372:(Rotterdam Device, named for where it was captured). Coastal Command's first ASV.III-equipped patrol took place over the Bay of Biscay 1 March. ASV.III made its first U-boat contact on the night of 17 March, but the carrier Wellington suffered a malfunction of its Leigh Light and was unable to press home the attack. The first attack using the system occurred the next night. When ASV.III did enter service, German submariners, right up to Dönitz, began to mistakenly believe British aircraft were homing on emissions from the Metox receiver, which no longer gave warning. Meantime, German scientists were perfecting the
33:
253:
offensive in the Bay of Biscay or to abandon the bombing of German bases by the RAF." "The number of VLR aircraft operating in the North
Atlantic in February was only 18, and no substantial increase was made until after the crisis of March." Nor were night air patrols, recognized as necessary, initiated until the autumn of 1943.
443:, the number of VLRs in Newfoundland finally increased. "Canadians had been pressing hard for Liberators since autumn 1942, against British doubts that the RCAF could employ them effectively, while RCAF, for its part, opposed RAF taking over a job RCAF saw as its own. The commanding officer of 120 Squadron,
347:, head of Coastal Command, countered Bomber Command also risked having it fall in enemy hands, and having the Germans produce a countermeasure against it, before Coastal Command ever got to use it. In the event, this was exactly what happened. The first ASV.III was fitted to a Coastal Command Wellington at
275:. They limited the places U-boats could attack in safety, and (by reducing the ability of shadowing U-boats to find and track convoys) made shipping harder to find, thereby reducing losses. This also helped the convoy escorts, by enabling them to deal with one U-boat at a time. Despite a willingness of
315:
was developed. Though it had to overcome Air
Ministry indifference, and only entered service in June 1941, it proved very successful. This, however, required a large aircraft, such as the Wellington or Liberator, to carry the generator needed to power the light, and most of Coastal Command's aircraft
252:
section, made several proposals, including diverting VLRs from Bomber
Command to Coastal Command. "Despite the strength of Blackett's case, the Admiralty (not to mention the Air Ministry, Bomber Command, and the Americans) believed for some time yet that it could not afford to reduce the heavy air
467:
reduced the hazard of the Gap. After a crisis in March which nearly had
Churchill and the Admiralty abandon convoys altogether, the Mid-Atlantic Gap was finally closed in May 1943, when RCAF VLRs became operational in Newfoundland, by which time the Battle of the Atlantic was largely won.
331:-frequency (10 cm) radar changed that, and the combination of H2S (as ASV.III) and Leigh light proved lethal to U-boats. Harris, however, denied Coastal Command any allocation of H2S systems, claiming Bomber Command needed it to find targets, in preference to
141:, commonly called the VLR Liberator or just VLR. The Liberator B.I proved too vulnerable for bombing missions over Europe, but had excellent range and payload, ideal for A/S patrol. Top priority for these was the U.S. Navy for reconnaissance operations in the
294:
A means of detecting surfaced submarines at night, when they were at their most vulnerable, recharging batteries, and felt most safe, was a top priority for
Coastal Command. ASV gave it to them. The previous AI.II (Mark 2 Airborne Interception) radar became
268:, at a cost of 266 aircraft and crews. They accomplished no damage to the pens nor the submarines within them. Coastal Command strength never reached 266 VLRs. Missions flown against German U-boat building yards had similarly disappointing results.
311:(actually 1.7 m, 176 MHz), mid-VHF band emissions meant however, that a submarine was usually lost in sea return before it came in visual range, at around one mile (1.6 km), by which time it was already diving. In response, the
212:. "...he apparent inadequacy Newfoundland-based air support was highlighted by the early interception of SC 107 and the resultant bitter and costly battle." This led RAF to belatedly move a number of Coastal Command squadrons.
291:, the almost "perpetual fog of the Grand Banks also allowed pack operations to penetrate within a couple of hundred miles of Newfoundland, while aircraft patrolled harmlessly above", and made visual detection impossible.
91:(RAF)'s Coastal Command, when it was created in 1936, was given responsibility for antisubmarine warfare (A/S or ASW) patrol. It was equipped only with small numbers of short-ranged aircraft, the most common being the
459:
meant "a dramatic increase of USAAF Fortresses and medium-range
Liberators" could be based in Newfoundland. 25h Wing flew over the Bay of Biscay, where they sank one U-boat before being redeployed to Morocco.
355:
by
February 1943, while a copy of H2S was lost 2/3 February when a Stirling Pathfinder was shot down over the Netherlands, on only H2S's second operational use. Harris made similar objections to supplying the
367:
As
Coastal Command predicted, the Germans captured the damaged H2S, which would have been next to impossible from a Coastal Command aircraft downed at sea, rather than over land, and Telefunken produced the
225:. As a measure of how valuable they were, after patrols off Canada were added in 1942, only one ship was lost in convoy. Even in mid-1942, Coastal Command only had two squadrons of Liberators and
36:
The Mid-Atlantic gap was an area outside the cover by land-based aircraft; those limits are shown with black arcs (map shows the gap in 1941). Blue dots show destroyed ships of the Allies
107:
routinely got higher priority for the best, longest-ranged aircraft. Only as Bomber
Command transitioned to four-engined aircraft did Coastal Command receive the castoffs, such as
256:
Bomber
Command did not refuse entirely to offer assistance against U-boats. From 14 January 1943 through May, they flew seven thousand sorties against the U-boat pens in
455:, USAAF, with its medium-range B-24s (equipped with H2S, probably built by Canadians), made it possible to free up Coastal Command VLRs without it. The growth in numbers of
364:
units to Coastal Command (which knew it as ASV.IV), again got higher priority, and again saw it fall into German hands, almost exactly a year later, in February 1944.
1260:"Bomber" Harris: The Story of Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir Arthur Harris, Bt, GCG, OBE, AFC, LLD, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Bomber Command, 1942–1945
451:, RCAF, before 10 May), while 120 Squadron's strength doubled. This still only put all of thirty-eight VLRs over the Mid-Atlantic Gap. The arrival of
439:(USAAF), arranging a trade of B-24s for comparable types. This enabled Slessor to make a deal with him to "borrow" one squadron. After attacks on convoy
447:
Bulloch, confirmed RCAF's ability, and in early March 1943, the number in Newfoundland belatedly increased (though it was not enough to constitute
1277:
1085:
145:, where their long range were equally valuable, but where they generally carried out missions of lower priority than Coastal Command's.
215:
The nine Liberator GR.Is operating over the Atlantic, members of 120 Squadron based in Iceland, were nevertheless a worry to Admiral
1211:
204:, VLRs guided by HF/DF drove off three shadowing U-boats in one day, 16 October. They bettered the performance on 29 October, for
241:
197:
911:
1305:
1300:
230:
922:
393:
designation. While fragile, Naxos worked. However, it entered service the same day as the 10 GHz-emissions H2X (which
299:(Air to Surface Vessel Mark 2) fitted in Coastal Command aircraft. Coastal Command priority for it, however, ranked behind
436:
425:
1168:
352:
288:
112:
316:
were incapable of it, nor were Bomber Command inclined to turn over anything better. Moreover, the Germans developed
915:
497:
283:
Coastal Command would never have attempted, U-boats could trail convoys beginning very soon after departure from
414:
357:
276:
221:
138:
482:
452:
320:, which picked up ASV's radar pulses before it was able to detect a submarine at all, rendering it useless.
272:
111:, which finally had adequate range for A/S patrol. Moreover, Coastal Command's motley assortment of Ansons,
100:
477:
191:
173:
56:
45:
1192:
135:
32:
448:
384:
377:
284:
226:
179:
162:
116:
1127:
1029:
308:
300:
249:
187:
183:
53:
99:(which was obsolete); for a time, shortages of aircraft were so severe, "scarecrow patrols" using
1227:
108:
104:
96:
538:(London: BBC, 1978), p. 204. The United States would use a similar expedient in early 1942.
1273:
1207:
1141:
1081:
340:
336:
245:
502:
332:
296:
124:
1133:. Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishers, 1998. (Reprints A. Hilger 1987 edition).
926:
444:
196:
on 12 October 1942. Even then, VLRs proved invaluable in co-operation with shipborne
88:
1180:
The Challenge of War: Britain's scientific and engineering contributions to World War Two
71:
Gap, or just "the Gap". The gap was eventually closed in May 1943, as growing numbers of
464:
456:
432:
216:
158:
149:
128:
76:
72:
44:
is a geographical term applied to an undefended area of the Atlantic Ocean during the
1294:
1265:
1253:
Aircraft versus submarine: the evolution of the anti-submarine aircraft, 1912 to 1972
779:
763:
440:
304:
265:
261:
237:
209:
205:
201:
166:
1151:
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154:
120:
49:
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Aircraft also had an important indirect role, by preventing even the formation of
919:
1217:
348:
312:
280:
142:
1033:
92:
376:
to create a submersible version for U-boat defense, of the aviation-utilized
361:
328:
324:
68:
186:, only to meet aircraft, and Coastal Command sank two, while in protecting
1239:
North Atlantic run: the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys
1145:
617:
North Atlantic Run: the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys
492:
487:
17:
1078:
Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
570:(Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 2003), p. 70.
908:
383:
radar detector for night fighters, the submersible version getting the
257:
1199:. London: Coronet Books, 1979 (reprints 1978 Hamish Hamilton edition).
1163:
Electronic warfare: Element of Strategy and Multiplier of Combat Power
961:
Electronic Warfare: Element of Strategy and Multiplier of Combat Power
229:, and at the first sign of Coastal Command's success against U-boats,
170:
60:
619:(Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press, 1985), p. 158.
59:(A/S) aircraft. This resulted in heavy merchant shipping losses to
317:
178:
on 11 September 1942, there was exactly one VLR of the RAF's
31:
1285:
The Atlantic Campaign : World War II's great struggle at sea
1028:, p. 143. The same sort of condescension was applied to the
279:(RCAF) aircraft to fly in (perennially bad) conditions off the
233:
sought to have their aircraft used in attacking German cities.
339:, while arguing Coastal Command might lose it to the Germans.
95:(which was obsolete by the start of the Second World War) and
1241:. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 1985.
1189:. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 2003.
525:(Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1979), p. 157.
1175:. Toronto: Stoddart, 1990 (reprints 1947 Collins edition).
588:(St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 2003), p. 99.
1197:
Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945
119:
were unable to carry the standard 450-pound (200 kg)
397:
could not detect) became operational in Coastal Command.
79:
became available, and as basing problems were addressed.
1204:
The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939–1945
208:, driving off five, and seven on 6 November around
1222:
The War in the Air: The Royal Air Force in World War II
127:. (The other aircraft capable of carrying it, the
891:
889:
786:(London: Wordsworth, 1997 ed.), pp. 454–455.
148:VLRs were of particular importance in times when
1046:
1044:
1042:
835:
833:
831:
52:. The region was beyond the reach of land-based
1248:. St. Catherines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 2003.
1080:pp. 243–244, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
580:
578:
576:
1067:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989).
980:
978:
946:
944:
909:RAF History - Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
8:
1262:. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1985.
1234:. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1976.
1182:. New York: Taplinger Publishing Co., 1970.
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
27:Area outside airplane range in World War II
67:, as well as the Atlantic Gap, Air Gap,
514:
351:in December 1942, with twelve based at
182:overhead. Fifteen U-boats converged on
435:got control of A/S aircraft from the
409:in May 1944, and was supplemented by
131:, was Bomber Command's crown jewel.)
7:
1287:. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
1171:., Marshal of the Royal Air Force.
1136:Costello, John, and Hughes, Terry.
963:. (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981)
25:
1165:. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981.
289:air-to-surface-vessel (ASV) radar
134:Coastal Command's prize was the
770:(London: Wordsworth, 1997 ed.).
360:-created 3 cm-wavelength
1:
920:Campaign Diary: February 1943
437:United States Army Air Forces
413:, what today would be called
123:; that needed Wellingtons or
75:(Very Long Range models) and
1272:. London: Wordsworth, 1997.
1206:. London: Hutchinson, 1983.
1065:Great Naval Battle of Ottawa
463:Increasing availability of
190:, 120 Squadron's VLRs sank
63:.It is frequently known as
1322:
1224:. New York: Morrow, 1968.
1187:The Battle of the Atlantic
1138:The Battle of the Atlantic
568:The Battle of the Atlantic
1158:. St Albans: Triad, 1978.
1140:. London: Collins, 1977.
916:UK Government Web Archive
1280:(reprints 1985 edition).
1255:. London, Kimber, 1973.
925:21 February 2006 at the
415:radar absorbent material
277:Royal Canadian Air Force
222:Befehlshaber der U-Boote
1193:Jones, R. V., Professor
929:. Accessed 18 July 2008
483:Mid-Ocean Meeting Point
453:25th Antisubmarine Wing
343:backed him up. Marshal
1306:Battle of the Atlantic
1301:Anti-submarine warfare
1246:Battle of the Atlantic
1052:Battle of the Atlantic
1026:Battle of the Atlantic
1013:Battle of the Atlantic
897:Battle of the Atlantic
881:Battle of the Atlantic
841:Battle of the Atlantic
797:Battle of the Atlantic
586:Battle of the Atlantic
523:Coastal Command at War
478:Mid-Ocean Escort Force
242:Patrick M. S. Blackett
46:Battle of the Atlantic
37:
1270:The Right of the Line
1002:Ireland, p. 141.
993:Ireland, p. 140.
984:Johnson, p. 231.
972:Johnson, p. 229.
950:Ireland, p. 188.
938:Johnson, p. 230.
870:Johnson, p. 227.
852:Johnson, p. 207.
784:The Right of the Line
768:The Right of the Line
754:Johnson, p. 234.
606:Ireland, p. 124.
417:, under the codename
136:Consolidated Aircraft
35:
719:Milner, p. 224.
597:Ireland, p. 71.
169:was attacked by the
103:were even employed.
1251:Price, Alfred, Dr.
1228:Middlebrook, Martin
1030:Royal Canadian Navy
914:6 July 2007 at the
812:, pp. 140–141.
732:, pp. 224–225.
309:1½-metre wavelength
301:RAF Fighter Command
250:Operations Research
152:was unable to read
109:Vickers Wellingtons
54:RAF Coastal Command
1283:Van der Vat, Dan.
1202:Longmate, Norman.
1185:Ireland, Bernard.
1112:North Atlantic Run
1099:North Atlantic Run
1063:Zimmerman, David.
823:North Atlantic Run
810:North Atlantic Run
743:North Atlantic Run
730:North Atlantic Run
708:North Atlantic Run
695:North Atlantic Run
682:North Atlantic Run
669:North Atlantic Run
656:North Atlantic Run
643:North Atlantic Run
630:North Atlantic Run
566:Ireland, Bernard.
421:("Chimneysweep").
323:The appearance of
244:, Director of the
105:RAF Bomber Command
97:Vickers Vildebeest
38:
1278:978-1-85326-683-6
1086:978-1-4000-6964-4
799:, pp. 98–99.
428:
341:Winston Churchill
16:(Redirected from
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1258:Saward, Dudley.
1173:Bomber Offensive
1169:Harris, Arthur T
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503:Project Habakkuk
426:
424:Just before the
419:Schornsteinfeger
401:was replaced by
307:units. ASV.II's
50:Second World War
42:Mid-Atlantic gap
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370:Rotterdam Gerät
89:Royal Air Force
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814:
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780:Terraine, John
772:
764:Terraine, John
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745:, p. 225.
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699:
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673:
671:, p. 176.
660:
658:, p. 173.
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615:Milner, Marc.
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584:Milner, Marc.
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536:The Secret War
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521:Bowyer, Chaz.
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433:Ernest J. King
150:Bletchley Park
139:Liberator GR.I
129:Avro Lancaster
84:
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73:VLR Liberators
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65:The Black Pit
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57:antisubmarine
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1218:Lyall, Gavin
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1128:Bowen, E. G.
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345:John Slessor
322:
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240:, Professor
235:
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200:. Defending
192:
180:120 Squadron
174:
155:Kriegsmarine
153:
147:
133:
121:depth charge
86:
64:
41:
39:
29:
449:10 Squadron
313:Leigh light
281:Grand Banks
266:St. Nazaire
217:Karl Dönitz
198:"Huff Duff"
125:Sunderlands
101:Tiger Moths
1295:Categories
1131:Radar Days
1122:References
1034:Royal Navy
431:, Admiral
429:Conference
287:. Without
273:wolf packs
227:Fortresses
219:, who was
93:Avro Anson
1146:464381083
362:H2X radar
329:gigahertz
246:Admiralty
69:Greenland
18:Black Gap
1110:Milner,
1097:Milner,
1050:Milner,
1024:Milner,
1011:Milner,
923:Archived
912:Archived
895:Milner,
879:Milner,
839:Milner,
821:Milner,
808:Milner,
795:Milner,
741:Milner,
728:Milner,
706:Milner,
693:Milner,
680:Milner,
667:Milner,
654:Milner,
641:Milner,
628:Milner,
498:MAC ship
493:CAM ship
488:GIUK gap
472:See also
378:FuG 350
358:American
353:Chivenor
165:). When
117:Hampdens
113:Whitleys
1032:by the
441:ONS 166
427:TRIDENT
390:Naxos U
349:Defford
285:Halifax
258:Lorient
143:Pacific
83:History
61:U-boats
48:in the
1276:
1232:Convoy
1210:
1156:Bomber
1144:
1084:
411:Stumpf
327:three
297:ASV.II
264:, and
236:After
231:Harris
171:U-boat
159:Enigma
115:, and
509:Notes
407:Tunis
399:Naxos
395:Naxos
380:Naxos
318:Metox
262:Brest
193:U-597
175:U-584
163:Ultra
1274:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1142:OCLC
1082:ISBN
403:FuMB
386:FuMB
337:Oboe
335:and
87:The
40:The
918:,
405:36
333:Gee
325:H2S
303:'s
248:'s
1297::
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1041:^
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543:^
388:7
260:,
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161:(
20:)
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