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213:
38:
1009:. The size of the black mamba and its ability to raise its head a large distance from the ground enables it to launch as much as 40% of its body length upwards, so mamba bites to humans can occur on the upper body. The black mamba's reputation for being ready to attack is exaggerated; it is usually provoked by perceived threats such as the blocking of its movements and ability to retreat. The species' reputed speed has also been exaggerated; it cannot move more quickly than 20 km/h (12 mph).
969:
1018:
745:
329:; mature specimens generally exceed 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and commonly grow to 3 m (9.8 ft). Specimens of 4.3 to 4.5 m (14 to 15 ft) have been reported. Its skin colour varies from grey to dark brown. Juvenile black mambas tend to be paler than adults and darken with age. Despite the common name, the skin of a black mamba is not black; the color name describes rather the inside of its mouth, which it displays when feeling threatened.
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82:
57:
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rural
Zimbabwe in 1991 and 1992 revealed 274 cases of snakebite, of which 5 died. Black mambas were confirmed in 15 cases, of which 2 died. The peak period for deaths is the species' breeding season from September to February, during which black mambas are most irritable. Bites are very rare outside Africa; snake handlers and enthusiasts are the usual victims.
1246:, drowsiness and loss of consciousness, and respiratory paralysis. Other more general symptoms include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, goosebumps and red eyes. The bite of a black mamba can cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes. Without appropriate antivenom treatment, symptoms typically progress to
1406:
Scientific
Services and acting managing executive, survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom in 1998. Despite the hospital physicians having declared it a "moderate" envenomation, Pienaar lapsed into a coma at one point and his prognosis was declared "poor". Upon arrival at the hospital,
1025:
The black mamba's breeding season spans from
September to February, following the drop in temperature which occurs from April to June. Rival males compete by wrestling, attempting to subdue each other by intertwining their bodies and wrestling with their necks. Some observers have mistaken this for
1164:
antivenom that had no effect on black mamba venom, and 15 of 35 people who received the antivenom died. A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971. Over this period, 5 of 38 people bitten by black mambas and given antivenom died. A census in
1041:
of 6–17 eggs. The eggs are elongated oval in shape, typically 60–80 mm (2.4–3.1 in) long and 30–36 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in diameter. When hatched, the young range from 40–60 cm (16–24 in) in length. They may grow quickly, reaching 2 m (6 ft 7 in) after their
785:
but are rarely black. The scales of some individuals may have a purplish sheen. Individuals occasionally display dark mottling towards the posterior, which may appear in the form of diagonal crossbands. Black mambas have greyish-white underbellies. The common name is derived from the appearance of
752:
The black mamba is a long, slender, cylindrical snake. It has a coffin-shaped head with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium-sized eyes. The adult snake's length typically ranges from 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) but specimens have grown to lengths of 4.3 to
995:
Skittish and often unpredictable, the black mamba is agile and can move quickly. In the wild, black mambas seldom tolerate humans approaching more closely than about 40 metres (130 ft). When it perceives a threat, it retreats into brush or a hole. When confronted, it is likely to engage in a
947:
The species prefers moderately dry environments such as light woodland and scrub, rocky outcrops and semi-arid savanna. It also inhabits moist savanna and lowland forests. It is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), although its distribution does include locations at
3187:
Ainsworth, Stuart; Petras, Daniel; Engmark, Mikael; Süssmuth, Roderich D.; Whiteley, Gareth; Albulescu, Laura-Oana; Kazandjian, Taline D.; Wagstaff, Simon C.; Rowley, Paul; Wüster, Wolfgang; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; Arias, Ana Silvia; Gutiérrez, José M.; Harrison, Robert A.; Casewell, Nicholas R.;
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or dassie, and in some tribal languages, its name even means "dassie catcher". The black mamba does not typically hold onto its prey after biting; rather it releases its quarry and waits for it to succumb to paralysis and death before it is swallowed. The snake's potent digestive system has been
773:
making up 17–25% of its body length. The body mass of black mambas has been reported to be about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb), although a study of seven black mambas found an average weight of 1.03 kg (2.3 lb), ranging from 520 g (18 oz) for a specimen of 1.01 m (3 ft
786:
the inside of the mouth, dark bluish-grey to nearly black. Mamba eyes range between greyish-brown and shades of black; the pupil is surrounded by a silvery-white or yellow colour. Juvenile snakes are lighter in colour than adults; these are typically grey or olive green and darken as they age.
1352:
The composition of black mamba venom differs markedly from those of other mambas, all of which contain predominantly three-finger toxin agents. It is thought this may reflect the preferred prey items – small mammals for the mainly land-dwelling black mamba versus birds for the other
1026:
courtship. During mating, the male will slither over the dorsal side of the female while flicking his tongue. The female will signal her readiness to mate by lifting her tail and staying still. The male will then coil himself around the posterior end of the female and align his tail
1176:, and the only initial symptom may be a tingling sensation in the area of the bite. The snake tends to bite repeatedly and let go, so there can be multiple puncture wounds. Its bite can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average; the maximum recorded dose is 400 mg. The
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while it was being put into a jar and first aid-trained staff who examined him determined he could carry on with lectures. He thought the snake had only brushed his hand. Layton complained of blurred vision within an hour of being bitten, and collapsed and died shortly
2993:
1160:. A survey in South Africa from 1957 to 1979 recorded 2,553 venomous snakebites, 75 of which were confirmed as being from black mambas. Of these 75 cases, 63 had symptoms of systemic envenomation and 21 died. Those bitten before 1962 received a
359:, the black mamba usually opens its inky-black mouth, spreads its narrow neck-flap and sometimes hisses. It is capable of striking at considerable range and may deliver a series of bites in rapid succession. Its venom is primarily composed of
3645:
2105:
2812:
Drabeck, Danielle H.; Dean, Antony M.; Jansa, Sharon A. (2015). "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites".
3126:
Harrison, Robert A.; Oluoch, George O.; Ainsworth, Stuart; Alsolaiss, Jaffer; Bolton, Fiona; Arias, Ana-Silvia; Gutiérrez, Jose-María; Rowley, Paul; Kalya, Stephen; Ozwara, Hastings; Casewell, Nicholas R. (2017).
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The black mamba is the most feared snake in Africa because of its size, aggression, venom toxicity and speed of onset of symptoms following envenomation, and is classified as a snake of medical importance by the
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In
January 2022, a former newspaper office worker and farmer from Zimbabwe, Peter Dube, died after getting bitten by a black mamba, due to the hospital he was taken to not having any antivenom to treat
3946:
753:
4.5 m (14 ft 1 in to 14 ft 9 in). It is the longest species of venomous snake in Africa and the second-longest venomous snake species overall, exceeded in length only by the
2762:
1119:, which have some resistance to mamba venom and are often quick enough to evade a bite, will sometimes harass or take a black mamba for prey, and may pursue them in trees. The similarly predatory
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and is known to prey on birds and small mammals. Over suitable surfaces, it can move at speeds up to 16 km/h (10 mph) for short distances. Adult black mambas have few natural predators.
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2340:
1446:. Bleeding profusely, he did not seek medical attention, and except for intense pain and local swelling overnight, he was not affected. This led him to believe that either the snake gave him a "
944:. This observation, and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956, has not been confirmed and thus the snake's distribution in this area is inconclusive.
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snake (in which the venom glands are surgically removed), but Laita responded that it was not. Only later did Laita find that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph.
832:
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to the bite site, minimisation of movement of the victim and conveyance to a hospital or clinic as quickly as possible. The neurotoxic nature of black mamba venom means an arterial
3711:
2115:
3190:"The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms"
524:
again split them into separate species. A 2016 genetic analysis showed the black and eastern green mambas are each other's closest relatives, and are more distantly related to
1501:
In
January 2023, a 17-year-old student from Zimbabwe died after being bitten by a black mamba. The snake had gone into a high school classroom while the students were outside.
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birds, estimated to weigh only 1.9–7.8% of the mamba's body mass. Nonetheless, anecdotes have indicated that large black mambas may infrequently attack large prey such as the
996:
threat display, gaping to expose its black mouth and flicking its tongue. It also is likely to hiss and spread its neck into a hood similar to that of the cobras in the genus
3785:
3390:
Diochot, Sylvie; Baron, Anne; Salinas, Miguel; Douguet, Dominique; Scarzello, Sabine; Dabert-Gay, Anne-Sophie; Debayle, Delphine; Friend, Valérie; Alloui, Abdelkrim (2012).
1103:
are verified predators of adult black mambas, of up to at least 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in). Other eagles known to hunt or at least consume grown black mambas include
1415:
for 3 days. He was released from the hospital on the fifth day. Remaining calm after being bitten increased his chances of survival, as did the application of a tourniquet.
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is administered. Despite its reputation as a formidable and highly aggressive species, the black mamba attacks humans only if it is threatened or cornered. It is rated as
3738:
2653:
984:. On the ground, it moves with its head and neck raised, and typically uses termite mounds, abandoned burrows, rock crevices and tree cracks as shelter. Black mambas are
1465:. After an attempt at using traditional medicine, they placed her on a motorcycle and conveyed her 45 minutes to the nearest hospital, which had antivenom. She survived.
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Snakes of
Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite.
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first year. Juvenile black mambas are very apprehensive and can be deadly like the adults. The black mamba is recorded to live up to 11 years and may live longer.
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1494:. His initial condition was very serious, but he was able to recover after extensive treatment involving the administering of antivenom and respiratory support.
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The black mamba usually hunts from a permanent lair, to which it will regularly return if there is no disturbance. It mostly preys on small vertebrates such as
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The number and pattern of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level. The black mamba has between 23 and 25 rows of
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3999:
4305:
4187:
3556:
Sánchez, Andrés (2017). "Expanding the neutralization scope of the EchiTAb-plus-ICP antivenom to include venoms of elapids from
Southern Africa".
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1621:
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During the threat display, any sudden movement by the intruder may provoke the snake into performing a series of rapid strikes, leading to severe
3270:
Laustsen, Andreas
Hougaard; Lomonte, Bruno; Lohse, Brian; Fernández, Julián; Gutiérrez, José María (2015). "Unveiling the nature of black mamba (
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is sometimes administered, though the main treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom. A polyvalent antivenom produced by the
2252:
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A black mamba in defensive posture. Like cobras, the black mamba can spread its neck into a hood to intimidate potential threats (shown here).
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American professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo-shoot of a black mamba at a facility in
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with the female's. Intromission may last longer than two hours and the pair remain motionless apart from occasional spasms from the male.
2685:
2289:"Is there an ontogenetic shift in mamba diet? Taxonomic confusion and dietary records for black and green mambas (Dendroaspis: Elapidae)"
4310:
3702:
3529:
521:
3129:"Preclinical antivenom-efficacy testing reveals potentially disturbing deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa"
1450:" (a bite without injecting venom) or the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out. Some commenters on the story suggested that it was a
1078:, almost all recorded prey was rather small, largely consisting of rodents and similarly sized small or juvenile mammals as well as
3795:
3977:
3456:
Gutiérrez, José María; Calvete, Juan J.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Harrison, Robert A.; Williams, David J.; Warrell, David A. (2017).
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and causing an excitatory effect, and are thought to cause symptoms such as sweating. Members of the three-finger family include
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Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba that had been found near his classroom at the
Southern African Wildlife College in
1198:, and symptoms often become apparent within 10 minutes. Early neurological signs that indicate severe envenomation include a
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497:. This was subsequently regarded as a subspecies and is no longer held to be distinct. In 1896, Belgian-British zoologist
212:
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In 2016, Kenyan woman
Cheposait Adomo was attacked by three black mambas, one of which bit her repeatedly on the leg, in
936:. The black mamba's distribution in parts of West Africa has been disputed. In 1954, the black mamba was recorded in the
3274:) venom through venomics and antivenom immunoprofiling: Identification of key toxin targets for antivenom development".
1469:
1403:
1278:
20:
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4 in) total length to 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) for a specimen of 2.57 m (8 ft 5 in) total length.
2110:
1865:. Vol. 3. Printed by order of the Trustees British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology. p. 437.
81:
3842:
2879:"The Serengeti food web: empirical quantification and analysis of topological changes under increasing human impact"
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in the central and peripheral nervous system, causing a pain-inhibiting effect. There is research interest in their
2455:
2310:
1725:
1390:
1261:(complete protein profile) of black mamba venom was assessed and published, revealing 41 distinct proteins and one
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4218:
4087:
1386:
1157:
404:
4101:
2526:
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Branch, W.R.; Trape, J.-F.; Luiselli, L.; Spawls, S.; Penner, J.; Howell, K.; Msuya, C.A.; Ngalason, W. (2021).
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has been calculated at 0.32 and 0.33 mg/kg. Bites were often fatal before antivenom was widely available.
1136:
857:
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1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Kenya and 1,650 m (5,410 ft) in Zambia. It is rated as a species of
4000:"A snake, the deadly black mamba, snuck into a high school, bit and killed a student in Africa, reports say"
2385:
1830:"Über zwei Giftschlangen aus Afrika und über neue oder weniger bekannte Gattungen und Arten von Batrachiern"
1735:
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also has some resistance to mamba venom. The mechanism in both mammals is thought to be that their muscular
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498:
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in May 2019. He was several hours away from medical help and died before antivenom could be administered.
1314:
1071:
3276:
3194:
1310:
1188:
514:
440:
186:
3018:
Nhachi, Charles FB; Kasilo, Ossy M. (1994). "Snake poisoning in rural Zimbabwe – A prospective study".
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do not bind snake alpha-neurotoxins. Black mambas have also been found amongst the stomach contents of
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1937:
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of endangered species, based on its huge range across sub-Saharan Africa and no documented decline.
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1247:
989:
647:
506:
388:
318:
46:
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1688:"Report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by Dr. Kirk in the Zambesi and Nyassa Regions"
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1987:
1934:
A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus
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scales above, with the fourth and sometimes also the third one located under the eye, and 10-14
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2085:
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1975:
1955:
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between 7 and 10 am and again from 2 to 4 pm. They may return daily to the same basking site.
400:
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202:
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1965:
1945:
1914:
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1290:
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37:
4226:
2931:"Guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins"
1999:
1901:
Haagner, G. V.; Morgan, D. R. (1993). "The maintenance and propagation of the Black mamba
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1378:
1203:
1161:
1112:
1027:
817:
490:
471:
3410:
2894:
1941:
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1970:
1918:
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predominantly arboreal mambas. Unlike many snake species, black mamba venom has little
1199:
1144:
1128:
782:
758:
482:
356:
306:
2720:
Tsetlin, V. I. (2001). "Snake venom α-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins".
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3367:
Snakes and Snakebite: Venomous snakes and management of snake bite in Southern Africa
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2137:
1771:
1739:
1572:
1286:
1274:
1235:
1108:
1096:
1070:. They generally prefer warm-blooded prey but will also consume other snakes. In the
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518:
463:
436:
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376:
368:
66:
61:
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3305:
3064:
3049:
4114:
3494:
3442:
2414:
Håkansson, Thomas; Madsen, Thomas (1983). "On the Distribution of the Black Mamba (
2142:
1932:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
1483:
1435:
1423:
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is used to treat black mamba bites, and a new antivenom was being developed by the
1330:
1207:
1120:
1075:
1006:
925:
849:
489:
from a specimen in the museum of Genoa that had been collected by Italian explorer
3636:"Meet the man who stops Kruger's lions from wandering the streets of South Africa"
3571:
2828:
1795:"On reptiles and amphibians for Tanganyika Territory collected by C.J. P. Ionides"
3147:
1950:
1472:
judge Anton Steenkamp died after being bitten by a black mamba while on leave in
1461:, Kenya. People coming to her aid drove off the other snakes, hacking two with a
4161:
4081:
3289:
3207:
1860:
1834:
Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin
1829:
1794:
1687:
1294:
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treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake is the application of a
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that often induce symptoms within ten minutes, and is frequently fatal unless
360:
349:
326:
4072:
3970:"Man Dies From Black Mamba Bite After Hospital Had No Antivenom To Treat Him"
3426:
3392:"Black mamba venom peptides target acid-sensing ion channels to abolish pain"
3339:
4135:
4004:
1408:
1366:
1338:
1322:
1223:
1140:
1116:
1079:
1034:
364:
93:
3811:"Snakes in a Frame: Mark Laita's Stunning Photographs of Slithering Beasts"
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3434:
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3225:
3166:
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3033:
2912:
2836:
2743:
2535:
1979:
1402:
Danie Pienaar, who was at various times from at least 2009 to 2017 head of
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4231:
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3477:
2610:
Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories
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1326:
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Specimens vary considerably in colour, including olive, yellowish-brown,
770:
408:
345:
341:
337:
310:
153:
133:
113:
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was bitten by a black mamba that was part of his personal collection of
765:
up to 6.5 mm (0.26 in) in length, located at the front of the
4153:
3558:
2815:
2759:"WATCH: Black mamba rescued after battling it out with feisty mongoose"
2441:
1487:
1462:
1431:
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inhibitors that cause muscle fasciculation. The venom has little or no
1243:
1227:
1168:
Unlike many venomous snake species, black mamba venom does not contain
941:
929:
893:
877:
873:
766:
494:
302:
220:
Distribution range of black mamba in red (grey areas are inconclusive)
123:
3907:"Black mamba bite: Judge died before anti-venom could be administered"
4166:
4096:
3939:"Ето как спасиха живота на д-р Георги Еленски, ухапан от черна мамба"
2377:
1473:
1239:
1211:
1067:
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913:
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of the black mamba was made in 1864 by German-born British zoologist
103:
4043:
2433:
2311:"Kruger Park Times - Myths, facts and more about the Black Mamba..."
4140:
3063:
Závada, J.; Valenta, J.; Kopecký, O.; Stach, Z.; Leden, P. (2011).
2583:. National Parks Board of Trustees of the Republic of South Africa.
2579:
Pienaar, U. D. V., Haacke, W. D., & Jacobsen, N. H. G. (1966).
1536:
In two other cases, it was not clear which antivenom had been given
395:. A single specimen was one of many species of snake collected by
2623:"Kruger Park Birding: Eagles and Hawk-Eagles Birding Raptor Guide"
2026:
Spawls, Stephen; Howell, Kim; Drewes, Robert; Ashe, James (2017).
1343:
1305:. The most toxic components are the alpha-neurotoxins, which bind
1063:
1016:
967:
937:
881:
831:
778:
743:
163:
143:
1799:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
1177:
1054:, particularly nestlings and fledglings, and small mammals like
1051:
998:
762:
4127:
4047:
3103:
Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa
1862:
Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History)
517:
diagnosis that remained in force until 1946 when South African
1557:
1555:
1553:
1518:
A divided scale is one split down the midline into two scales.
1265:. The venom is composed of two main families of toxic agents,
1059:
2853:
Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation
1230:(shortness of breath), difficulty handling saliva, an absent
1172:
enzymes. Its bites do not generally cause local swelling or
3753:"Black mamba killed Wing student in South Africa – inquest"
2527:
10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0133:BATOTM]2.3.CO;2
820:
below. Its eyes have 3 or occasionally 4 preocular and 2–5
325:
in 1864, it is the second-longest venomous snake after the
804:
at midbody, 248 to 281 ventral scales, 109 to 132 divided
2629:. Siyabona Africa: Your Informed African Travel Partner.
3874:"This Woman Survived One Of The Deadliest Snake Attacks"
462:) meaning "scale". The term "mamba" is derived from the
348:, rocky slopes and in some regions, dense forest. It is
2971:"Snakebite and the use of antivenom in southern Africa"
3786:"Portraits of snake charm worth elephant-killing bite"
1434:, South Africa. Layton was bitten by the snake on his
415:. The generic name of the species is derived from the
2785:"Voices of Botswana: honey badger versus black mamba"
1905:
at the Manyeleti Reptile Centre, Eastern Transvaal".
1087:
recorded to fully digest prey in eight to ten hours.
3700:
Borland, Sophie; Berger, Sebastian (11 March 2008).
2929:
WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization.
2877:
de Visser, S. N.; Freymann, B. P.; Olff, H. (2011).
2456:"Animal Diversity Web (ADW), University of Michigan"
2226:(Second ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 167–169.
1468:
Prominent South African anti-Apartheid activist and
1214:(constricted pupils), blurred or diminished vision,
478:("grass-cutter") because it supposedly clips grass.
4056:
1309:and hence block the action of acetylcholine at the
1254:and death. This typically occurs in 7 to 15 hours.
1095:Adult mambas have few natural predators aside from
3728:
3703:"UK student dies after snake bite in South Africa"
3701:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2581:The Reptiles of the Kruger National Park (p. 223)
2287:Branch, W. R.; Haagner, G. V.; Shine, R. (1995).
2082:A complete guide to the snakes of southern Africa
1111:. Young snakes have been recorded as prey of the
2964:
2962:
2508:Hodgson, Peter S.; Davidson, Terence M. (1996).
2030:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. pp. 1201–1202.
769:. The tail of the species is long and thin, the
748:The black interior of the mouth of a black mamba
2350:. Government of South Australia. Archived from
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
1692:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1587:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177584A15627370.en
1269:(I and K) and (at a slightly lower proportion)
3322:Dreyer, S. B.; Dreyer, J. S. (November 2013).
2510:"Biology and treatment of the mamba snakebite"
2224:A Field Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa
954:International Union for Conservation of Nature
373:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
2503:
8:
3324:"Snake Bite: A review of Current Literature"
2654:"Watch a Mongoose Swing From a Deadly Snake"
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2028:A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa
1383:South African Institute for Medical Research
4039:Black mamba – Clinical Toxinology Resources
3328:East and Central African Journal of Surgery
2167:
2165:
1333:activity. Mambalgins act as inhibitors for
4044:
3730:"Student died after being bitten by snake"
3096:
3094:
2807:
2805:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
211:
55:
36:
27:
3476:
3215:
3156:
3146:
2902:
2525:
2282:
2280:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1969:
1949:
1836:(in German). Jahre 1873 (1874): 411–418.
1585:
844:The black mamba inhabits a wide range in
796:Snake scale § Nomenclature of scales
3723:
3721:
3695:
3693:
3599:
3597:
3317:
3315:
2604:
2602:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2339:Hutchinson, Mark; Williams, Ian (2018).
2106:"Black Mamba | National Geographic"
2084:(New ed.). Struik. pp. 95–97.
988:; in South Africa, they are recorded to
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1622:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1549:
1511:
240:
2924:
2922:
2341:"Key to the Snakes of South Australia"
2320:from the original on 17 September 2020
1995:
1985:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1210:. Other neurological symptoms include
3886:from the original on 14 February 2019
3853:from the original on 23 December 2014
3823:from the original on 25 December 2014
3741:from the original on 12 January 2022.
3714:from the original on 12 January 2022.
3678:from the original on 12 February 2019
3648:from the original on 12 February 2019
3504:from the original on 25 November 2020
2947:from the original on 14 February 2020
2633:from the original on 15 November 2011
2627:Kruger National Park – Bird Education
2514:Wilderness and Environmental Medicine
2468:from the original on 29 November 2019
2247:
2245:
2243:
1869:from the original on 24 November 2020
1317:and hence paralysis. Fasciculins are
7:
3765:from the original on 9 February 2019
3537:from the original on 20 January 2018
2938:WHO Technical Report Series, No. 964
2856:. David & Charles. p. 195.
2150:from the original on 5 February 2021
1828:Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig (1873).
1667:from the original on 29 October 2015
1283:voltage-dependent potassium channels
1218:(a tingling sensation on the skin),
532:), as shown in the cladogram below.
4291:IUCN Red List least concern species
3668:"New head for Kruger National Park"
3530:University of California, San Diego
3240:from the original on 6 October 2020
2612:. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983.
2261:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
2114:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
1936:. Vol. 11. pp. e0161070.
1573:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1021:Male black mambas engaged in combat
672:
596:
589:
582:
549:
542:
535:
3968:Osborne, Hannah (6 January 2022).
3843:"Black Mamba Bite: The Back Story"
3615:from the original on 26 April 2014
3365:Visser, J; Chapman, D. S. (1978).
2765:from the original on 22 March 2022
2561:from the original on 13 March 2020
2551:"True facts about the Black Mamba"
2549:Marais, Johan (10 December 2018).
2382:Australian Reptile Online Database
1919:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1993.tb03534.x
1702:from the original on 22 March 2019
446:is derived from the Ancient Greek
14:
3949:from the original on 13 July 2020
3872:McNeish, Hannah (11 April 2017).
3784:Hooper, Rowan (19 January 2012).
3346:from the original on 4 March 2016
2757:Kunene, Nompilo (16 March 2022).
2652:Gibbens, Sarah (3 October 2017).
2388:from the original on 2 March 2021
2222:FitzSimons, Vivian F. M. (1970).
1859:Boulenger, George Albert (1896).
1840:from the original on 25 July 2019
1809:from the original on 25 July 2019
1307:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
1125:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
4023:
3134:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2999:from the original on 1 July 2020
2904:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01787.x
2736:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00623.x
2723:European Journal of Biochemistry
1764:"Definition of mamba in English"
1649:Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob.
862:Democratic Republic of the Congo
80:
3634:Wiggins, Clara (28 June 2017).
2178:. Facts on File, Inc. pp.
1242:(impaired voluntary movement),
399:, a naturalist who accompanied
279:Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii
243:Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis
4306:Reptiles of Sub-Saharan Africa
3905:Mitchley, Alex (22 May 2019).
3605:"Surviving a Black Mamba bite"
3465:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2293:Herpetological Natural History
812:. Its mouth is lined with 7–8
413:Natural History Museum, London
377:Red List of Threatened Species
1:
3572:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.259
3021:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2978:South African Medical Journal
2829:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.007
1348:A black mamba swallowing prey
4316:Taxa named by Albert Günther
3148:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005969
1951:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
1404:South African National Parks
21:Black mamba (disambiguation)
3290:10.1016/j.jprot.2015.02.002
3208:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.016
3105:. New Holland. p. 95.
2850:Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972).
2761:. news24.com. The Witness.
2592:Jacobsen, N. H. G. (1985).
2555:African Snakebite Institute
2111:National Geographic Society
1418:In March 2008, 28-year-old
1273:. Dendrotoxins are akin to
1194:The venom is predominantly
761:(front-fanged) snake, with
481:In 1873, German naturalist
340:(tree-living); it inhabits
313:. It is native to parts of
4334:
4311:Reptiles described in 1864
2969:Christensen, P.A. (1981).
2378:"snake scale count search"
1907:International Zoo Yearbook
1793:Loveridge, Arthur (1951).
1391:Instituto Clodomiro Picado
1206:) and gradual symptoms of
1135:are known to fall prey to
793:
18:
3188:Calvete, Juan J. (2018).
2883:Journal of Animal Ecology
1387:Universidad de Costa Rica
1335:acid-sensing ion channels
1226:(difficulty swallowing),
1158:World Health Organization
1137:southern ground hornbills
1013:Reproduction and lifespan
694:
677:
670:
644:
618:
601:
594:
587:
580:
554:
547:
540:
405:Second Zambesi expedition
231:
224:
219:
210:
192:
185:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
30:
16:Species of venomous snake
2172:Mattison, Chris (1987).
1686:Günther, Albert (1864).
1407:Pienaar was immediately
976:The black mamba is both
858:Central African Republic
828:Distribution and habitat
493:in what is now northern
470:". In Tanzania, a local
309:belonging to the family
3369:. Purnell. p. 52.
2596:. CUM boeke, Roodepert.
2348:South Australian Museum
1736:Oxford University Press
1731:A Greek-English Lexicon
1252:cardiovascular collapse
757:. The black mamba is a
681:Dendroaspis angusticeps
622:Dendroaspis j. kaimosae
605:Dendroaspis j. jamesoni
511:Dendroaspis angusticeps
499:George Albert Boulenger
407:. This specimen is the
3458:"Snakebite envenoming"
3034:10.1002/jat.2550140308
2421:Journal of Herpetology
2080:Marais, Johan (2004).
1580:: e.T177584A15627370.
1349:
1315:neuromuscular blockade
1131:. Young mambas in the
1022:
973:
841:
749:
261:Dendraspis angusticeps
4102:dendroaspis-polylepis
4088:Dendroaspis polylepis
4058:Dendroaspis polylepis
3525:"Immediate First Aid"
3277:Journal of Proteomics
3272:Dendroaspis polylepis
3195:Journal of Proteomics
3101:Branch, Bill (1988).
3073:Prague Medical Report
3067:Dendroaspis Polylepis
2416:Dendroaspis polylepis
1903:Dendroaspis polylepis
1770:. OED. Archived from
1734:(Abridged ed.).
1722:Liddell, Henry George
1653:Dendroaspis polylepis
1616:Dendroaspis polylepis
1566:Dendroaspis polylepis
1347:
1311:postsynaptic membrane
1020:
971:
964:Behaviour and ecology
848:; its range includes
835:
747:
698:Dendroaspis polylepis
503:Dendroaspis polylepis
501:combined the species
454:) meaning "many" and
411:and is housed in the
299:Dendroaspis polylepis
196:Dendroaspis polylepis
3849:. 24 February 2013.
3761:. 13 December 2011.
3737:. 13 December 2011.
3609:Kruger National Park
3478:10.1038/nrdp.2017.63
3069:Bite: A Case Report"
2940:. pp. 224–226.
2686:"Mongoose Vs. Snake"
2461:Animal Diversity Web
2376:Macdonald, Stewart.
2314:www.krugerpark.co.za
2146:. 23 December 2014.
1486:Georgi Elenski from
1377:may be of benefit.
1202:, drooping eyelids (
1187:) when administered
1037:; the female lays a
838:Kruger National Park
836:Juvenile in a tree,
530:Dendroaspis jamesoni
505:as a whole with the
487:Dendraspis Antinorii
336:(ground-living) and
332:The species is both
270:Dendraspis antinorii
252:Dendraspis polylepis
19:For other uses, see
3798:on 21 January 2012.
3611:. Siyabona Africa.
3523:Davidson, Terence.
3419:10.1038/nature11494
3411:2012Natur.490..552D
2895:2011JAnEc..80..484D
2701:on 8 September 2018
2691:National Geographic
2666:on 8 September 2018
2659:National Geographic
2418:) in West Africa".
2258:National Geographic
2175:Snakes of the World
2138:"Black Mamba Facts"
1942:2016PLoSO..1161070F
1768:Oxford Dictionaries
1281:that interact with
1279:protease inhibitors
1271:three-finger toxins
1248:respiratory failure
1238:(muscle twitches),
1033:The black mamba is
648:Dendroaspis viridis
507:eastern green mamba
47:Conservation status
2608:Steyn, P. (1983).
1774:on 13 January 2017
1740:109, 154, 410, 575
1397:Notable bite cases
1350:
1319:anticholinesterase
1222:(slurred speech),
1181:median lethal dose
1101:Brown snake eagles
1023:
974:
846:sub-Saharan Africa
842:
750:
558:Ophiophagus hannah
389:formal description
315:sub-Saharan Africa
4278:
4277:
4240:Open Tree of Life
4050:Taxon identifiers
3847:Strange Behaviors
3674:. 22 April 2015.
3672:Africa Geographic
3405:(7421): 552–555.
3376:978-0-86843-011-9
3112:978-1-85368-112-7
2863:978-0-7153-5272-4
2233:978-0-00-212146-0
2189:978-0-8160-1082-0
2091:978-1-86872-932-6
2037:978-1-4729-3561-8
1961:978-0-643-10674-1
1749:978-0-19-910207-5
1459:West Pokot County
1250:, which leads to
822:postocular scales
736:
735:
727:
726:
718:
717:
709:
708:
659:
658:
633:
632:
569:
568:
522:Vivian FitzSimons
403:on the 1858–1864
401:David Livingstone
317:. First formally
291:
290:
284:
275:
266:
265:(Boulenger, 1896)
257:
248:
237:
178:D. polylepis
70:
4323:
4301:Snakes of Africa
4271:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4248:
4247:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4105:
4104:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4045:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4010:
4009:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3980:on 24 March 2022
3976:. Archived from
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3945:. 12 June 2020.
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3915:. Archived from
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3809:Gambino, Megan.
3806:
3800:
3799:
3794:. Archived from
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3480:
3462:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3396:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3267:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3219:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3141:(10): e0005969.
3123:
3117:
3116:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2694:. Archived from
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2505:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2219:
2194:
2193:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2042:
2041:
2023:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1973:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1898:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1660:Reptile Database
1646:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1559:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1371:pressure bandage
1355:phospholipase A2
1291:alpha-neurotoxin
818:sublabial scales
808:, and a divided
806:subcaudal scales
771:caudal vertebrae
673:
597:
590:
583:
550:
543:
536:
441:specific epithet
282:
273:
264:
255:
246:
235:
215:
198:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
40:
28:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4230:
4227:Observation.org
4225:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4052:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4013:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3641:The Independent
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2984:(26): 934–938.
2973:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2507:
2506:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2434:10.2307/1563464
2413:
2412:
2401:
2391:
2389:
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2374:
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2357:on 18 July 2019
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2121:
2119:
2118:on 1 March 2021
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2079:
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2024:
2007:
1994:
1984:
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1444:Central America
1399:
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1145:hooded vultures
1129:Nile crocodiles
1113:Cape file snake
1093:
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1028:ventrolaterally
1015:
966:
830:
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759:proteroglyphous
742:
737:
728:
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660:
634:
570:
526:Jameson's mamba
491:Orazio Antinori
427:), "tree", and
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256:(Günther, 1864)
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247:(Günther, 1864)
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3919:on 22 May 2019
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3079:(4): 298–304.
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2265:on 30 May 2017
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1996:|journal=
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1913:(1): 191–196.
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1479:In June 2020,
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1411:and placed on
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1395:
1379:Tetanus toxoid
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1200:metallic taste
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1257:In 2015, the
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519:herpetologist
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417:Ancient Greek
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369:least concern
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187:Binomial name
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62:Least Concern
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4057:
4003:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:the original
3973:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3942:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:the original
3910:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3877:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3846:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3814:
3804:
3796:the original
3789:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3756:
3747:
3734:
3707:
3680:. Retrieved
3671:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3639:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3608:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3471:(1): 17063.
3468:
3464:
3451:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3366:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3334:(3): 45–52.
3331:
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3281:
3275:
3271:
3242:. Retrieved
3217:10261/279110
3199:
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3121:
3102:
3076:
3072:
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3058:
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3001:. Retrieved
2981:
2977:
2949:. Retrieved
2937:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2823:(1): 68–72.
2820:
2814:
2792:. Retrieved
2789:Roxanne Reid
2788:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2752:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2689:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2609:
2594:Ons reptiele
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2517:
2513:
2470:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
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2419:
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2390:. Retrieved
2381:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2352:the original
2347:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2313:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2256:
2223:
2174:
2152:. Retrieved
2143:Live Science
2141:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
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1805:: 175–204 .
1802:
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1772:the original
1767:
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1704:. Retrieved
1698:: 303–314 .
1695:
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1671:10 September
1669:. Retrieved
1658:
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1625:. Retrieved
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1591:. Retrieved
1577:
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1514:
1484:veterinarian
1470:Labour Court
1436:index finger
1424:safari guide
1413:life support
1364:
1351:
1331:procoagulant
1327:haemorrhagic
1295:cardiotoxins
1267:dendrotoxins
1256:
1208:bulbar palsy
1193:
1167:
1154:
1121:honey badger
1105:tawny eagles
1094:
1076:South Africa
1049:
1032:
1024:
1007:envenomation
1004:
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975:
946:
926:South Africa
850:Burkina Faso
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177:
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164:
31:Black mamba
25:
4296:Dendroaspis
4162:iNaturalist
4082:Wikispecies
3890:13 February
3816:Smithsonian
3682:10 February
3652:10 February
3508:8 September
3284:: 126–142.
3244:19 November
3202:: 173–189.
2705:7 September
2670:7 September
1844:10 November
1738:. pp.
1706:10 November
1627:12 December
1593:19 November
1439:afterwards.
1341:potential.
1299:fasciculins
1216:paresthesia
978:terrestrial
866:South Sudan
814:supralabial
740:Description
439:", and the
361:neurotoxins
334:terrestrial
295:black mamba
165:Dendroaspis
4285:Categories
3857:1 February
3827:1 February
3769:8 February
2361:8 February
2299:: 171–178.
2269:3 December
1873:16 October
1813:9 November
1778:11 January
1544:References
1428:Hoedspruit
1375:tourniquet
1323:haemolytic
1313:and cause
1303:mambalgins
1263:nucleoside
1232:gag reflex
1220:dysarthria
1196:neurotoxic
1162:polyvalent
1141:marsh owls
1084:rock hyrax
1068:bushbabies
940:region of
902:Mozambique
810:anal scale
794:See also:
755:king cobra
485:described
387:The first
327:king cobra
305:of highly
140:Suborder:
4258:polylepis
4005:USA Today
3566:: 59–64.
3427:0028-0836
3340:2073-9990
3234:217018550
2951:1 January
2324:28 August
1998:ignored (
1988:cite book
1481:Bulgarian
1409:intubated
1367:first aid
1365:Standard
1361:Treatment
1357:content.
1339:analgesic
1224:dysphagia
1133:Serengeti
1117:Mongooses
1091:Predation
1080:passerine
1072:Transvaal
1035:oviparous
956:(IUCN)'s
790:Scalation
444:polylepis
397:John Kirk
375:(IUCN)'s
365:antivenom
319:described
172:Species:
144:Serpentes
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
4180:10373938
4067:Wikidata
3984:24 March
3974:Newsweek
3947:Archived
3943:blitz.bg
3884:Archived
3879:HuffPost
3851:Archived
3821:Archived
3763:Archived
3758:BBC News
3739:Archived
3712:Archived
3676:Archived
3646:Archived
3619:26 April
3613:Archived
3588:24231215
3580:27890775
3535:Archived
3499:Archived
3487:28905944
3435:23034652
3344:Archived
3306:42454467
3298:25688917
3238:Archived
3226:28843532
3167:29045429
3085:22142525
3050:40171925
2994:Archived
2942:Archived
2913:21155772
2837:25796346
2769:23 March
2763:Archived
2744:10491072
2631:Archived
2559:Archived
2536:11990107
2466:Archived
2386:Archived
2318:Archived
2154:12 March
2148:Archived
2122:12 March
1980:27603205
1867:Archived
1838:Archived
1807:Archived
1728:(1980).
1700:Archived
1665:Archived
1452:venomoid
1448:dry bite
1422:trainee
1259:proteome
1174:necrosis
1170:protease
1074:area of
982:arboreal
958:Red List
922:Botswana
918:Zimbabwe
906:Eswatini
890:Tanzania
870:Ethiopia
854:Cameroon
783:gunmetal
474:name is
409:holotype
383:Taxonomy
346:woodland
342:savannah
338:arboreal
311:Elapidae
226:Synonyms
154:Elapidae
150:Family:
134:Squamata
124:Reptilia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
4154:2469875
4073:Q188690
3953:11 July
3559:Toxicon
3495:4916503
3443:4337253
3407:Bibcode
3350:2 March
3158:5646754
3042:8083480
3003:7 March
2990:7244896
2891:Bibcode
2816:Toxicon
2699:(video)
2442:1563464
2180:84, 120
1971:5014348
1938:Bibcode
1488:Haskovo
1463:machete
1432:Limpopo
1420:British
1244:vertigo
1228:dyspnea
1064:hyraxes
1056:rodents
1046:Feeding
986:diurnal
952:on the
942:Senegal
930:Namibia
894:Burundi
878:Somalia
874:Eritrea
767:maxilla
515:lumping
495:Eritrea
425:δένδρον
421:dendron
371:on the
350:diurnal
303:species
301:) is a
203:Günther
160:Genus:
130:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
4268:190302
4265:uBio:
4245:109051
4206:177584
4193:700483
4141:DNDAPO
4128:795080
4097:ARKive
3923:24 May
3912:News24
3586:
3578:
3541:12 May
3493:
3485:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3399:Nature
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2637:7 June
2565:5 June
2534:
2440:
2230:
2186:
2088:
2034:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1746:
1474:Zambia
1277:-type
1275:kunitz
1240:ataxia
1212:miosis
1204:ptosis
1178:murine
1039:clutch
934:Angola
932:, and
914:Zambia
910:Malawi
898:Rwanda
886:Uganda
472:Ngindo
468:imamba
466:word "
419:words
205:, 1864
4232:83260
4175:IRMNG
4167:30405
4115:34M6Q
3584:S2CID
3502:(PDF)
3491:S2CID
3461:(PDF)
3439:S2CID
3395:(PDF)
3302:S2CID
3230:S2CID
3046:S2CID
2997:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
2945:(PDF)
2934:(PDF)
2794:1 May
2472:3 May
2438:JSTOR
2392:3 May
2355:(PDF)
2344:(PDF)
1506:Notes
1151:Venom
1052:birds
938:Dakar
882:Kenya
779:khaki
763:fangs
513:), a
460:λεπίς
456:lepis
433:ἀσπίς
429:aspis
355:In a
4219:8624
4214:NCBI
4201:IUCN
4188:ITIS
4149:GBIF
4136:EPPO
3986:2022
3955:2020
3925:2019
3892:2019
3859:2015
3829:2015
3771:2019
3684:2019
3654:2019
3621:2014
3576:PMID
3543:2010
3510:2020
3483:PMID
3431:PMID
3423:ISSN
3371:ISBN
3352:2015
3336:ISSN
3294:PMID
3246:2021
3222:PMID
3163:PMID
3107:ISBN
3081:PMID
3038:PMID
3005:2019
2986:PMID
2953:2019
2909:PMID
2858:ISBN
2833:PMID
2796:2019
2771:2022
2740:PMID
2707:2018
2672:2018
2639:2019
2567:2019
2532:PMID
2474:2020
2394:2019
2363:2019
2326:2020
2271:2010
2228:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2156:2021
2124:2021
2086:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2000:help
1976:PMID
1956:ISBN
1875:2017
1846:2017
1815:2017
1780:2017
1744:ISBN
1708:2017
1696:1864
1673:2018
1629:2013
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1578:2021
1498:him.
1301:and
1143:and
1107:and
1066:and
1060:bats
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980:and
781:and
464:Zulu
452:πολύ
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236:List
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