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Black theology

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2500:, affirming that Jesus is "truly God and truly man". Cone argued that Jesus' role was to liberate the oppressed, using the Gospel of Luke to illustrate this point: "the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the good news preached to them" (Luke 7:22). Cone also argued that, "We cannot solve ethical questions of the twentieth century by looking at what Jesus did in the first. Our choices are not the same as his. Being Christians does not mean following 'in his steps.'" Cone objected to the persistent portrayal of Jesus as white: 2648:: "According to Hendricks, 'many good church-going folk have been deluded into behaving like modern-day Pharisees and Sadducees when they think they're really being good Christians.' Unwittingly, Hendricks says, these apparent Christians have actually become 'like the false prophets of Ba'al.'" Kurtz also quotes Jeremiah Wright: "How do I tell my children about the African Jesus who is not the guy they see in the picture of the blond-haired, blue-eyed guy in their Bible or the figment of white supremacists [ 6066: 3011:
the Black Intellectuals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, and Malcolm X, the twentieth-century sociopolitical struggles of the Civil Rights movement with its zenith leader Martin Luther King Jr., and the Black Power movement. Black Theology emerged to complement and continue the rhetoric of speaking against systems, persons, and conditions impeding the realization of dignified African humanity.
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asking for is for freedom and justice. No more, and no less. In asking for this, the black theologians, turn to scripture as the sanction for their demand. The Psalmist writes for instance, "If God is going to see righteousness established in the land, he himself must be particularly active as "the helper of the fatherless" (Psalm 10:14) to "deliver the needy when he crieth; and the poor that hath no helper" (Psalm 72:12).
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perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which many have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously. These historic events are used to associate Christianity with racism but the Bible stresses that race is irrelevant: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (
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values justice over victimization, then God desires that all oppressed people should be liberated. According to Cone, if God is not just, if God does not desire justice, then God needs to be done away with. Liberation from a false god who privileges whites, and the realization of an alternative and true God who desires the empowerment of the oppressed through self-definition, self-affirmation, and
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movement. Also, the 1964 book authored by Joseph R. Washington Jr. Black Religion: The Negro and Christianity in the United States, triggered a fair response from the black clergy. Washington considered the black churches to be lacking in theological content, "a poor carbon copy not to be taken seriously" and, therefore inferior to the white churches.
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Among the ideas that birthed Black Theology were the taunting by black Muslims that Christianity was as "white man's religion," the branding of Christianity as unscientific and irrelevant by black secular Marxists, and the perceived incompatibility between being black and Christian by the Black Power
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was adopted. This non-binding resolution declared that racism, in all its forms, is deplorable" and "lamented on a national scale and is also repudiated in history as an act of evil from which a continued bitter harvest unfortunately is reaped." The convention offered an apology for "condoning and/or
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In order to speak about their peculiar concerns, specific forms of expression were developed at various times to challenge the social, political, economic, and religious domination of the whites over blacks from the beginning of slavery. Examples include the Pan-Africanists, the Black Nationalists,
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It's very important because you've got a lot of white images of Christ. In reality, Christ was not white, not European. That's important to the psychic and to the spiritual consciousness of Black people who live in a ghetto and in a white society in which their lord and savior looks just like people
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for inspiration. Black theology arose as an affirmation of black Christians in response to critiques from a range of sources, including black Muslims, that claimed Christianity was a "white man's religion", white Christians that saw black churches as inferior, black Marxists that saw religion as an
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James Cone believed that the New Testament revealed Jesus as one who identified with those suffering under oppression, the socially marginalized and the cultural outcasts. And since the socially constructed categories of race in America (i.e., whiteness and blackness) had come to culturally signify
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Black theology deals primarily with the African-American community to make Christianity real for black people. It explains Christianity as a matter of liberation here and now, rather than in an afterlife. The goal of black theology is not for special treatment. Instead, "All Black theologians are
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Black theology contends that dominant cultures have corrupted Christianity, and the result is a mainstream faith-based empire that serves its own interests, not God's interests. Black theology asks whose side should God be on â€“ the side of the oppressed or the side of the oppressors. If God
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Black Theology is a comprehensive term that developed out of both religious and quasi-secular aspirations of oppressed black people and was first used among a small group of African American theologians, led by Black supremacy advocate James Cone, in the second half of the 1960s in the United
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Liberation, contextual, and black theologies are prophetic theologies that emerged in South African in response to the long domination under apartheid...the Black Consciousness Movement and Black Theology in the United States provided inspiration to the development of black theology in South
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thought into the black church, forming an ethical framework predicated on a system of oppressor class versus a victim much like Marxism. However, it is known, that White Christianity was the strategy used to justify slavery and to keep enslaved, the black population.
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Black theology largely foregoes intricate, philosophical views of God, instead, it focuses on God as "God in action", delivering the oppressed because of his righteousness. The central theme of African-American popular religion, as well as abolitionists like
2493:. For Cone, the theme of Yahweh's concern was for "the lack of social, economic, and political justice for those who are poor and unwanted in society." Cone argued that the same God is working for the deliverance of oppressed black Americans. 2437:). Cone relates that, once upon a time it was acceptable to lynch a black man by hanging him from the tree; but today's economics destroy him by crowding many into a ghetto and letting filth and despair put the final touch on a coveted death. 5438: 5433: 5445: 1455: 2397:
Modern American origins of contemporary black theology can be traced to July 31, 1966, when an ad hoc group of 51 concerned clergy, calling themselves the National Committee of Negro Churchmen, bought a full page ad in
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as a theology of liberation: "a rational study of the being of God in the world in light of the existential situation of an oppressed community, relating the forces of liberation to the essence of the Gospel, which is
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dominance (whiteness) and oppression (blackness), from a theological perspective, Cone argued that Jesus reveals himself as black in order to disrupt and dismantle white oppression.
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in an attempt to help those of African descent overcome oppression. It especially focuses on the injustices committed against African Americans and black South Africans during
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Black theology would eventually develop outside of the United States to the United Kingdom and parts of Africa, especially addressing apartheid in South Africa.
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is a prominent black theology practitioner. He was the first in the UK to develop and teach a course on black theology at an academic level.
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Black theology seeks to liberate non-white people from multiple forms of political, social, economic, and religious subjugation and views
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On the African continent, a distinction is often made between black theology, with its emphasis on liberation in southern Africa, and
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interprets that the language of "economic parity" and references to "mal-distribution" as nothing more than channeling the views of
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who victimize them. God is whatever color God needs to be in order to let people know they're not nobodies, they're somebodies.
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unscientific tool of the oppressor, and black power advocates who saw being Christian as incompatible with being black.
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wrote about the perceived differences with "conventional American Christianity". He quoted the black theologian
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to publish their "Black Power Statement", which proposed a more aggressive approach to combating
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which has been a key outlet for the discourse around black theology in Britain has been
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Black theology was popularized in southern Africa in the early 1970s by Basil Moore, a
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Farewell to innocence : a socio-ethical study on black theology and black power
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supported slavery and slaveholders; it was not until June 20, 1995, that the formal
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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in the United States and later in other parts of the world. It contextualizes
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were supported by many Christians from particular readings of the Bible. The
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The Unquestionable right to be free : Black theology from South Africa
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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Pityana, Barney. "Black Theology and the struggle for liberation."
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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Jagessar, Michael N.; Reddie, Anthony G., eds. (2014) .
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America's Prophet: How the Story of Moses Shaped America
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in Wright's sermons and statements, caused then-Senator
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Reynolds, Barbara (November 8, 1989). "James H. Cone".
3369:"Black Theology, Black Power, and the Black Experience" 4023:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 3076:. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: 2974:. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: 2893:. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: 2824:. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: 2572:
Although it is not limited to the British context, an
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Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
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Archived from 3367:Rhodes, Ron (Spring 1991). 2784:Religion of black Americans 2622:Jeremiah Wright controversy 2609:have worked to incorporate 2426:Southern Baptist Convention 406:African-American businesses 6824: 5384:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 5142:Nashville Student Movement 4153:Children of the plantation 4015:Burrow, Rufus Jr. (1994). 3957:Vellem, Vuyani S. (2010). 3672:Jagessar & Reddie 2014 3374:Christian Research Journal 2779:African diaspora religions 2764:Christian views on slavery 2704:W. E. B. Du Bois 2624:, over alleged racism and 944:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 619:Congressional Black Caucus 586:African Diaspora Religions 373:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 6741:World Council of Churches 6416:Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann 6158:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 6054: 6021:Index of related articles 5202: 5022:Doctrine of Father Divine 4406:Women's suffrage movement 4359:Reconstruction Amendments 4166:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3609:Martey, Emmanuel (2009). 2729:Christianity and politics 2546:, and Itumeleng Mosala. 2430:Declaration of Repentance 2335:black liberation theology 1451:US states and territories 752:American Life and History 474:Lift Every Voice and Sing 183:Treatment of the enslaved 6132:Catholic social teaching 6071:United States portal 5506:African-American English 4935:Inventors and scientists 4627:George Washington Carver 4231:Chicago Freedom Movement 4038:House, H. Wayne (1992). 3918:Reddie, Anthony (2012). 3649:. Taylor & Francis. 1653:United States portal 1060:African-American English 571:African-American Muslims 132:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 6227:Latin American Catholic 5994:African-American firsts 5043:Back-to-Africa movement 5012:Black Hebrew Israelites 4792:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 4340:Partus sequitur ventrem 3864:. New York: Routledge. 3078:Oxford University Press 2976:Oxford University Press 2895:Oxford University Press 2826:Oxford University Press 2565:In the United Kingdom, 2557:of Christian theology. 1939:In particular religions 1574:Reparations for slavery 662:Back-to-Africa movement 561:Black Hebrew Israelites 439:African-American beauty 29:Theological perspective 6788:Afro-American religion 6432:Jean-Bertrand Aristide 5962:Spingarn Medal winners 5451:States and territories 5222:Black NFL quarterbacks 4722:Martin Luther King Jr. 4254:Dred Scott v. Sandford 4193:Montgomery bus boycott 3841:Feiler, Bruce (2009). 3725:"The 'Wright Problem'" 3594:: CS1 maint: others ( 3488:Boesak, Allan (2015). 3235:10.4102/hts.v72i1.3176 3149:Wake Forest University 2719:Martin Luther King Jr. 2646:Obery M. Hendricks Jr. 2507: 2470: 1044:Dialects and languages 204:Second Great Migration 6438:Miguel A. De La Torre 6281:JosĂ© Severino Croatto 6271:Marcella Althaus-Reid 6169:Postcolonial theology 5272:Athletic associations 5207:Negro league baseball 4978:African-American Jews 4697:Ketanji Brown Jackson 4662:Henry Highland Garnet 4521:Negro National Anthem 4271:George Floyd protests 4236:Post–civil rights era 3980:10.4102/hts.v66i1.800 3203:The Christian Century 2794:Religious nationalism 2749:Christian nationalism 2465: 1456:US metropolitan areas 1283:List of neighborhoods 897:Alabama Creole people 887:African-American Jews 819:Negro league baseball 782:National Urban League 734:Civic/economic groups 566:African-American Jews 456:African-American hair 318:, after the Civil War 147:Post–civil rights era 6444:Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz 6147:Marxism and religion 5479:Afro-Seminole Creole 5005:Azusa Street Revival 4877:Booker T. Washington 4401:Underground Railroad 4266:Free people of color 4120:Atlantic slave trade 3773:on February 15, 2015 3476:Index on Censorship. 3080:. pp. 177–178. 2978:. pp. 177–178. 2828:. pp. 177–178. 2799:Slavery and religion 2789:Religion in politics 2686:United States portal 2379:Black Power movement 2351:American segregation 1826:Specific conceptions 1613:Criminal stereotypes 1388:District of Columbia 1105:Afro-Seminole Creole 547:Non-Christian groups 142:Black power movement 106:during the Civil War 75:Atlantic slave trade 6783:Africana philosophy 6705:Delores S. Williams 6651:Robert McAfee Brown 6622:Johann Baptist Metz 6373:Ignacio MartĂ­n-BarĂł 6345:AloĂ­sio Lorscheider 6315:Paulo Evaristo Arns 6255:liberation theology 6152:Option for the poor 6137:Christian socialism 6127:Contextual theology 6113:Liberation theology 5874:Trinidad and Tobago 5489:Black American Sign 5316:By African descent 5310:Ethnic subdivisions 5297:Southwestern (SWAC) 5212:Baseball color line 5127:Black Panther Party 5031:Political movements 4948:in computer science 4607:Carol Moseley Braun 4396:Tulsa race massacre 4389:Treatment of slaves 4221:March on Washington 4216:Birmingham movement 3737:on October 11, 2008 3685:Bradley, Anthony B. 3402:, pp. 134–139. 2769:Liberation theology 2759:Christian socialism 2734:Christian communism 2672:Christianity portal 2289:Religion portal 1704:Part of a series on 1009:Sierra Leone Creole 970:Specific ancestries 855:Southwestern (SWAC) 378:Black History Month 209:New Great Migration 163:Agriculture history 6808:World Christianity 6164:Political theology 5972:US representatives 5967:US cabinet members 5859:Dominican Republic 5446:Metropolitan areas 5287:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 5112:Civic and economic 5090:Self-determination 4911:Education, science 4832:Fred Shuttlesworth 4812:A. Philip Randolph 4717:Coretta Scott King 4642:Frederick Douglass 4469:Harlem Renaissance 4374:Separate but equal 4364:Reconstruction era 4352:Plessy v. Ferguson 4243:Cornerstone Speech 4157:Civil Rights Acts 4140:Black Lives Matter 4115:American Civil War 3924:Hopkins, Dwight N. 3885:Hopkins, Dwight N. 3494:. Eugene, Oregon. 2897:. pp. 46–53. 2739:Christian Identity 2598:The Christian Post 2475:self-determination 2461:Jonathan L. Walton 2401:The New York Times 2362:Christian theology 1018:Sexual orientation 892:Afro-Puerto Ricans 845:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 480:Self-determination 444:Black is beautiful 110:Reconstruction era 6765: 6764: 6714: 6713: 6675:Virgilio Elizondo 6610:Giovanni Franzoni 6502:other geographies 6495: 6494: 6480:Juan Luis Segundo 6462:GĂ©rard Jean-Juste 6456:Gustavo GutiĂ©rrez 6411:Fernando Cardenal 6368:Ignacio EllacurĂ­a 6335:Pedro Casaldáliga 6079: 6078: 5907:African Americans 5779:Dallas–Fort Worth 5374:Black Southerners 5305: 5304: 4757:Thurgood Marshall 4727:Bernard Lafayette 4322:Million Man March 4079:African Americans 4030:978-0-7864-1146-7 3949:978-1-139-02556-0 3910:978-1-139-02556-0 3871:978-1-134-96455-0 3852:978-0-06-057488-8 3833:978-1-60833-036-2 3811:978-1-60833-037-9 3687:(April 2, 2008). 3620:978-1-60899-125-9 3501:978-1-4982-2640-0 3350:, pp. 64–67. 3156:on April 30, 2008 3142:Matthews, Terry. 3087:978-0-19-533473-9 2985:978-0-19-533473-9 2904:978-0-19-533473-9 2835:978-0-19-533473-9 2774:Womanist theology 2724:J. Deotis Roberts 2582:Anthony G. Reddie 2328: 2327: 2224:Euthyphro dilemma 2064: 2063: 1699: 1698: 1636: 1635: 1534: 1533: 1308:Dallas-Fort Worth 1125: 1124: 1035: 1034: 979:Americo-Liberians 862: 861: 800: 799: 725: 724: 594: 593: 538:Womanist theology 488: 487: 430:Symbols and ideas 216: 215: 95:Antebellum period 90:Revolutionary War 45:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 6815: 6693:George V. Pixley 6663:Chung Hyun Kyung 6581:Arvind P. Nirmal 6563:Sebastian Kappen 6506: 6450:Mario I. Aguilar 6406:Ernesto Cardenal 6293: 6259: 6222:Integral mission 6142:Evangelical left 6106: 6099: 6092: 6083: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6031:Lynching victims 5530:Louisiana Creole 5501:American English 5389:Louisiana Creole 5362:Choctaw freedmen 5200: 4737:Huddie Ledbetter 4677:Fannie Lou Hamer 4647:W. E. B. Du Bois 4637:Claudette Colvin 4632:Shirley Chisholm 4449:Family structure 4317:Military history 4199:Browder v. Gayle 4072: 4065: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4022: 4002: 3992: 3982: 3953: 3914: 3875: 3856: 3837: 3815: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3761:"Left in Church" 3759:(May 20, 2008). 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3733:. Archived from 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3701:on April 5, 2008 3681: 3675: 3674:, pp. 1–20. 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3593: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3364: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3237: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3152:. 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2054: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2029:Zoroastrianism 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1718:Types of faith 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1559:Black genocide 1555: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1466:US communities 1463: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1423:South Carolina 1420: 1418:North Carolina 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1240:South Carolina 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220:North Carolina 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1077:Samaná English 1074: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1027:LGBT community 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 984:Creek Freedmen 981: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 964: 963: 958: 957: 956: 954:Carmel Indians 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 915: 914: 909: 899: 894: 889: 883: 880: 879: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 860: 859: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 835:Central (CIAA) 829: 828: 824: 823: 822: 821: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 798: 797: 795: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 746: 743: 742: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 723: 722: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 702:Pan-Africanism 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 648: 645: 644: 640: 639: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 615: 612: 611: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 592: 591: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 552: 549: 548: 544: 543: 541: 540: 535: 533:Black theology 529: 526: 525: 521: 520: 518: 517: 511: 508: 507: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 486: 485: 483: 482: 477: 470: 465: 464: 463: 453: 448: 447: 446: 435: 432: 431: 427: 426: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 402: 399: 398: 397:Economic class 394: 393: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 369: 366: 365: 361: 360: 358: 357: 352: 347: 341: 338: 337: 336:Academic study 333: 332: 330: 329: 324: 319: 313: 308: 302: 299: 298: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 239: 236: 235: 229: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 213: 212: 211: 206: 201: 193: 192: 188: 187: 186: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 157: 156: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 118: 117: 107: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 57: 52: 51: 48: 47: 41: 40: 28: 24: 18:Black Theology 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6820: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750:Denominations 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719:Organizations 6717: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699:George Tinker 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6681:Marc H. Ellis 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644:North America 6642: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6616:Paul Gauthier 6614: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569:Kim Yong-Bock 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6557:Elias Chacour 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6528:Rubin Phillip 6526: 6523: 6522:Jean-Marc Ela 6520: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6498: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:HĂ©lder Câmara 6328: 6326: 6325:Leonardo Boff 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Ivan Petrella 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6174:Social Gospel 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Neighborhoods 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Sports firsts 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5806:West Virginia 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743:Pennsylvania 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5722:New York City 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5566:San Francisco 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539:By state/city 5537: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5484:American Sign 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5417:Neighborhoods 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5347:Black Indians 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925:Black schools 4923: 4921: 4920:Black studies 4918: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4902:Whitney Young 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Oprah Winfrey 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4862:Denmark Vesey 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Joseph Rainey 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4762:Toni Morrison 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747:Joseph Lowery 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692:Jesse Jackson 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Kamala Harris 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Marcus Garvey 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Blanche Bruce 4615: 4613: 4612:Edward Brooke 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:James Bradley 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:James Baldwin 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Neighborhoods 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Silent Parade 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Jim Crow laws 4305: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Black cowboys 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3657:September 27, 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3561:0-88344-251-5 3557: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3451:Motlhabi 2012 3447: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3305:Posner, Sarah 3300: 3298: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3114: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2709:Marcus Garvey 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2699:Albert Cleage 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636:Stanley Kurtz 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2555:inculturation 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2491:promised land 2488: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453:James H. Cone 2448:United States 2447: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:James H. Cone 2368: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2129:Transcendence 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2058: 2057:Hongjun Laozu 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2024:Yungdrung Bon 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1887:Supreme Being 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784:Kathenotheism 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1628:Minstrel show 1626: 1624: 1623:Magical Negro 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1433:West Virginia 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1368:San Francisco 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:New York City 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1130: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 999:Nova Scotians 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 974: 973: 968: 962: 959: 955: 952: 951: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902:Black Indians 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 882: 881: 876: 868: 867: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 840:HBCU (HBCUAC) 838: 836: 833: 832: 831: 830: 825: 820: 817: 816: 815: 814: 806: 805: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 748: 747: 745: 744: 741:Organizations 739: 731: 730: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 647: 646: 641: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 614: 613: 610:Organizations 608: 600: 599: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 551: 550: 545: 539: 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Index

Black Theology
a series
African Americans
History
Timeline
Atlantic slave trade
Abolitionism in the United States
Slavery in the colonial history of the US
Revolutionary War
Antebellum period
Slavery
military history
Reconstruction era
Politicians
Juneteenth
Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
Black power movement
Post–civil rights era
Agriculture history
Black Belt in the American South
Business history
Military history
Treatment of the enslaved
Great Migration
Second Great Migration
New Great Migration
Culture
Dance

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