Black market - Knowledge (XXG)

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of income or another job. Many artists and film producers have accepted the role of piracy in media distribution. The spread of material through file sharing is a source of publicity for artists and builds fan bases that may be inclined to see the performer live (live performances make up the bulk of successful artists' revenues, however not all artists can make live performances, for example photographers typically only have a single source of income: the licensing of their photos).

1384:, consumers found in possession of stolen goods can have them confiscated if they are traced, even if they did not know they were stolen. Though they themselves do not usually face criminal prosecution, they are still left without the goods they paid for and have little if any recourse to get their money back. This may make some averse to buying goods that they think may be from the underground market, even if in fact they are legitimate (for example, items sold at a 1541: 1084: 1483: 1261:" circumvents the costs of, and is excluded from the benefits and rights incorporated in, the laws and administrative rules covering property relationships, commercial licensing, labor contracts, torts, financial credit, and social security systems. A summary measure of the informal economy is the income generated by economic agents that operate informally. The informal sector is the part of an economy that is 2009: 1674: 1040: 2060:

duplicated repeatedly with no loss of quality, and passed on electronically at little to no cost, the effective underground market value of media is zero, differentiating it from nearly all other forms of underground economic activity. The issue is compounded by widespread indifference to enforcing copyright law, both with governments and the public at large. Additionally,

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studies show that it tends to flourish more in poorer countries, and in areas with large numbers of unattached men, such as around military bases. For instance, an empirical study showed that the supply of prostitutes rose abruptly in Denver and Minneapolis in 2008 when the Democratic and Republican National Conventions took place there.

1850:, wherein a person or group (e.g., a criminal gang) indicates to a store owner that they could protect her/his store from potential damage, damage that the same person or group would otherwise inflict, while the correlation of threat and protection may be more or less deniably veiled, distinguishing it from the more direct act of 2217:) will generally be payable by the final customer at the physical place of making the purchase. When fuel is transported across borders for resale, such taxes can often be recovered and then relevant taxes are payable in the country of sale, but there are no customs checks on borders between countries within the 1845:

offered to solve a problem, such as for a problem that does not actually exist or that would not otherwise exist if the racket did not exist. Conducting a racket is called racketeering. The potential problem may be caused by the same party that offers to solve it, although that fact may be concealed,

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There is no single underground economy; there are many. These underground economies are omnipresent, existing in market-oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape, or are excluded from the institutional

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If foreign currency is difficult or illegal for local citizens to acquire, they will pay a premium to acquire it. U.S. currency is viewed as a relatively stable store of value and, since it does not leave a paper trail, it is also a convenient medium of exchange for both illegal transactions and for

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or other means. Copyright holders also say that they did work creating their copyrighted material and they wish to get compensated for their work. No other system than copyright has been found to compensate artists and other creators for their work, and many artists do not have an alternative source

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to a high-tax state can result in a profit of up to $ 3 million. Because traffic crossing U.S. state borders is not usually stopped or inspected to the same extent as happens at the country's international borders, interdicting this sort of smuggling (especially without causing major disruption

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does not have to pay for production costs and/or taxes. This is usually the case in the underground economy. Criminals steal goods and sell them below the legal market price, but there is no receipt, guarantee, and so forth. When someone is hired to perform work and the client is unable to write off

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had gone to the black market" and "prosecutions were like trying to stop a leak in a battleship", and it was said that official prices of such foods were set so low that their producers often sold their produce on the black market for higher prices; one such route (seen to operate at the market at

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In some countries including Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and India sex toys are illegal, and are sold illegally, without compliance with regulations on safety, etc. Platforms used to sell sex toys on the black market include consumer-to-consumer online auction websites and private pages on social media

2271:, because a colored dye is added so it can be detected if used in other vehicles (e.g. a red dye in the UK, a green dye in Ireland). The saving is attractive enough to make for a black market in agricultural diesel, which was estimated in 2007 to cost the UK £350 million annually in lost tax. 1818:

justifies its stance on the issue by stating, "Payment for... organs is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and human trafficking." Despite prohibitions, it was estimated that 5% of all organ recipients

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or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services whose production and distribution is prohibited or restricted by law, non-compliance with the rule constitutes a black-market trade

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The "unrecorded economy" circumvents the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. A summary measure of the unrecorded economy is the amount of unrecorded income, namely the amount of income that should (under existing rules and conventions) be

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homes where the tenant illegally rents out the government-subsidized home at a higher rent. In Sweden, rental contracts with regulated rent can be bought on the black market, either from the current tenant or sometimes directly from the property owner. Specialized black-market dealers assist the

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The United Kingdom has some of the highest taxes on tobacco products in the world and strict limits on the amount of tobacco that can be imported duty-free from other countries, leading to widespread attempts to smuggle relatively cheap tobacco from low tax countries into the U.K. Such smuggling

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is illegal or highly regulated in many countries. This demonstrates the underground economy, because of consistent high demand from customers, relatively high pay, but labor-intensive and low-skilled work, which attracts a continual supply of workers. While prostitution exists in every country,

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The "unreported economy" circumvents or evades institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. A summary measure of the unreported economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. A complementary measure of the unreported

2075:" and other such material copied to tape or disk. Copyright holders typically attest the act of theft to be in the profits forgone to the pirates. However, this makes the unsubstantiated assumption that the pirates would have bought the copyrighted material if it had not been available through 2059:

technology make this cheap and easy to do. Copyright-holders and other proponents of copyright laws have found this phenomenon hard to stop through the courts, as the operations are distributed and widespread, traversing national borders and thus legal systems. Since digital information can be

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Where taxicabs, buses, and other transportation providers are strictly regulated or monopolized by government, a black market typically flourishes to provide transportation to poorly served or overpriced communities. In the United States, some cities restrict entry to the taxicab market with a

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In countries including India and Nepal, the price of fuel is set by the government, and it is illegal to sell the fuel at a higher price. During the petrol crisis in Nepal, black marketing in fuel became common, especially during mass petrol shortage. At times, people queued for hours or even

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Participants try to hide their illegal behavior from the government or regulatory authority. Cash is the preferred medium of exchange in illegal transactions, since cash transactions are less easily traced. Common motives for operating in black markets are to trade contraband, avoid taxes and

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In England and Wales, certain categories of weapons used for hunting may be owned by qualified residents but must be registered with the local police force and kept within a locked cabinet. Among those who may purchase weapons on the black market are people who are unable to pass the legal

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medallion system (taxicabs must get a special license and display it on a medallion in the vehicle). In most such jurisdictions it is legal to sell the medallions, but the limited supply and resulting high prices of medallions have led to a market in unlicensed

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The government sets ("pegs") the local currency at some arbitrary level to another currency that does not reflect its true market value. Certain purchases of foreign currency may be permitted at the official rate; otherwise a less favourable black market rate

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They may be more expensive than legal market prices. For example, if the product is difficult to acquire or produce, dangerous to handle, is strictly rationed, or is not easily available legally if at all. If exchange of goods is made illegal by some sort of

2438:– taxes levied on products deemed harmful such as alcohol and tobacco – may increase the black market supply. One argument for legalizing marijuana is the elimination of the black market, and taxes from that economy becoming available for the government. 1188:

system of rules, rights, regulations, and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate:

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the arms from countries where they were bought legally or stolen, or by stealing from arms manufacturers within the country itself, using insiders. In cases where the underground economy is unable to smuggle firearms, they can also satisfy requests by

1775:. British authorities have aggressively tried to detect and confiscate such illegal imports, and to prosecute those caught. Nevertheless, it has been reported that "27% of cigarettes and 68% of roll your own tobacco is purchased on the black market". 1340:

No government, no global nonprofit, no multinational enterprise can seriously claim to be able to replace the 1.8 billion jobs created by the economic underground. In truth, the best hope for growth in most emerging economies lies in the shadows.

1234:": the difference between the amount of tax revenues due the fiscal authority and the amount of tax revenue actually collected. In the U.S. unreported income is estimated to be $ 2 trillion resulting in a "tax gap" of $ 450–600 billion. 3242: 2417:

entertainment. Also if a Vietnamese civilian wanted something that was hard to get, he would buy it at double the price from one of the soldiers, who had a monthly ration card and thus had access to the military stores. The transactions

2154:, and has been observed in transition countries such as Cambodia and in some Latin American countries. Some countries, such as Ecuador, abandoned their local currency and use U.S. dollars, essentially for this reason, a process known as 1517:

Although law enforcement agencies intercept a fraction of drug traffickers and incarcerate thousands of wholesale and retail sellers and users, the demand for such drugs and profit margins encourage new distributors to enter the market.

1721:, the term "bootlegging" was popularized when thousands of city dwellers would sell liquor from flasks they kept in their boot leg all across major cities and rural areas. The term "rum-running" most likely originated at the start of 1392:

However, in some situations, consumers may conclude that they are better off using black market services, particularly when government regulations hinder what would otherwise be a legitimate competitive service. For example, in

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A government may officially set the rate of exchange of its currency with that of other, "harder" currencies. When it does so, the peg may overvalue the local currency relative to what its market value would be if it were a

2039:, sometimes even before the official release of the title. A determined counterfeiter with a few hundred dollars can make copies that are digitally identical to an original with no loss in quality; innovations in consumer 1438:, where prostitution is legal but regulated, illegal prostitutes exist whose services are offered more cheaply without regard for the legal requirements or procedures—health checks, standards of accommodation, and so on. 5238: 2140:

is viewed as a relatively stable and safe currency and is often used abroad as a second currency. In 2012, US$ 340 billion, roughly 37 percent of all U.S. currency, was believed to be circulating abroad. The

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https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2012/August/drug-trafficking-a-business-affecting-communities-globally.html#:~:text=Drug%20trafficking%20%2D%20the%20global%20illicit,be%20a%20%2432%20billion%20industry

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The "illegal economy" consists of economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes that define the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. Illegal-economy participants produce and distribute prohibited

1146:, in which commodities are distributed through channels that, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer, and the white market, in which trade is legal and official. 1317:

services), the client may be inclined to request a lower price (usually paid in cash) in exchange for foregoing a receipt, which enables the service provider to avoid reporting the income on his or her tax

1468:. People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen. 3387: 3373: 2145:

study of the amount of currency held overseas suggests that only 25 percent of U.S. currency was held abroad in 2014. The widespread substitution of U.S. currency for local currency is known as

1254:. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded (non-observed) economy. But little consensus exists on the size of the unreported economies of transitional countries. 2213:, it is legal for a person or business to buy fuel in one EU state for use in a vehicle in another, as well as a small amount of fuel in a container, but as with other goods, taxes (such as 1506:. Many people nonetheless continue to use illegal drugs, and a black market exists to supply them. Despite law enforcement efforts to intercept them, demand remains high, providing a large 2374:

than had actually happened. Another in Britain was supplies from the U.S., intended only for use on U.S. army bases on British land, but leaked into the local native British black market.

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with copyright laws, on the grounds that they unfairly criminalize competition, allowing the copyright-holder to effectively monopolize related industries. Copyright-holders also may use

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websites. In black market venues in Cambodia, sex toys have been seized alongside aphrodisiac products. It has been suggested that if efforts in North America to ban realistic-looking

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overnight to get fuel. Petrol pump operators were alleged to hoard the fuel and sell it to black marketeers. Black marketing in vehicle/cooking fuel became widespread during the

5098: 2398:) was to sell live poultry to members of the public; each purchaser would sign a form promising that he was buying the birds to breed from, but then take them home for eating. 1587:). The black market supplies the demands for weaponry that cannot be obtained legally or may only be obtained legally after obtaining permits and paying fees. This may be by 1160:, a process used to conceal the illegitimate source of the money. Because of the clandestine nature of the black economy, it is not possible to determine its size and scope. 1363:

They may prefer legal suppliers, as these are strictly regulated and easier to contact. In contrast, black market vendors are unregulated and difficult to hold accountable;

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Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (2011). "A Criminological Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward".

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E. L. Feige et al. "Unofficial Dollarization in Latin America: Currency Substitution, Network Externalities and Irreversibility", in Dean, Salvatore and Willett (eds.)

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Money itself may be subject to a black market. Money may be exchangeable for a differing amount of the same currency if it has been acquired illegally and needs to be

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to interstate commerce) is difficult. Low-tax states are generally the major tobacco producers, and have come under criticism for their reluctance to increase taxes.

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You can carry 10 litres (maximum) in a portable container, in addition to the fuel contained in your fuel tank. This rule applies to any type of motorised vehicle.

3785: 2968:"Global Bazaar: Street Markets and Shantytowns Forge the World's Urban Future Shantytowns, favelas and jhopadpattis turn out to be places of surprising innovation" 5134: 4145:

Klein, Wilhelm EJ, and Vivian Wenli Lin. "Sex robots revisited: A reply to the campaign against sex robots." ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 47.4 (2018): 107-121

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https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1933?amount=200000#:~:text=Value%20of%20%24200%2C000%20from%201933,cumulative%20price%20increase%20of%202%2C179.05%25

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the on-base maids to the local populace. Although these activities were illegal, only flagrant or large-scale black-marketeers were prosecuted by the military.

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Official March 2000 French Parliamentary Report on the obstacles on the control and repression of financial criminal activity and of money-laundering in Europe

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encouraged widespread black market activity. One source of black-market meat under wartime rationing was farmers declaring fewer domestic animal births to the

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Feige, Edgar L.; Urban, Ivica (2008). "Measuring underground (unobserved, non-observed, unrecorded) economies in transition countries: Can we trust GDP?".

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eventually agreed to raise its taxes from 5 cents to 35 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes, although this remains far below the national average. As of 2010,

1757:, where prices ran high. It was said that some ships carried $ 200,000 (roughly equivalent to US$ 4.5 million in 2022) in contraband in a single run. 5255: 5151: 3391: 1251: 4224: 4090: 3588: 2267:

In some countries, diesel fuel for agricultural vehicles or domestic use is taxed at a much lower rate than that for other vehicles. This is known as

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to use for illegal activities, gun collectors, and otherwise law-abiding citizens interested in protecting their dwellings, families, or businesses.

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Goods and services acquired illegally and/or transacted for in an illegal manner may exchange above or below the price of legal market transactions:

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The literature on the black market has not established a common terminology and has instead offered many synonyms including: subterranean, hidden,

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Feige, Edgar L (2016). "Reflections on the meaning and measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the "Shadow Economy"?".

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Portes, Alejandro; Sassen-Koob, Saskia (1987). "Making it underground: Comparative material on the informal sector in western market economies".

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Items such as medicines as well as essential aircraft and automobile parts (e.g. brakes, motor parts, etc.) are counterfeited on a large scale.

5315: 5232: 3195: 1863: 1063: 3444:"North Carolina's Cigarette Tax Increase Is A Small Step In The Right Direction But Kids and Taxpayers Will Miss Benefits of Greater Increase" 5179: 5121: 5050: 4401: 4189: 4044: 3676: 3178: 2931: 1135:

regulations, or evade price controls or rationing. Typically, the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article, e.g., "

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estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $ 600 million and $ 1.2 billion per year across many countries.

5398: 5393: 5174: 5104: 4635: 4581:, third section on "Luxembourg's political dependency toward the financial sector: the Clearstream affair" (pp. 83–111 on PDF version) 4118: 1966: 1239: 4132: 1977: 1644:

In many developing countries, living animals are captured in the wild and sold as pets. Wild animals are also hunted and killed for their

1913:, which provide housing below the market cost, there may be a black market for housing rentals. For instance, in the UK there is illegal 5320: 5215: 5209: 3539: 3500: 4593: 3213: 1771:

efforts range from vacationers concealing relatively small quantities of tobacco in their luggage to large-scale enterprises linked to

5045: 4604: 4280: 3741: 2279:; even after it was eased and petrol imports resumed, people were not getting the fuel as intended, and resorted to the black market. 1457: 498: 3583: 5221: 5145: 4549: 3661:

David Witwer, "'The Most Racketeer-Ridden Union in America': The Problem of Corruption in the Teamsters Union During the 1930s", in

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engaged in commercial organ transplant in 2005. Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by

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Cunningham, S.; Kendall, T. D. (2011). "The Economic Returns to Good Looks and Risky Sex in the Bangladesh Commercial Sex Market".

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Feige, Edgar L. (2016). "The Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the "Shadow Economy"?".

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Prostitutes in the black market generally operate with some degree of secrecy, sometimes negotiating prices and activities through

3077: 5413: 5403: 5310: 2829: 2378: 1722: 5423: 1659:, and sometimes in raw-milk cheese which is legal in a number of EU countries but banned in the U.S. if aged less than 60 days. 5110: 4307: 2921: 5428: 4391: 3958:, "Dynamics of Currency Substitution, Asset Substitution and De facto Dollarisation and Euroisation in Transition Countries", 3044: 2133:

workers, may be able to use the black market to buy the local currency at better exchange rates than they can get officially.

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In situations of financial instability and inflation, citizens may substitute a foreign currency for the local currency. The

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to keep drugs supplied. The United Nations has reported that the retail market value of illegal drugs is $ 502 billion.

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Even when the underground market offers lower prices, consumers may still buy on the legal market when possible, because:

1044: 939: 909: 659: 649: 20: 5488: 5365: 5355: 5249: 5139: 4694: 2406: 2218: 1814:(WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. The 1427: 1397:, many consumers actively prefer illegal taxi cabs, citing that they are more available, convenient, and fairly priced. 969: 24: 4005: 4417: 2631: 3758: 4356:"Where Has the Currency Gone? And Why? The Underground Economy and Personal Income Tax Evasion in the US, 1970–2008" 5060: 1931: 1820: 2105:

The rate of exchange between a local and foreign currency may be subject to a black market, often described as a "

5493: 5468: 5463: 5388: 5081: 4865: 3584:"The State of the International Organ Trade: A Provisional Picture Based on Integration of Available Information" 2181:

have been used as a medium of exchange in black market transactions. Cryptocurrencies are sometimes favored over

1897:, for example, it is not uncommon for private individuals to provide illegal taxicab service for city residents. 1886: 1875: 1811: 1442: 892: 820: 241: 217: 1281:. This is hidden from the state for tax, social security, or labour law purposes but is legal in other aspects. 4818: 4628: 3350: 1717: 428: 3834: 2765:"America's Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S." 5478: 5473: 4699: 4104: 3320:

Murphy, Mary (1994). "Bootlegging Mothers and Drinking Daughters: Gender and Prohibition in Butte Montana".

1445:, where legal prostitution is regulated, hotels may require both parties to identify themselves, to prevent 994: 944: 825: 553: 423: 161: 4584: 2313:

Often certain types of illegal products are traded for each other, depending on the geographical location.

1184:, shadow, informal, clandestine, illegal, unobserved, unreported, unrecorded, second, parallel, and black. 5498: 4830: 4457: 3705: 2838: 2210: 2186: 2106: 1945: 1270: 1004: 403: 91: 3255: 1648:, hide, and organs, the latter of which and other animal parts are sold for use in traditional medicine. 5055: 4835: 4798: 4333: 3107: 2528: 2155: 1970:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many countries began to ban the possession or use of some

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Frey, B. S., and Schneider, F. (2015). Informal and Underground Economics. In: James D. Wright (ed.),

4413:"Defining And Estimating Underground And Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach" 3414: 2627:"Defining And Estimating Underground And Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach" 5483: 4753: 4678: 3710: 3049: 2382: 1243: 904: 712: 609: 573: 418: 351: 299: 210: 4462: 4446:

Schneider, Friedrich; Enste, Dominik H. (2000). "Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences".

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often impose restrictions on use of critical resources that are needed for the war effort, such as

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requirements for registration—convicted felons or those suffering from mental illness for example.

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The government taxes officially exchanging the local currency for another currency, or vice versa.

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Data thieves in action : examining the international market for stolen personal information

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A black market fuel vendor in Tunisia sells smuggled gasoline to a passerby at a roadside stand.

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A government makes it difficult or illegal for its citizens to own much or any foreign currency.

1737:. Rum's cheapness made it a low-profit item for the rum-runners, and they moved on to smuggling 2667: 4991: 4938: 4766: 4761: 4673: 4578: 4545: 4507: 4503: 4397: 4355: 4294: 4286: 4276: 4185: 3812: 3745: 3672: 3615: 3556: 3519: 3174: 3014: 2989: 2927: 2468: 2126: 2099: 2048: 1847: 1796:

has refused to follow suit and raise taxes from seven cents per pack (the lowest in the USA).

1678: 1519: 1499: 1414: 1381: 1274: 1262: 872: 624: 604: 391: 384: 379: 141: 56: 3443: 2790:"New estimates of overseas U.S. currency holdings, the Underground economy and the "Tax Gap"" 2668:"New Estimates of U.S. Currency Abroad, the Domestic Money Supply and the Unreported Economy" 5325: 5035: 5006: 4893: 4823: 4813: 4793: 4537: 4467: 4426: 4370: 4268: 4155: 3871: 3605: 3597: 3548: 3509: 3331: 3302: 3221: 3143: 2981: 2892: 2848: 2682: 2640: 2566: 2523: 2499: 2237: 2095: 2065: 1580: 1535: 1371: 1305: 1258: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1157: 865: 800: 785: 737: 727: 721: 694: 679: 450: 413: 196: 191: 186: 4601: 3623: 1127:

since the transaction itself is illegal. Such transactions include the illegal drug trade,

1083: 5282: 4986: 4981: 4658: 4608: 4574: 4346: 4260: 4246: 4100: 3120: 2520:, a book about those involved with the underground economies and grey markets of the world 2463: 2414: 2301: 2056: 1855: 1772: 1738: 1613: 1511: 1487: 1310: 989: 949: 914: 810: 770: 765: 732: 578: 558: 548: 538: 523: 503: 438: 324: 249: 2716: 1626:, is an industry worth almost as much as the drug production industry in some countries. 3280: 5458: 5040: 4996: 4913: 4264: 3955: 3859: 3610: 2584: 2473: 2363: 2261: 2174: 2061: 1918: 1846:

with the intent to engender continual patronage for the racketeer. An archetype is the

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where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling is usually done to circumvent

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A street vendor in Thailand has set up a display of illegal copies of DVD movies.

4965: 4923: 4918: 4883: 4850: 4733: 3986:"Follow The Bitcoin: How We Got Busted Buying Drugs On Silk Road's Black Market" 3358: 3196:"The ripple effect of identity theft: What happens to my data once it's stolen?" 2478: 2431: 2402: 2390: 2257: 2245: 2226: 2167: 2137: 1805: 1700: 1684: 1668: 1635: 1523: 1435: 1314: 1181: 1143: 964: 919: 882: 860: 855: 468: 443: 146: 61: 35: 3514: 2068:

to discriminate against selected populations price-wise and availability-wise.

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even when prices before tax are equal, in a form that is illegal as a form of

2130: 2036: 1882: 1784: 1584: 1289: 1266: 294: 262: 151: 4566:

Havocscope Black Markets – Database and statistics on black market activities

4298: 3469:"State Sales, Gasoline, Cigarette, and Alcohol Tax Rates by State, 2000–2010" 4855: 4783: 4743: 4724: 3728: 3354: 2359: 2355: 2331: 2268: 2222: 1890: 1851: 1742: 1734: 1688: 1597: 1588: 1556: 1491: 1394: 1100: 1088: 984: 508: 473: 408: 272: 267: 131: 106: 66: 4517:"Professor Schneider's Shadow Economy: What do we really Know? A Rejoinder" 4374: 3619: 3560: 3523: 3277:"Illegal logging industry worth almost as much as drug production industry" 3147: 2993: 1460:, financial information like credit card and bank account information, and 3601: 2306:

People engaged in the black market may run their business hidden behind a

1862:

in June 1927 in a statement about the influence of organized crime in the

1655:, laws requiring the pasteurization of milk have created black markets in 1131:(where prohibited), illegal currency transactions, and human trafficking. 1039: 4928: 4898: 4668: 4065: 3388:"Illegal Cigarettes Partnership Must Address All Aspects of Black Market" 3372:

Inflation Calculator. "$ 200,000 in 1933 is worth $ 4,558,092.31 today."

2533: 2510: 2343: 2190: 2147: 2052: 2032: 1894: 1656: 1645: 1623: 1593: 1568: 1288:

can also be used in reference to a specific part of the economy in which

361: 136: 101: 4471: 3863: 3723: 2953: 2109:" or similar terms. This may happen for one or more of several reasons: 5239:

Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia

4840: 4738: 4479: 3343: 2448: 2435: 2178: 2072: 1576: 1572: 1545: 1431: 1231: 1120: 717: 493: 126: 3015:"Jury orders student to pay $ 675,000 for illegally downloading music" 5168: 3990: 2347: 2289: 2241: 1754: 1726: 1619: 1560: 1173: 1152:

is the proceeds of an illegal transaction, on which income and other

845: 3335: 19:"Black Market" and "Black money" redirect here. For other uses, see 3835:"Drug Wars: Special Reports: The Black Peso Money Laudering System" 3813:"Labels may be losing money, but artists are making more than ever" 2896: 2555:"Risky business: Harlem pimps' work decisions and economic returns" 2430:

A classic example of new regulation creating a black market is the

1544:

A tower of confiscated smuggled weapons about to be incinerated in

5128: 4788: 4290: 2434:

of alcohol. When such a law disappears, so does the black market.

2351: 2200: 2007: 1914: 1842: 1672: 1549: 1539: 1481: 1167: 1094: 1082: 4393:

The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion

2607:

The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion

4773: 4488:

International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

4133:"Meeting a Dildo Dealer in Cambodia, Where Sex Toys Are Illegal" 2410: 2339: 2253: 2024: 1522:

activists draw parallels between the illegal drug trade and the

4617: 4595:

The Underground Economy: Global Evidence of Its Size and Impact

3744:(in Swedish, "The rental one-bedroom is yours for 300 000 "), 2023:, particularly in Asia and Latin America, often sell copies of 4184:(facsimile ed.). London: Imperial War Museum. July 1945. 2335: 2327: 2221:. Differences in tax rates can thus lead to opportunities for 2040: 1949: 1815: 1746: 1730: 1712: 1696: 1330:, their prices will tend to rise as a result of that sanction. 1153: 4613: 4565: 1926:

Counterfeit medicine, essential aircraft and automobile parts

3663:

Kreike, Emmanuel, Ed.; Jordan, William Chester, Ed. (2004).

2875:

The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World

2071:

2044: 2028: 1967:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1687:, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting ( 1555:

The laws of many countries forbid or restrict the personal

1242:) but is not. Unrecorded income is a particular problem in 5164:

Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania

3496:"Organ Trafficking: Global Solutions for a Global Problem" 2129:. Those in possession of the harder currency, for example 1405:

Some examples of underground economic activities include:

4490:, 2nd edition, Vol. 12. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 50–55. 4035:"IRA fuel smuggling 'drove oil giants to abandon Ulster'" 1677:

Broken barrels of liquor after a police raid in 1925, in

1156:

have not been paid. Black money is often associated with

5361:

International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities

2585:"Internal Revenue Service Summary of Estimation Methods" 2553:

Horning, A.; Thomas, C.; Marcus, A.; Sriken, J. (2019).

4308:"Estimating the Underground Economy using MIMIC Models" 3169:

Holt, Thomas J.; Smirnova, Olga; Chua, Yi-Ting (2016).

1973: 1596:

their own firearms. Those who may buy this way include

4396:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 378. 2923:

A Commodified World?: Mapping the limits of capitalism

2763:

Feige, Edgar L. & Cebula, Richard (January 2011).

16:

Market in which goods or services are traded illegally

5158:

Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program

5117:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

4602:

The Effects of a Black Market Using Supply and Demand

4156:"Organized Crime: The World's Largest Social Network" 3786:"Illegal downloading: What happens if you're caught?" 2102:

may be sold for a lesser amount of genuine currency.

1783:

Smuggling one truckload of cigarettes from a low-tax

5099:

Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory

3759:"Documentary Filmmaker Supports BitTorrent Uploader" 1711:

is applied to smuggling over land. According to the

5379: 5339: 5300:

Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011

5290: 5281: 5074: 5028: 5019: 4974: 4876: 4717: 4708: 4687: 4651: 3706:

Tracking down England's council house sublet cheats

2507:, black and grey markets in post-famine North Korea 1729:in the western Bahamas transported cheap Caribbean 1374:

if they knowingly participate in the black economy;

3386:Scottish Grocers' Federation (February 25, 2009). 3353:, Episode 1, "A Nation of Drunkards". Directed by 3136:The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 2758: 2756: 2019:in countries where there is little enforcement of 1707:is more commonly applied to smuggling over water; 1309:the expense (particularly common for work such as 1304:They may be cheaper than legal market prices. The 3087:(1). Journal of Political Economy. Archived from 1377:They may have a moral dislike of black marketing; 1571:, either altogether or by classification (e.g., 3724:'Egalitarian' Stockholm rents feed black market 1338: 1238:recorded in national accounting systems (e.g., 5268:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption 5135:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption 5066:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations 1526:of alcohol in the United States in the 1920s. 4629: 3905:"Federal Reserve Flow of Funds Z.1 Table 204" 2815:Measuring the Non-Observed Economy A Handbook 1064: 218: 8: 5371:United Nations Convention against Corruption 5351:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 4162:. Vol. 19, no. 2. January 31, 2011 4119:"The fight to legalise sex toys in Thailand" 3691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3038: 3036: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 1172:Mercado Negro, so called "Black Market", in 5409:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity 5244:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission 5088:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 2047:writers and the widespread availability of 5287: 5256:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine 5152:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau 5025: 4714: 4636: 4622: 4614: 3043:Christina Royster-Hemby (April 21, 2004). 2292:succeed, it may result in a black market. 1563:. These restrictions can range from small 1430:and subtle gestures. In countries such as 1071: 1057: 236: 225: 211: 31: 4542:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588459.001.0001 4461: 4225:"Boston's black-market cigarette problem" 3962:, September 2003, Vol. 45 #3 pp. 358–383. 3609: 3589:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3513: 3415:"Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism" 3303:"Inside the World of Black Market Cheese" 2842: 2240:, there has often been a black market in 1996:Learn how and when to remove this message 5186:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission 4588:from National Center for Policy Analysis 4209:February 17, 1945, reprinted on page 30 3218:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2189:and their ability to be traded over the 1922:property owners with such transactions. 1854:. Racketeering is often associated with 1326:sanction, such as with certain drugs or 1277:the informal sector is characterized by 5228:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission 5093:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) 2620: 2618: 2616: 2545: 248: 34: 5316:Freedom of information laws by country 5233:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 4342: 4331: 3684: 3116: 3105: 3076:Lena Edlund & Evelyn Korn (2002). 1806:Organ trade § Illegal organ trade 1142:The black market is distinct from the 5180:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar 5122:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 5051:International Anti-Corruption Academy 2954:https://www.ice.gov/features/wildlife 1273:(GNP), unlike the formal economy. In 7: 5399:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement 5394:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 5175:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission 5105:National Anti-Corruption Observatory 4223:Hartnett, Kevin (February 2, 2014). 4091:"Red diesel abuse costs UK millions" 4006:"Alcohol, tobacco and excise duties" 3930:Feige, Edgar L. (February 2, 2012). 2966:Neuwirth, Robert (August 18, 2011). 1409:Sexual exploitation and forced labor 1240:National Income and Product Accounts 5321:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 5216:National Anticorruption Directorate 5210:Anti-Corruption General Directorate 4536:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3811:Cory Doctorow (November 13, 2009). 3540:American Journal of Transplantation 3501:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 3442:Matthew L. Myers (August 5, 2005). 5046:Group of States Against Corruption 4256:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 4103:. November 7, 2007. Archived from 3833:Oriana Zill & Lowell Bergman. 3045:"Feature: A Baltimore Way of Life" 2788:Feige, Edgar L. (September 2009). 2491:, black market in post WWII Europe 2366:enforced in many countries during 1458:Personally identifying information 1370:, customers may be charged with a 1366:In some jurisdictions such as the 14: 5222:Investigative Committee of Russia 4496:Journal of Tax Administration Vol 4061:"Fuel smuggling down say customs" 4033:Tom Peterkin (January 31, 2006). 2986:10.1038/scientificamerican0911-56 2877:. Harper and Row, New York, 1989 1860:Employers' Association of Chicago 1045:Business and economics portal 5414:Russian anti-corruption campaign 5404:Anti-austerity movement in Spain 5311:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act 3784:Verkaik, Robert (July 8, 2009). 3553:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03864.x 2830:Journal of Comparative Economics 2405:, American soldiers would spend 2379:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1954: 1723:Prohibition in the United States 1502:, such as in the United States' 1038: 5250:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera 5111:National Supervisory Commission 4534:Black Market Britain: 1939–1955 3742:"Hyrestvåan är din för 300 000" 3413:Horiwitz, Sari (June 8, 2004). 2334:or other large-scale, extended 1252:UN standard national accounting 5198:Investigation Task Force Sweep 5192:National Accountability Bureau 4664:Corruption in local government 4652:Corruption in different fields 4449:Journal of Economic Literature 4245:Aligicia, Paul Dragos (2008). 3448:Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids 2484:Household electricity approach 2459:Black market in wartime France 2326:Black markets flourish during 2310:business that is not illegal. 2098:before the money can be used. 1464:is bought and sold, mostly in 1380:In some jurisdictions such as 1: 5306:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 5204:Central Anticorruption Bureau 4521:Journal of Tax Administration 4313:. Ideas.repec. Archived from 3669:University of Rochester Press 3245:. Retrieved 28 December 2023. 2926:. Zed Books. pp. 73–74. 2884:American Journal of Sociology 2747:Journal of Tax Administration 2609:. Cambridge University Press. 2571:10.1080/01639625.2018.1556863 2454:Black hat (computer security) 2407:Military Payment Certificates 2158:(see also the example of the 1858:. The term was coined by the 1725:(1920–1933), when ships from 940:Commons-based peer production 660:Socialism of the 21st century 21:Black Market (disambiguation) 5366:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 5356:International asset recovery 5140:Central Vigilance Commission 4695:Corruption Perceptions Index 4431:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90081-8 3960:Comparative Economic Studies 3868:Crime, Law and Social Change 2675:Crime, Law and Social Change 2645:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90081-8 2219:European Union Customs Union 2170:both in the U.S and abroad. 1441:In other countries, such as 1139:black market in bush meat". 25:Black money (disambiguation) 5424:2017–2019 Romanian protests 4363:Review of Economic Analysis 3194:Rossi, Ben (July 8, 2015). 2956:Retrieved 28 December 2023. 2681:(3). pp. 239-263: 239–263. 2594:. Internal Revenue Service. 2162:from the 1970s and 1980s). 1630:Animals and animal products 5515: 5429:2017–2018 Russian protests 5061:Transparency International 5036:Global Financial Integrity 3582:Shimazono, Yosuke (2007). 3515:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.014 3078:"A Theory of Prostitution" 2920:Colin C. Williams (2005). 2354:, etc., typically through 2299: 2087: 1943: 1932:Counterfeit consumer goods 1929: 1873: 1830: 1821:Global Financial Integrity 1803: 1666: 1633: 1611: 1533: 1475: 1412: 1099:Illegal street traders in 18: 5389:2011 Azerbaijani protests 4866:Offshore financial centre 4669:Interest group corruption 4273:10.4135/9781412965811.n22 3876:10.1007/s10611-011-9348-8 3494:Jafar, Tazeen H. (2009). 2853:10.1016/j.jce.2008.02.003 2687:10.1007/s10611-011-9348-8 2260:) and Northern Ireland's 2232:For example, between the 1905:In places where there is 1887:illegal taxicab operation 1876:Illegal taxicab operation 1812:World Health Organization 1651:In several states in the 1512:organized criminal groups 1401:Traded goods and services 434:Socialist-oriented market 5331:Whistleblower protection 4819:Cryptocurrency and crime 4532:Roodhouse, Mark (2013). 4515:Feige, Edgar L. (2016). 4411:Feige, Edgar L. (2009). 4390:Feige, Edgar L. (1989). 4043:. London. Archived from 3973:The Dollarization Debate 3351:Prohibition (miniseries) 3214:"World Drug Report 2005" 2666:Feige, Edgar L. (2012). 2625:Feige, Edgar L. (2009). 2605:Feige, Edgar L. (1989). 1870:Transportation providers 4700:Economics of corruption 4607:March 26, 2009, at the 4586:The Underground Economy 3667:. Rochester, New York: 2252:between the Republic's 1618:The illegal logging of 1608:Illegally logged timber 162:Opposition to copyright 67:Stock market securities 5326:UK Bribery Act of 2010 5082:Oficina Anticorrupción 4831:Noble cause corruption 4688:Measures of corruption 4375:10.15353/rea.v6i1.1411 4341:Cite journal requires 4069:. Belfast. May 3, 2001 3256:"Illegal logging news" 3173:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3148:10.1515/1935-1682.3059 3115:Cite journal requires 2709:"Black Money in India" 2381:on February 17, 1945, 2211:European single market 2206: 2107:parallel exchange rate 2013: 1976:by rewriting it in an 1946:Copyright infringement 1681: 1552: 1495: 1357: 1271:gross national product 1198:The unrecorded economy 1195:The unreported economy 1177: 1104: 1092: 92:Copyright infringement 5056:Mo Ibrahim Foundation 4836:Professional courtesy 4799:Honest services fraud 4259:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 3975:, Oxford Press, 2003. 3626:on December 20, 2007. 3602:10.2471/blt.06.039370 3361:. Distributed by PBS. 3021:. ABC. August 3, 2009 2719:on September 18, 2018 2529:Unreported employment 2385:said that "the whole 2204: 2156:de jure dollarization 2011: 1841:is a service that is 1749:to major cities like 1676: 1543: 1490:has been termed as a 1485: 1279:unreported employment 1250:accounting system to 1246:that switched from a 1171: 1098: 1086: 5020:Institutions dealing 4754:Conflict of interest 4679:Political corruption 3909:U.S. Federal Reserve 3057:on February 14, 2012 3050:Baltimore City Paper 2426:Laws and regulations 2377:For example, in the 2330:. States engaged in 2183:centralized currency 2062:not all people agree 1453:Personal information 1328:wildlife trafficking 1244:transition countries 1201:The informal economy 970:Newly industrialized 713:Collective ownership 574:Vertical archipelago 5489:Underground culture 4861:Offshore investment 4472:10.1257/jel.38.1.77 4211:The Daily Telegraph 4206:The Daily Telegraph 4040:The Daily Telegraph 3420:The Washington Post 2973:Scientific American 2873:De Soto, Hernando, 2277:2015 Nepal blockade 2234:Republic of Ireland 2187:pseudonymous nature 2090:Fixed exchange rate 1693:alcoholic beverages 1352:Scientific American 1275:developed countries 1192:The illegal economy 1113:underground economy 955:Inclusive Democracy 97:First-sale doctrine 5262:Warioba Commission 5200:(Papua New Guinea) 4944:Regulatory capture 4749:Commercial bribery 4354:Cebula, R (2014). 4267:. pp. 36–37. 4135:. October 6, 2015. 4107:on August 7, 2009. 3911:. December 8, 2011 3714:, BBC, May 4, 2011 3323:American Quarterly 3309:. January 7, 2016. 3094:on October 5, 2013 2517:The Misfit Economy 2207: 2055:for most forms of 2014: 1978:encyclopedic style 1965:is written like a 1911:affordable housing 1682: 1553: 1500:recreational drugs 1496: 1478:Illegal drug trade 1447:child prostitution 1178: 1105: 1093: 1087:A black market in 893:Material balancing 375:Buddhist economics 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5277: 5276: 5015: 5014: 4992:Election security 4939:Political scandal 4674:Police corruption 4579:Arnaud Montebourg 4418:World Development 4403:978-0-521-26230-9 4306:Breusch, Trevor. 4213:February 17, 2015 4191:978-1-904897-11-8 3746:Svenska Dagbladet 3732:, August 30, 2010 3678:978-1-58046-173-3 3665:Corrupt histories 3180:978-1-137-58904-0 2933:978-1-84277-355-0 2632:World Development 2469:Counter-economics 2168:unreported income 2127:floating currency 2100:Counterfeit money 2006: 2005: 1998: 1940:Copyrighted media 1848:protection racket 1810:According to the 1800:Biological organs 1679:Elk Lake, Ontario 1581:automatic weapons 1520:Drug legalization 1415:Human trafficking 1382:England and Wales 1269:, or included in 1081: 1080: 591:By regional model 385:Sabbath economics 235: 234: 142:Counter-economics 120:Political aspects 5506: 5494:Cyberpunk themes 5469:Informal economy 5464:Financial crimes 5288: 5026: 5007:Vote suppression 4894:Crony capitalism 4824:Hawala and crime 4814:Money laundering 4794:Graft (politics) 4774:Confidence trick 4715: 4709:Forms or aspects 4638: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4555: 4528: 4511: 4483: 4465: 4442: 4407: 4386: 4360: 4350: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4302: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4214: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4121:. April 5, 2019. 4115: 4109: 4108: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3721: 3715: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3682: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3622:. Archived from 3613: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3508:(6): 1145–1157. 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3390:. Archived from 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3347: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3279:. Archived from 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3224:on July 20, 2006 3220:. Archived from 3210: 3204: 3203: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3053:. Archived from 3040: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2846: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2715:. Archived from 2705: 2699: 2698: 2672: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2622: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2559:Deviant Behavior 2550: 2524:Repugnant market 2500:Informal economy 2421: 2372:Ministry of Food 2256:(and previously 2238:Northern Ireland 2175:cryptocurrencies 2144: 2001: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1536:Arms trafficking 1372:criminal offense 1355: 1311:home renovations 1259:informal economy 1230:economy is the " 1158:money laundering 1073: 1066: 1059: 1043: 1042: 801:Municipalization 786:Financialization 756:Collectivization 738:Social ownership 728:Private property 722:Common ownership 680:Common ownership 494:Closed (autarky) 451:State capitalism 429:Socialist market 414:Market socialist 250:Economic systems 237: 227: 220: 213: 197:Victimless crime 192:Regional lockout 187:Informal economy 175:Related subjects 57:Broadcast piracy 32: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5433: 5381: 5375: 5343: 5341: 5335: 5292: 5283:Anti-corruption 5273: 5070: 5022:with corruption 5021: 5011: 4987:Electoral fraud 4982:Ballot stuffing 4970: 4872: 4710: 4704: 4683: 4659:Corporate crime 4647: 4642: 4609:Wayback Machine 4575:Vincent Peillon 4562: 4552: 4531: 4514: 4493: 4463:10.1.1.716.8484 4445: 4425:(7): 989–1002. 4410: 4404: 4389: 4358: 4353: 4340: 4330: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4283: 4247:"Black Markets" 4244: 4241: 4239:Further reading 4236: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4101:Haymarket Group 4089: 4088: 4084: 4072: 4070: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3860:Feige, Edgar L. 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3790:The Independent 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3722: 3718: 3704: 3700: 3683: 3679: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3596:(12): 955–962. 3581: 3580: 3576: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3475:. April 1, 2010 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3394:on June 7, 2012 3385: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3336:10.2307/2713337 3319: 3318: 3314: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3283:on July 2, 2013 3275: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3200:Information Age 3193: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3114: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2844:10.1.1.519.8803 2826: 2825: 2821: 2817:, Paris France. 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2744: 2743: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2639:(7): 989–1002. 2624: 2623: 2614: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2489:Hunger's Rogues 2464:Business ethics 2444: 2428: 2419: 2324: 2319: 2304: 2302:Organized crime 2298: 2296:Organized crime 2285: 2199: 2142: 2092: 2086: 2057:copy protection 2031:, and computer 2002: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1974:help improve it 1971: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1928: 1909:and subsidized 1903: 1878: 1872: 1856:organized crime 1835: 1829: 1808: 1802: 1781: 1773:organized crime 1768: 1763: 1739:Canadian whisky 1703:laws. The term 1671: 1665: 1642: 1634:Main articles: 1632: 1622:, according to 1616: 1614:Illegal logging 1610: 1538: 1532: 1480: 1474: 1466:darknet markets 1455: 1417: 1411: 1403: 1356: 1345: 1337: 1335:Consumer issues 1298: 1265:, monitored by 1166: 1077: 1037: 1030: 1029: 995:Post-industrial 990:Post-capitalist 950:Hunter-gatherer 935: 927: 926: 841: 833: 832: 811:Nationalization 771:Demutualization 766:Corporatization 751: 743: 742: 733:State ownership 708: 700: 699: 675: 667: 666: 592: 584: 583: 554:Robinson Crusoe 489: 488:By coordination 481: 480: 465:Traditionalist 325:Neomercantilist 285: 277: 258: 231: 202: 201: 177: 176: 167: 166: 122: 121: 112: 111: 87: 86: 77: 76: 62:Cellular phones 47: 46: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5512: 5510: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5479:Retail markets 5476: 5474:Price controls 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Global Witness 5038: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Gerrymandering 4994: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:Ghost soldiers 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4573:by French MPs 4568: 4561: 4560:External links 4558: 4557: 4556: 4550: 4529: 4512: 4491: 4484: 4443: 4408: 4402: 4387: 4351: 4343:|journal= 4320:on May 1, 2011 4303: 4282:978-1412965804 4281: 4265:Cato Institute 4251:Hamowy, Ronald 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4215: 4197: 4190: 4182:The Home Front 4173: 4147: 4138: 4124: 4110: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4047:on May 1, 2011 4025: 3997: 3977: 3964: 3956:Edgar L. Feige 3948: 3922: 3896: 3862:(April 2012). 3851: 3825: 3803: 3776: 3765:. May 14, 2009 3750: 3734: 3716: 3698: 3677: 3654: 3642:Dictionary.com 3638:"Racketeering" 3629: 3574: 3547:(3): 571–575. 3529: 3486: 3473:Tax Foundation 3460: 3434: 3405: 3378: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3330:(2): 174–194. 3312: 3294: 3268: 3247: 3235: 3205: 3186: 3179: 3161: 3126: 3117:|journal= 3068: 3032: 3006: 2958: 2946: 2932: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2897:10.1086/228705 2866: 2837:(2): 287–306. 2819: 2806: 2780: 2752: 2730: 2700: 2658: 2612: 2597: 2576: 2565:(2): 160–185. 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2474:Darknet market 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2427: 2424: 2389:production of 2364:price controls 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2300:Main article: 2297: 2294: 2284: 2281: 2262:pound sterling 2198: 2195: 2173:More recently 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2088:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2017:Street vendors 2004: 2003: 1962: 1960: 1953: 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1930:Main article: 1927: 1924: 1919:social housing 1902: 1901:Housing rental 1899: 1874:Main article: 1871: 1868: 1833:Racket (crime) 1831:Main article: 1828: 1825: 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1794:South Carolina 1790:North Carolina 1780: 1777: 1767: 1766:United Kingdom 1764: 1762: 1759: 1745:, and English 1667:Main article: 1664: 1661: 1640:Wildlife trade 1631: 1628: 1612:Main article: 1609: 1606: 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1476:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1454: 1451: 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1375: 1364: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1319: 1315:cosmetological 1297: 1294: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1165: 1162: 1117:shadow economy 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005:Resource-based 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 923: 922: 917: 912: 902: 897: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 870: 869: 868: 863: 858: 848: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 791:Liberalization 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 715: 709: 707:Property types 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662: 656:Latin America 654: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 619: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 477: 476: 471: 463: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 396: 395: 394: 389: 388: 387: 377: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 292: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 276: 275: 270: 265: 259: 256: 253: 252: 246: 245: 233: 232: 230: 229: 222: 215: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 174: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 123: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 88: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 48: 44: 43: 42: 39: 38: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5511: 5500: 5499:Black markets 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5340:International 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5246:(South Korea) 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029:International 5027: 5024: 5018: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:State capture 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904:Elite capture 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4711:of corruption 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4551:9780199588459 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4456:(1): 77–114. 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4166:September 14, 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3941:September 14, 3937: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3840: 3839:PBS Frontline 3836: 3829: 3826: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3748:, May 5, 2013 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3423:. p. A04 3422: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3261:September 14, 3257: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3109: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2769: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2723:September 19, 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495:Illicit trade 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396:Diss, Norfolk 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:exchange rate 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2185:due to their 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2160:Ghanaian cedi 2157: 2153: 2152: 2151:dollarisation 2149: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2066:region-coding 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021:copyright law 2018: 2010: 2000: 1997: 1989: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1963:This section 1961: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1779:United States 1778: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:New York City 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653:United States 1649: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508:profit motive 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1486:In the U.S., 1484: 1479: 1472:Illegal drugs 1471: 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