas, including the expedition camps at either end of the portage, are located well above and below the series falls. The Great Falls are also part of the
492:
Although the discovery of the Great Falls by Native
Americans is not recorded, the South Piegan Blackfeet were well-acquainted with the Great Falls by the late 18th century, and news of the cataracts had spread among native peoples as far east as central
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is today), Lewis saw that the cataracts ended and that another large river joined the
Missouri about two and a half miles further upstream. Although it was very late in the afternoon, Lewis rushed forward to see this river and was attacked by a
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trapped around the Great Falls in 1824. In 1838, a mapping expedition sent by the U.S. federal government and guided by
Bridger spent four years in the area. Margaret Harkness Woodman became first white woman to see the Great Falls in 1862.
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30:2 (February 2002); Harms, Tekla A.; Brady, John B.; Burger, H. Robert; and Cheney, John T. "Advances in the Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, and Their Implications for the History of the Northern Wyoming Province."
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religion. Napa is also depicted as foolish or a troublemaker. The Creator gave him the task of shaping the world, and he continues to help people, according to various Blackfoot legends. See Clark, Cora and Williams, Texa Bowen.
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pencil I hope still to give to the world some faint idea of an object which at this moment fills me with such pleasure and astonishment, and which of its kind I will venture to ascert is second to but one in the known world. ...
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69 (1985); Mueller, Paul A.; Heatherington, Ann L.; Kelly, Dawn M.; Wooden, Joseph L.; and Mogk, David W. "Paleoproterozoic Crust Within the Great Falls Tectonic Zone: Implications for the Assembly of Southern Laurentia."
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hunters and trappers in the area posed a challenge to American control over the region. Expedition leaders Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first learned of the "great falls" from the Mandan Indians while wintering at
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition reached the Great Falls on June 13, 1805. Meriwether Lewis was the first White person to see the falls. Lewis described the encounter in a now-famous passage of his expedition diary:
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Then and Now, or, Thirty-Six Years in the Rockies: Personal Reminiscences of Some of the First Pioneers of the State of Montana, Indians and Indian Wars, and the Past and Present of the Rocky Mountain Country:
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19 (2002); Hill, Christopher L. "Middle and Late Wisconsin (Late Pleistocene) Paleoenvironmental Records from the Rocky Mountains: Lithostratigraphy and Geochronology of Blacktail Cave, Montana, U.S.A."
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Lewis and Clark had been told by the Mandan Indians that there were "great falls" on the Missouri River. Clark adopted this name for the largest set of waterfalls the expedition discovered. See: Howard,
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678:, which he correctly judged to be the largest spring in the world. He was the first white person to see the springs, and the first white person to see the falls from the south side of the Missouri.
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Meriwether Lewis revisited the Great Falls on July 11, 1806, as the Corps of Discovery returned east. Lewis and nine men stopped at the Great Falls with the intention of exploring the
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engraver John James Barrelet to make drawings of the Great Falls. After Lewis's death in 1810, William Clark visited his home and found the drawings, but they have since disappeared.
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Davis, L. B., Hill, Christopher L.; and Fisher Jr., Jack W. "Radiocarbon Dates for Paleoindian Components (Folsom, Scottsbluff) at the MacHaffie Site, West-Central Montana Rockies."
918:'s large painting "Barter for a Bride" (originally titled "A Family Group"), which was painted some time between 1854 and 1863 and now hangs in the Diplomatic Reception Room in the
724:, established in 1846 about 40 miles (64 km) downstream from the Great Falls. The Great Falls marked the limit of the navigable section of the Missouri River, and the first
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The United States purchased the area around the Great Falls of the Missouri from France (which claimed the area despite Native American habitation) in 1803, as part of the
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Hill, Christopher L., and Valppu, Seppo H. "Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana."
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Fifteen Thousand Miles By Stage: A Woman's Unique Experience During Thirty Years of Path Finding and Pioneering From the Missouri to the Pacific and From Alaska to Mexico.
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595:. Exploring the following day, Lewis discovered Crooked Falls, Rainbow Falls, Colter Falls, and Black Eagle Falls. At the final waterfalls, Lewis saw an amazing sight:
2136:
Fighting Men of the Indian Wars: A Biographical Encyclopedia of the Mountain Men, Soldiers, Cowboys, and Pioneers Who Took Up Arms During America's Westward Expansion.
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Vuke, Susan M.; Colton, Roger B.; and Fullerton, David S. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open File 459. Helena, Mont.: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 2002.
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35:2 (1998); O'Neill, J. Michael and Lo, David A. "Character and Regional Significance of Great Falls Tectonic Zone, East-Central Idaho, and West-Central Montana."
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in honor of the expedition leaders. The Westslope cutthroat is now the "official state fish" of Montana. The explorers also collected the first samples of the
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Geologic Map of the Canyon Ferry Dam 30' x 60' Quadrangle, West-Central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2860, scale 1:100,000.
621:. He ran more than 80 yards and launched himself into the Missouri River, and luckily the bear did not follow. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was forced to
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2705:
The Men of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: A Biographical Roster of the Fifty-One Members and a Composite Diary of Their Activities From All Known Sources.
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DeCelles, Peter G. "Sedimentation in a Tectonically Partitioned, Nonmarine Foreland Basin: The Lower Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, Southwestern Montana."
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Special Papers, Volume 377. John B. Brady, H. Robert Burger, John T. Cheney, and Tekla A. Harms, eds. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, 2004.
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a city (to be named Great Falls) on the south side of the river. The city's first citizen, Silas Beachley, arrived later that year. With investments from
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Following the return passage of Lewis and Clark in 1805/06 there is no record of any white man visiting the Great Falls of the Missouri until explorer and
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Great Places: Montana: A Recreational Guide to Montana's Public Lands and Historic Places for Birding, Hiking, Photography, Fishing, Hunting, and Camping.
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visited the Great Falls in 1880, and was deeply impressed by the possibilities for building a major industrial city near the falls with power provided by
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River in the area had a much wider channel, but it has now settled into its current course, where it will continue to cut more deeply into the sandstone.
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Boerner, D. E.; Craven, J. A.; Kurtz, R. D.; Ross, G. M.; and Jones, F. W. "The Great Falls Tectonic Zone: Suture or Intracontinental Shear Zone?"
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On June 18, while reconnoitering the series of falls on the south side of the Missouri River with a group of five others, William Clark discovered
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Adventuring Along the Lewis and Clark Trail: Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington.
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809:, lumber yard, bank, school, and newspaper were established in 1885. By 1887 the town had 1,200 citizens, and in October of that year the
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17 (2000); Hill, Christopher L., and Feathers, James K. "Glacial Lake Great Falls and the Late-Wisconsin-Episode Laurentide Ice Margin."
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Stermitz, Frank; Hanly, T. F.; and Lane, C. W. Special Publication No. 28. Helena, Mont.: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, May 1963.
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Politically, the Great Falls of the Missouri River passed through numerous hands in the 19th century. It was part of the unincorporated
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led a fur-trading expedition there in April 1823 (and were attacked by Blackfeet Indians while camping at the site). British explorer
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Westslope cutthroat trout, a fish written about by the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the Great Falls of the Missouri on June 13, 1805.
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and claiming the area as their own. The Great Falls of the Missouri remained in the tribal territory of the Blackfeet until Americans
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and discovering its source. But during the night, Indians stole half the party's 17 horses, forcing three of the men to stay behind.
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at the falls, the first time anyone in the expedition had seen these fish, and several samples were preserved which constituted the
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Eagle Falls are now submerged in the reservoir behind the dam. This structure was the first hydroelectric dam built in the state.
525:, had long desired to send an expedition into the area. Jefferson sought and won permission and funding for an expedition from
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would often hunt bison in the area on a seasonal basis, but no permanent settlements existed near the Great Falls for much of
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who migrated into the area between 9,500 and 8,270 BCE. The earliest inhabitants of North America entered Montana east of the
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition made a number of discoveries near the Great Falls. On June 13, Silas Goodrich caught numerous
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1538:; Bowman, Isaiah. "Forest Physiography: Physiography of the United States and Principles of Soils in Relation to Forestry."
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Napa or "Old Man" (spelling variants include Naapi, Napi, Nape, Napiw, and Napioa) is a benevolent trickster spirit in the
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The Great Falls have been depicted in well-known paintings over the years. The waterfalls may be seen in the background of
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on May 28, 1864. It became part of the state of Montana upon that territory's admission to statehood on November 8, 1889.
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The first known drawing of the Great Falls was entered by Meriwether Lewis in his diary. In 1807, Lewis commissioned the
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owned by William Clark and who had participated in the Expedition, was the first black American to see the Great Falls.
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Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1963; Johnson, Carrie. "Electrical Power, Copper, and John D. Ryan."
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depicted the cataracts in his 1927 work, "Lewis and Clark With Sacajawea at the Great Falls of the Missouri, 1804."
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Rainbow Falls was dammed in 1910 when Rainbow Dam was built. The reservoir behind the dam submerged Colter Falls.
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The Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic of Discovery: The Abridgment of the Definitive Nebraska Edition.
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314:
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14 (1997); Hill, Christopher L. "Pleistocene Lakes Along the Southwest Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet."
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481:. Around 1600, Piegan Blackfoot Indians, migrating west, entered the area, pushing the Salish back into the
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2536:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Great Falls Portage National Historic Landmark"
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The Borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests: Essays on Regional History of the Forty-Ninth Parallel.
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between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. The area remained only sparsely inhabited, however.
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Volta Dam was built on top of the Great Falls in 1915, and later renamed Ryan Dam in 1940 in honor of
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413:. About 13,000 BCE, as the glacier retreated, Glacial Lake Great Falls emptied catastrophically in a
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230:. From upstream to downstream, the five falls along a 10-mile (16 km) segment of the river are:
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1699:
Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary Vertebrates of Northern North America: With Radiocarbon Dates.
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Estuarine Member of the Lower Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, Missouri River Gorge, Great Falls, MT.
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in 1855, and white settlement in the area began to occur. On March 2, 1861, it became part of the
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The Great Falls of the Missouri River formed because the Missouri is flowing over and through the
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18 (2001); Marsters, B.; Spiker, E.; and Rubin, M. "U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates X."
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Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, 1970; Thacker, Robert, and Higham, C. L.
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Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West.
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was built in 1890, and by 1912 Rainbow Dam and Volta Dam (now Ryan Dam) were all operating.
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836:(in which both are located) is named for the cataracts and rapids which make up the falls.
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The Line Which Separates: Race, Gender, and the Making of the Alberta-Montana Borderlands.
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Newberry, J. S. "Surface Geology of the Country Bordering the Northern Pacific Railroad."
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The Great Falls of the Missouri River became the site of a permanent settlement in 1883.
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Stratigraphy and Geochronology Session. International Quaternary Association, Reno, 2003.
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2780:"Great Falls of the Missouri." Geologic Road Signs – Lewis & Clark Trail – Montana.
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Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American Art/Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.
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reached them in 1822. White people next visited the Great Falls when Bridger and Major
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Beyond the Stony Mountains: Nature in the American West from Lewis and Clark to Today.
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The first known photograph of the Great Falls was taken by noted Western photographer
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Abridged ed. Gary E. Moulton, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
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Spelling and grammar are as Meriwether Lewis made them, and remain uncorrected here.
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Frontier Diplomats: Alexander Culbertson and Natoyist-Siksina' Among the Blackfeet.
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The Great Falls of the Missouri River were depicted on the territorial seal of the
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Indians knew of cataracts and called them by a descriptive (but not formal) name:
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Vol. 12. Gary E. Moulton, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
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Scientific Investigations Map 2860. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geologic Survey, 2005.
17:
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The Lewis and Clark Companion: An Encyclopedic Guide to the Voyage of Discovery.
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to map the course of the Missouri River; establish whether a river route to the
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326:
2605:
Native Peoples of the Northwest: A Traveler's Guide to Land, Art, and Culture.
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ice sheets pushed these lakes and rivers southward. Between 15,000 and 11,000
2758:
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail – United States National Park Service
751:. Indian attacks on white explorers and settlers dropped significantly after
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Great Seal of the State of Montana, depicting the Great Falls of the Missouri
148:
135:
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3392:
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2730:
Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840-1865.
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Lewis and Clark Among the Grizzlies: Legend and Legacy in the American West.
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Geologic Map of the Great Falls North 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Central Montana.
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New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1915; Plenty-Coups and Linderman, Frank Bird.
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Washington, D.C.: Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration, 1939.
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Four of the five waterfalls were given names in 1805 by American explorers
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In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark.
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Blanche Higgins Schroer; Roy E. Appleman; Nancy Witherell (August 1984).
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David J. Wishart, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
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said they were the grandest sight he had beheld thus far in the journey.
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The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920.
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Fisher, Cassius A. "Geology of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana."
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3rd rev. ed. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.
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The falls which Lewis had seen were the lowest of the five falls, the
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425:—one of the most famous prehistoric meltwater channels in the world.
298:, however, had a formal name for Rainbow Falls and called it "Napa's
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Crooked Falls, also known as Horseshoe Falls (19 feet or 5.79 m)
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Giant Springs State Park: State of Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks
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Roeder, Richard B. "Paris Gibson and the Building of Great Falls."
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Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Montana-Western
2382:
Reprint ed. Stillwater, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
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for the fish. The trout was subsequently given the scientific name
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Mounting a hill near Black Eagle Falls (probably where the town of
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1481:"Luminescence Dating of Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A."
1311:
Lewis & Clark – Exploration of Central Montana,
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Lewis & Clark – Exploration of Central Montana.
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around the Great Falls, an arduous task that took nearly a month.
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409:, the Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked the Missouri River and created
340:
299:
3435:
1832:
The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent.
3130:
805:, houses, a store, and a flour mill were established in 1884. A
786:
381:. Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Missouri River,
3439:
2789:
2707:
Reprint ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
2243:
The Road to Virginia City: The Diary of James Knox Polk Miller.
3206:
3179:
3135:
2213:
Reprint ed. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2001.
1278:
Reprinted. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
2635:
Florence, Mason; Gierlich, Marisa; and Nystrom, Andrew Dean.
1746:
Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; and Lang, William L.
557:
and wildlife in the region; and evaluate whether British and
1981:
Boulder, Colo.: Colorado Associated University Press, 1987.
1934:
Boulder, Colo.: Colorado Associated University Press, 1985.
2768:
2763:
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center
2757:
2476:
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
2423:
St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1991.
2158:
Vol. 3. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
1750:
2d rev. ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003.
1542:
Reprint ed. Charles Gregg, ed. New York: Arno Press, 1970.
1368:
Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana.
1118:
State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols: A Historical Guide.
828:, derives its name from the waterfalls. The small town of
2296:
Dakota Territory, 1861–1889: A Study of Frontier Politics.
2278:
2d ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
1588:
Issue 356. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1909.
1530:
Rev. ed. Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society, 2008.
1009:
2d ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
258:, also known as the Great Falls, (87 feet or 26.52 m)
1918:
pp. 134–135. Punctuation and spelling as given here. See
1510:, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
1434:
Montagne J.L. "Quaternary System, Wisconsin Glaciation."
1272:
Indian "Why Stories": Sparks From War Eagle's Lodge-Fire.
2617:
The Strands of Time: Transcendent Procession Phenomenon.
720:
The first permanent settlement near the Great Falls was
2687:
Stillwater, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.
2409:
Montana and the West: Essays in Honor of K. Ross Toole.
1610:
Maschner, Herbert D. G., and Chippindale, Christopher.
1438:
Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1972.
1075:
Lewis and Clark on the Great Plains: A Natural History.
1062:
Helena, Mont.: Montana Department of Agriculture, 1912.
263:
America", and "a major geographic discovery". When the
1270:
New York: Vantage Press, 1954; Linderman, Frank Bird.
2474:
Hebgen, Max. "Hydroelectric Development in Montana."
2156:
North American Exploration: A Continent Comprehended.
2098:
Vol. 3. Scituate, Mass.: Digital Scanning Inc, 2003.
587:
The Great Falls, or "Big Falls", and Ryan Dam in 1995
421:
and eroded the mile-long, 500-foot-deep (150 m)
267:
became the first white men to see the falls in 1805,
2732:
Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
2489:
The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings.
1268:
Pomo Indian Myths and Some of Their Sacred Meanings.
1192:
Belgrade, Mont.: Wilderness Adventures Press, 2008.
88:
63:
3729:
3693:
3622:
3574:
3513:
3473:
3370:
3352:
3324:
3302:
3293:
3268:
3252:
3243:
3216:
3123:
3114:
3089:
3068:
3044:
3021:
3012:
2964:
2921:
2851:
2487:National Park Service. U.S. Dept. of the Interior.
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2302:
Sioux City, Iowa: Western Publishing Company, 1881.
2258:Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
2190:Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1721:Las Vegas, Nev.: University of Nevada Press, 2005.
1077:Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
465:The first human beings to see the Great Falls were
198:
188:
180:
172:
164:
125:
109:
32:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1492:XVI International Quaternary Association Congress.
747:until May 30, 1854, when Congress established the
278:, and later on the state seal of Montana in 1893.
2211:Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian.
2209:Cutright, Paul Russell, and Brodhead, Michael J.
1040:Montana Century: 100 Years in Pictures and Words.
2753:Full online text of the Lewis and Clark journals
2245:Stillwater, Okla.: University of Oklahoma, 1960.
2030:The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink.
1719:Drift Smoke: Loss and Renewal in a Land of Fire.
2671:; Truettner, William H. and Anderson, Nancy K.
2462:Bozeman, Mont.: Montana State University, 1958.
2421:James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest.
2380:James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest.
2298:New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1956;
2229:Tubbs, Stephenie Ambrose, and Jenkinson, Clay.
2096:Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark.
1946:Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Company, 1983.
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1415:7th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: PublicAffairs, 2009.
832:, derives its name from Black Eagle Falls, and
345:Map of Montana showing Glacial Lake Great Falls
2728:Palmquist, Peter E., and Kailbourn, Thomas R.
2049:Herbarium of the Lewis & Clark Expedition.
1910:Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
1866:Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
1461:Reynolds, Mitchell W. and Brandt, Theodore R.
1172:Rev. ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2000.
897:Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
27:Series of waterfalls in Montana, United States
3749:Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument
3451:
2801:
2661:One West, Two Myths II: Essays on Comparison.
2639:3d ed. Oakland, Calif.: Lonely Planet, 2001.
2587:4th ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2007.
2443:7th ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2007.
2411:Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Co., 1984.
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2313:Idaho Chronology, Nomenclature, Bibliography.
2254:Lavender, David Sievert, and Smith, Duane A.
1490:Feathers, James K., and Hill, Christopher L.
763:. The Great Falls were incorporated into the
369:period which form part of the North American
8:
2663:Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2006.
2138:Stillwater, Okla.: Barbed Wire Press, 1991.
1996:
1994:
1701:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.
1436:Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region.
566:from November 2, 1804, until April 7, 1805.
249:(44 feet 6 inches or 13.56 meters)
3810:Tourist attractions in Great Falls, Montana
3744:Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge
2579:
2577:
2205:
2203:
1822:Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2003.
1586:Bulletin - United States Geological Survey.
1476:
1474:
1472:
1430:
1428:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1135:
1133:
1092:
1090:
1060:The Resources and Opportunities of Montana.
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
728:arrived at the falls in 1859. In 1860, the
440:that forms much of the upper Great Plains.
306:name for any of the other four waterfalls.
237:(26 feet 5 inches or 8.05 meters)
3458:
3444:
3436:
3299:
3249:
3120:
3018:
2808:
2794:
2786:
2510:National Historic Landmark summary listing
2349:
2347:
2345:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
1973:
1971:
1882:
1880:
1849:
1847:
1773:Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
1765:
1763:
1391:Clawson, Roger and Shandera, Katherine A.
1387:
1385:
1383:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
871:Historic district and interpretive centers
243:(6 feet 7 inches or 2.01 meters)
29:
2493:Montana: The Magazine of Western History.
2470:
2468:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2032:New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
1614:Vol. 1. New York: Rowman Altamira, 2005.
1580:
1578:
1565:New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
1557:
1555:
1327:Chicago: Tribune Printing Company, 1900.
1297:Montana: "The Land of Shining Mountains".
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
817:, was incorporated on November 28, 1888,
785:. He returned in 1883 with surveyors and
2703:Clarke, Charles G., and Duncan, Dayton.
2657:Guidebook to Diplomatic Reception Rooms.
2071:San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 2003.
1526:Axline, Jon, and Bradshaw, Glenda Clay.
1007:Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists.
204:7,539 cu ft/s (213.5 m/s)
3060:Montana School for the Deaf & Blind
2607:2d ed. Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 2002.
2512:. National Park Service. Archived from
1906:Lewis, Meriwether, and Clark, William.
1886:Lewis, Meriwether, and Clark, William.
1862:Lewis, Meriwether, and Clark, William.
1659:Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology.
1632:Geological Society of America Bulletin.
1395:Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press, 1998.
955:Mineral and Water Resources of Montana.
946:
886:Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
428:The Great Falls themselves formed on a
2555:
2544:
2178:Calgary: University of Alberta, 2005.
1810:New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
1100:Columbia, Mo.: Unbridled Books, 2007.
895:In 1989, the City of Great Falls, the
529:in January 1803. On May 14, 1804, the
321:. Colter Falls received its name from
214:of the Missouri River are a series of
3785:History of United States expansionism
2337:Montana: Magazine of Western History.
2118:Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2002.
1528:Montana's Historical Highway Markers.
1340:New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1911.
1143:Guilford, Conn.: Falcon Press, 1993.
1042:Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 1999.
1025:"Great Falls of the Missouri River."
7:
3790:Landforms of Cascade County, Montana
3754:Missouri National Recreational River
2619:Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2003.
2585:Traveling the Lewis and Clark Trail.
2007:New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002.
1979:Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West.
1748:Montana: A History of Two Centuries.
1691:Current Research in the Pleistocene.
1686:Current Research in the Pleistocene.
1457:Current Research in the Pleistocene.
1453:Current Research in the Pleistocene.
1449:Current Research in the Pleistocene.
1299:5th ed. Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1909.
767:on March 4, 1863, and then into the
3310:University of Great Falls Argonauts
2655:United States Department of State.
2407:Myers, Rex C., and Fritz, Harry W.
1820:Lewis and Clark: Across the Divide.
1612:Handbook of Archaeological Methods.
1098:The Melancholy Fate of Capt. Lewis.
1058:Montana Department of Agriculture.
888:, established by Congress in 1978.
881:National Historic Landmark District
863:, the president and founder of the
2719:Tulsa: World Publishing Co., 1968.
2005:Trout and Salmon of North America.
1393:Billings: The City and the People.
1352:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
25:
3276:Great Falls International Airport
3102:Paris Gibson Square Museum of Art
3055:Great Falls Central Catholic H.S.
2603:Halliday, Jan, and Chehak, Gail.
2355:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains.
2276:Nebraska: An Illustrated History.
1944:Famous Firsts of Black Americans.
1505:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains.
1276:Plenty-Coups, Chief of the Crows.
920:United States Department of State
349:The Missouri River lies atop the
44:Black Eagle Falls and Dam in 2014
33:Great Falls of the Missouri River
3780:History of the Pacific Northwest
3504:
3417:
2566:Accompanying 17 photos, undated.
1908:The Journals of Lewis and Clark.
1864:The Journals of Lewis and Clark.
1029:New York: Americana Corp., 1954.
87:
80:
62:
55:
38:
2315:Chicago: W.B. Conkey Co., 1918.
2300:History of Southeastern Dakota.
1834:New York: Harpercollins, 1988.
1644:Haney, M. and Schwartz, R. K.
1540:American Environmental Studies.
197:
187:
171:
163:
1411:McRae, W.C. and Jewell, Judy.
1141:The Birder's Guide to Montana.
848:Rainbow Falls and dam in 2000.
523:President of the United States
1:
3051:Paris Gibson Education Center
71:Show map of the United States
3711:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
3097:C. M. Russell Museum Complex
2931:Great Falls (Missouri River)
2441:Montana Off the Beaten Path.
1697:11 (1969); Harrington, C.R.
1599:American Journal of Science.
1243:Montana: A State Guide Book.
1002:Cutright, Paul Russell, and
389:all flowed northward into a
294:, or "the great falls." The
3556:Great Falls of the Missouri
2353:"Great Falls, Montana." In
2241:; Miller, James Knox Polk.
2233:New York: Macmillan, 2003.
2003:, and Tomelleri, Joseph R.
415:glacial lake outburst flood
3826:
3775:1800s in the United States
3721:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
3640:Lewis and Clark Expedition
3023:Great Falls Public Schools
2979:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1958:New York: Atheneum, 1984.
1241:Federal Writers' Project.
926:The noted Western painter
660:Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi
531:Lewis and Clark Expedition
487:claimed the region in 1803
331:Lewis and Clark Expedition
265:Lewis and Clark Expedition
3706:Flood Control Act of 1944
3502:
3406:
2941:Great Falls Tectonic Zone
2823:
1295:Judson, Katharine Berry.
651:Westslope cutthroat trout
351:Great Falls Tectonic Zone
302:." No record exists of a
105:
49:
37:
3424:Malmstrom Air Force Base
3076:University of Providence
2999:Boston & Montana Co.
2541:. National Park Service.
1336:Strahorn, Carrie Adell.
1116:Shearer, Barbara Smith.
732:linked Fort Benton with
411:Glacial Lake Great Falls
3685:Great Sioux War of 1876
3665:Great Platte River Road
3081:Great Falls College MSU
3031:Charles M. Russell H.S.
3004:Montana Central Railway
2771:in Great Falls, Montana
2765:in Great Falls, Montana
2294:Lamar, Howard Roberts.
1771:The Louisiana Purchase.
1717:Strohmaier, David Jon.
1027:Encyclopedia Americana.
292:Minni-Soze-Tanka-Kun-Ya
3680:Treaty of Fort Laramie
3655:Independence, Missouri
2989:Charles Marion Russell
2855:Great Falls Metro area
2554:Cite journal requires
849:
811:Great Northern Railway
698:
689:Settlement of the area
665:gumbo evening primrose
646:
588:
510:
353:, an intracontinental
346:
319:Great Northern Railway
296:South Piegan Blackfeet
149:47.57000°N 111.12306°W
3805:Waterfalls of Montana
3716:Montana Power Company
3521:Missouri River Valley
3260:Benefis Health System
2828:Geography and Climate
2683:; Wischmann, Lesley.
2506:"Great Falls Portage"
2274:Luebke, Frederick C.
2067:Grossman, Elizabeth.
1920:Google Books preview.
1661:37:4 (December 1989).
865:Montana Power Company
847:
813:arrived in the city.
696:
644:
586:
508:
447:, a mostly nonmarine
344:
3650:Missouri Fur Company
3315:Great Falls Voyagers
2817:Great Falls, Montana
2460:The Montana Almanac.
1096:Pritchett, Michael.
937:about 1859 or 1860.
830:Black Eagle, Montana
826:Great Falls, Montana
815:Great Falls, Montana
738:Washington Territory
671:at the Great Falls.
168:187 feet (57 m)
154:47.57000; -111.12306
3362:Harvest Moon (Belt)
3281:Great Falls Transit
3225:Great Falls Tribune
2853:Communities of the
2378:Malone, Michael P.
2339:42:4 (Autumn 1992).
2186:; Evans, Sterling.
2154:Allen, John Logan.
2094:Saindon, Robert A.
1830:; Lavender, David.
1818:; Gilman, Carolyn.
1769:Fleming, Thomas J.
1634:97:8 (August 1986).
1601:July–December 1885.
1038:Malone, Michael P.
877:Great Falls Portage
541:existed; study the
535:St. Louis, Missouri
395:last glacial period
184:87 feet (27 m)
145: /
96:Show map of Montana
3795:Louisiana Purchase
3635:Louisiana Purchase
3630:Sieur de Bourgmont
3541:Big Belt Mountains
3383:Charles M. Russell
3337:Four Seasons Arena
3045:Other high schools
2946:Highwood Mountains
2769:River's Edge Trail
2717:The Cowboy in Art.
2615:; Garrett, James.
1942:; Hancock, Sibyl.
1806:Ambrose, Stephen.
1652:2011-06-08 at the
1561:Botkin, Daniel B.
1503:"Agriculture." In
1486:2014-11-29 at the
1139:McEneaney, Terry.
1072:Johnsgard, Paul A.
1004:Johnsgard, Paul A.
850:
757:Treaty of Hellgate
749:Nebraska Territory
699:
669:western meadowlark
647:
589:
515:Louisiana Purchase
511:
471:Continental Divide
445:Kootenai Formation
419:Highwood Mountains
359:geologic provinces
347:
337:Geological history
282:Names of the falls
3762:
3761:
3551:Bighorn Mountains
3433:
3432:
3348:
3347:
3341:McLaughlin Center
3289:
3288:
3239:
3238:
3110:
3109:
2715:; Ainsworth, Ed.
2583:Fanselow, Julie.
2419:; Martin, Albro.
2174:McManus, Sheila.
2114:Schullery, Paul.
2028:Smith, Andrew F.
2001:Behnke, Robert J.
1930:Betts, Robert B.
1286:(orig. pub. 1930)
1168:Howard, Ela Mae.
769:Montana Territory
461:Early inhabitants
387:Musselshell River
383:Yellowstone River
329:(a member of the
276:Montana Territory
235:Black Eagle Falls
222:in north-central
208:
207:
18:Black Eagle Falls
16:(Redirected from
3817:
3739:American Prairie
3546:Wind River Range
3508:
3491:Populated places
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3421:
3300:
3250:
3231:The Prairie Star
3199:
3171:
3147:
3121:
3069:Higher education
3036:Great Falls High
3019:
2974:Lake Great Falls
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2701:
2695:
2653:
2647:
2637:Rocky Mountains.
2633:
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2601:
2595:
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2457:
2451:
2439:McCoy, Michael.
2437:
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2340:
2333:
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2015:
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1508:David J. Wishart
1501:
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1439:
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1409:
1403:
1389:
1378:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1322:Vaughn, Robert.
1320:
1314:
1306:
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1188:Robbins, Chuck.
1186:
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1128:
1114:
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1023:
1017:
1000:
959:
951:
924:Washington, D.C.
916:John Mix Stanley
803:C. A. Broadwater
783:hydroelectricity
761:Dakota Territory
734:Fort Walla Walla
633:African American
602:falls of Potomac
519:Thomas Jefferson
509:Meriwether Lewis
379:Wyoming province
311:Meriwether Lewis
269:Meriwether Lewis
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3725:
3701:Pick–Sloan Plan
3689:
3675:Red Cloud's War
3618:
3576:
3575:Native American
3570:
3561:Missouri Breaks
3536:Rocky Mountains
3531:Missouri Coteau
3509:
3500:
3469:
3464:
3434:
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3366:
3344:
3332:Centene Stadium
3320:
3285:
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3235:
3212:
3177:
3153:
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3085:
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3008:
2994:Black Eagle Dam
2960:
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2570:(1.92 MB)
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2134:O'Neal, Bill.
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2016:
1990:
1977:Trotter, Pat.
1967:
1956:English Creek.
1954:; Doig, Ivan.
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714:Alexander Ross
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2516:on 2011-06-06
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2017:
2014:
2013:0-7432-2220-2
2010:
2006:
2002:
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1984:
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1965:
1964:0-689-11478-8
1961:
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1949:
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1937:
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1913:
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1893:
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1872:1-4191-6799-5
1869:
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1840:0-06-015982-0
1837:
1833:
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1825:
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1813:
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1727:0-87417-621-2
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1707:0-8020-4817-X
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1571:0-19-516243-9
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1437:
1431:
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1422:
1421:1-59880-014-0
1418:
1414:
1413:Moon Montana.
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:1-56037-037-8
1398:
1394:
1388:
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1103:
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543:Indian tribes
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467:Paleo-Indians
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393:. During the
392:
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363:basement rock
360:
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247:Rainbow Falls
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228:United States
225:
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218:on the upper
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3660:Oregon Trail
3555:
3526:Great Plains
3422:
3410:
3398:Paris Gibson
3388:Tera Patrick
3230:
3223:
2984:Paris Gibson
2930:
2833:Demographics
2729:
2724:
2716:
2704:
2699:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2636:
2631:
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2584:
2547:cite journal
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2509:
2500:
2495:Autumn 1988.
2492:
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2256:The Rockies.
2255:
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2004:
1978:
1955:
1943:
1931:
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1907:
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1887:
1874:pp. 129–132.
1863:
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1695:Radiocarbon.
1694:
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954:
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906:
894:
890:
874:
861:John D. Ryan
858:
855:
851:
824:The city of
823:
807:planing mill
801:businessman
779:Paris Gibson
773:
742:
719:
710:Andrew Henry
700:
683:Marias River
680:
673:
658:
648:
627:
619:grizzly bear
611:
590:
568:
512:
495:North Dakota
491:
464:
442:
433:unconformity
427:
357:between two
348:
323:Paris Gibson
308:
291:
285:
273:
261:
241:Colter Falls
211:
209:
181:Longest drop
165:Total height
3694:Engineering
3645:Manuel Lisa
3486:Tributaries
3253:Health care
2898:Sun Prairie
2878:Black Eagle
1459:19 (2002);
776:Businessman
730:Mullan Road
722:Fort Benton
706:Jim Bridger
614:Black Eagle
593:Great Falls
564:Fort Mandan
423:Shonkin Sag
403:Cordilleran
327:John Colter
212:Great Falls
189:Watercourse
152: /
140:111°07′23″W
127:Coordinates
3769:Categories
3317:(baseball)
3124:Television
2843:Government
2520:2007-10-24
1657:Alberta."
1325:1864–1900.
941:References
479:prehistory
399:Laurentide
355:shear zone
216:waterfalls
137:47°34′12″N
3732:preserves
3730:Parks and
3609:Missouria
3589:Blackfeet
3514:Geography
3481:Crossings
3393:Ryan Leaf
3354:Breweries
3014:Education
2956:Roe River
2923:Geography
2903:Sun River
2883:Fort Shaw
1263:Blackfoot
726:steamboat
533:departed
456:Discovery
449:sandstone
430:fall line
371:continent
256:Big Falls
201:flow rate
3566:Big Bend
3412:Category
3245:Services
1650:Archived
1484:Archived
1363:Geology.
791:railroad
745:frontier
606:Soolkiln
527:Congress
300:Snarling
110:Location
3623:History
3594:Hidatsa
3584:Arikara
3203:KBGF 50
3194:, 21.5
3190:, 21.4
3186:, 21.3
3182:, 21.2
3090:Museums
2966:History
2873:Neihart
2868:Cascade
2838:Economy
787:platted
736:in the
703:trapper
623:portage
608:&c.
555:terrain
551:geology
521:, then
367:Archean
365:of the
226:in the
224:Montana
199:Average
119:Montana
3604:Mandan
3599:Lakota
3577:tribes
3325:Venues
3295:Sports
3188:Create
3178:(21.1
3158:, 5.2
3142:, 3.2
2913:Vaughn
2736:
2711:
2691:
2679:
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2055:
2036:
2011:
1985:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1914:
1894:
1870:
1838:
1826:
1814:
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1705:
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1282:
1249:
1196:
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1104:
1081:
1046:
1013:
903:In art
892:area.
799:Helena
793:owner
547:botany
397:, the
373:, the
288:Mandan
121:, U.S.
3614:Sioux
3474:Lists
3303:Teams
3217:Print
3192:World
3154:(5.1
3134:(3.1
3116:Media
2893:Simms
2539:(pdf)
2478:1914.
1313:2000.
909:Irish
636:slave
631:, an
3496:Dams
3196:MPAN
3184:Kids
3175:KUGF
3164:MNTV
3151:KFBB
3131:KRTV
2863:Belt
2734:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2564:and
2560:help
2445:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1011:ISBN
879:, a
875:The
840:Dams
797:and
667:and
629:York
401:and
385:and
377:and
313:and
286:The
210:The
3207:NBC
3180:PBS
3168:JTV
3160:Fox
3156:ABC
3140:MTN
3136:CBS
2908:Ulm
922:in
604:or
407:BCE
361:of
3771::
3144:CW
2576:^
2551::
2549:}}
2545:{{
2508:.
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2344:^
2320:^
2202:^
2083:^
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1993:^
1970:^
1879:^
1846:^
1785:^
1762:^
1733:^
1577:^
1554:^
1471:^
1427:^
1382:^
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1132:^
1089:^
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867:.
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545:,
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3198:)
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2558:(
2523:.
1354:.
176:5
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