1554:. Since blackcurrant berries are a rich source of the vitamin, and blackcurrant plants are suitable for growing in the UK climate, the British Government encouraged their cultivation and soon the yield of the nation's crop increased significantly. From 1942 onwards, blackcurrant syrup was distributed free of charge to children under the age of two. This may have given rise to the lasting popularity of blackcurrant as a flavouring in Britain. In Britain the commercial crop is completely mechanised and about 1,400 hectares of the fruit are grown, mostly under contract to the juicing industry. Commercially, most large-scale cultivation of blackcurrants is done in eastern Europe for the juice and juice concentrate market. As of 2017, major cultivation efforts to improve fruit characteristics occurred in Scotland, New Zealand, and Poland.
562:
1713:
1735:
593:
581:
1757:
74:
950:
805:
pruning is to remove all weak shoots and those growing out sideways which may get weighed down when fruiting. The remaining branches should be thinned to remove old unproductive wood and to encourage new shoots. An established bush should not be allowed to become overcrowded and should have about one third of its main branches or stems removed each year. When harvesting by machine, plants with an upright growth habit are encouraged.
1022:. Cultivars produced include 'Tisel' and 'Tiben' in 2000 and 'Ores', 'Ruben' and 'Tines' in 2005. Further cultivars 'Polares' and 'Tihope' are being tested. Since 1991, New Zealand has become an important centre for research and development, as its temperate climate is particularly suitable for cultivation of the crop. Breeding programmes are concentrating on yield, large fruit size, consistency of cropping and upright habit.
844:). It causes a decline in yield and is quite widespread in Europe but is rarely encountered on other continents. Symptoms include a modification of leaf shape in summer and swollen buds ("big bud") in winter, each housing thousands of microscopic mites. As pest control has limited effectiveness, severely infected bushes should be destroyed. All new plants purchased should be certified as virus-free.
56:
681:
716:. On a garden scale the plants can be set at intervals of 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 ft) or they can be set in rows with planting intervals of 1.2 m (4 ft) and row separations of 2.5 m (8 ft) or more. In the UK, young bushes are generally planted deeper than their initial growing level to encourage new stems to grow from the base.
979:
was released in 1998 with increased tolerance to gall mite, and in the same year, 'Ben Gairn' became available. It shows resistance to the reversion virus. For gardeners and the pick-your-own market, 'Ben Sarek', 'Ben Connan' and 'Big Ben' were introduced and have large, sweet berries. The cultivars 'Ben Connan' and 'Big Ben' have gained the
998:). In Poland, the Research Institute of Horticulture has done work on improving the blackcurrant with regard to disease and pest resistance, fruit quality, adaptations to local conditions and mechanical harvesting. Researchers have crossed various varieties and introduced inter-specific genetic material from the gooseberry (
929:) lays its eggs on the underside of the leaves and the voracious larvae work their way along the shoots, stripping off leaf after leaf. In a serious attack, the bush can be denuded of leaves. Larvae of the currant borer drill their way along the centres of shoots, which wilt and die back. Other insect pests include
1036:
disease resistance, are more tolerant of adverse weather conditions and are suitable for machine harvesting. Two new releases from a black currant breeding program in
British Columbia, Canada, 'Blackcomb' and 'Tahsis', were selected for their immunity to white pine blister rust and their frost tolerance.
1573:
still exist as of August 2021. Since the
American federal ban curtailed currant production nationally for nearly a century, the fruit remains largely unknown in the United States and has yet to regain its previous popularity to levels enjoyed in Europe or New Zealand. Owing to its unique flavour
804:
Blackcurrant fruit is borne primarily on one-year-old shoots. Newly planted bushes should be pruned severely, cutting all shoots back to two buds above ground level. This gives the plant a chance to get properly established before needing to put its energy into producing fruit. The general rule when
1035:
and these show resistance to the disease. However the quality and yield of these varieties are poor as compared to non-resistant strains and only
Consort is reliably self-fertile. Back-crossing these varieties to a parent have produced new strains such as 'Titania' that have a higher yield, better
978:
identified genes involved in resistance to gall mite and the blackcurrant reversion virus. 'Ben Lomond' was the first of the 'Ben' varieties and was released in 1975. This was followed by several other cultivars for the juicing industry such as 'Ben Alder' and 'Ben Tirran'. The cultivar 'Ben Hope'
973:
was tasked with developing new varieties suitable for growing in the north of the country. They produced new cultivars that had greater cold tolerance, especially in the spring, ripened earlier and more evenly and had greater fungal disease resistance. Frost tolerance was improved by selecting for
818:
which direct the fruit into continuously moving trailers in the adjoining row. A modern machine can pick up to fifty tonnes of blackcurrants in a day using only one operator and two tractor drivers. The bins should be stored in a cool place. Some fruit is still picked by hand for use in the fresh
1651:
Blackcurrants are also used in savoury cooking. Their astringency creates added flavour in sauces, meats and other dishes. Blackcurrants are included in some unusual combinations of foods. They can be added to tomato and mint to make a salad. Blackcurrants may accompany roast beef, grilled lamb,
813:
On a garden scale, the berries should be picked when dry and ripe. Commercially, most harvesting is done mechanically by straddle harvesters. These move continually down the rows, straddling a row of bushes, shaking the branches and stripping off the fruit. The blackcurrants are placed into half
965:
of blackcurrant. 'Baldwin' was the mainstay of the industry for many years but it has now largely been superseded by more productive and disease-resistant varieties. During the 20th century in Europe, much hybridisation work has been carried out in order to reduce the plant's susceptibility to
864:. On the blackcurrant, it causes the leaves to become pale and later develop tiny orange pustules and sometimes a yellow filamentous coating on some leaves. The fruit crop is little affected but the leaves fall early and growth is slowed the following year. The other host is any of the
708:
of about 6 is ideal for blackcurrants and the ground can be limed if the soil is too acidic. Planting is usually done in the autumn or winter to allow the plants to become established before growth starts in the spring, but container-grown stock can be planted at any time of year.
518:, the fruit may not be able to develop and will fall prematurely. Frost can damage both unopened and open flowers when the temperature falls below −1.9 °C (28.6 °F). The flowers at the base of the strig are more protected by the foliage and are less likely to be damaged.
2190:
Nielsen, I. L.; Haren, G. R.; Magnussen, E. L.; Dragsted, L. O.; Rasmussen, S. E. (2003). "Quantification of anthocyanins in commercial black currant juices by simple high-performance liquid chromatography. Investigation of their pH stability and antioxidative potency".
759:
can be used but care should be taken as it often contains lime and blackcurrants prefer slightly acidic soils. The blackcurrant is a gross feeder and benefits from additional nitrogen, and phosphatic and potash fertilisers should also be applied annually. A balanced
2785:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
404:, but cold weather at flowering time during the spring may reduce the size of the crop. Bunches of small, glossy black fruit develop along the stems in the summer and can be harvested by hand or by machine.
561:
514:. In warm weather, this takes about 48 hours, but in cold weather, it may take a week, and by that time, the ovule may have passed the stage where it is receptive. If fewer than about 35 ovules are
696:
Blackcurrants can grow well on sandy or heavy loams, or forest soils, as long as their nutrient requirements are met. They prefer damp, fertile but not waterlogged ground and are intolerant of
1712:
1025:
In North
America, there is a need for this fruit to have resistance to white pine blister rust. New cultivars such as 'Crusader', 'Coronet' and 'Consort' have been developed there by crossing
1565:
industry. The federal ban on growing currants was shifted to the jurisdictions of individual states in 1966, and was lifted in New York State in 2003 through the efforts of horticulturist
1467:
1734:
1557:
Blackcurrants were once popular in the United States as well, but became less common in the 20th century after currant farming was banned in the early 1900s, when blackcurrants, as a
2764:
987:. and new varieties are being developed continually to improve frost tolerance, disease resistance, machine harvesting, fruit quality, nutritional content and fruit flavour.
792:
ounces) per plant. Weed growth can be suppressed with an organic mulch such as sawdust, bark, mushroom compost or straw, heavy plastic topped with an organic mulch cover or
923:
The blackcurrant leaf midge can cause browning, crimping and distortion of leaves at the tips of shoots but it is seldom a serious problem. The blackcurrant sawfly (
830:
plants are susceptible to several diseases and a number of insect pests. However, new varieties have been or are being developed to overcome some of these problems.
3625:
2949:
3687:
869:
675:
3210:
1626:, and many other sweet dishes. The exceptionally strong flavour can be moderated by combining it with other fruits, such as raspberries and strawberries in
868:, in which it causes serious disease and mortality for the North American species that have not co-evolved with the rust. As a result, the blackcurrant was
704:
during the flowering period may adversely affect the yield and cold winds may restrict the number of flying insects visiting and pollinating the flowers. A
1921:
397:
parts of central and northern Europe and northern Asia, where it prefers damp fertile soils. It is widely cultivated both commercially and domestically.
2441:
510:, but some pollen is distributed by the wind. A pollen grain landing on a stigma will germinate and send a slender pollen tube down the style to the
3573:
2378:
2295:
1973:
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3586:
2050:
2041:
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Two-year-old bushes are usually planted but strong one-year-old stock can also be used. Planting certified stock avoids the risk of introducing
3772:
3710:
2973:
2797:
3889:
2416:
1569:. As a result, currant growing is making a comeback in New York, Vermont, Connecticut, California, and Oregon. However, several statewide
3117:
2071:
3874:
3534:
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3165:
3055:
2792:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3879:
2481:
2756:
2408:
3864:
3007:
970:
2703:
3612:
3092:
2151:
Mcdougall, G. J.; Gordon, S.; Brennan, R.; Stewart, D. (2005). "Anthocyanin-flavanol condensation products from black currant (
1582:, awareness and popularity of blackcurrant is once again growing, with a number of consumer products entering the U.S. market.
614:
phytochemicals present in the fruit, seeds, and leaves are being investigated for their potential biological activities. Major
2526:
2911:
2279:
31:
3751:
1831:
In the
Netherlands, blackcurrants are used in a carbonated soft drink named "cassis", not to be confused with the alcoholic
592:
3643:
2811:
920:) is another disease of blackcurrants, but it is not usually a serious problem as most cultivars now have some resistance.
3674:
2046:
1839:
has been made since 1938 with blackcurrant juice concentrate as well as a small quantity of fermented blackcurrant juice.
1630:, or apples in crumbles and pies. The juice can be used in syrups and cordials. Blackcurrants are a common ingredient of
2752:
884:, some of which remain in force as of August 2021. The effectiveness of these restrictions is questionable, since other
2832:
Traitler, H.; Winter, H.; Richli, U.; Ingenbleek, Y. (1984). "Characterization of gamma-linolenic acid in Ribes seed".
3469:
3446:
980:
289:
2112:
Kapasakalidis, P. G.; Rastall, R. A.; Gordon, M. H. (2006). "Extraction of polyphenols from processed black currant (
3185:
2927:
3785:
2677:
1926:
990:
Varieties producing green fruit, less strongly flavoured and sweeter than typical blackcurrants, are cultivated in
631:
580:
3692:
2502:
957:; its berries lack the dark color and strong aroma typical of blackcurrant. This particular cultivar is 'Vertti'.
3218:
966:
disease and frost and also to increase yields. This effort centered mainly in
Scotland, Poland, and New Zealand.
623:
1602:. For culinary use, the fruit is usually cooked with sugar to produce a purée, which can then be passed through
3869:
3715:
2651:
3790:
279:
1809:
may be mixed with beer or alcoholic cider to make drinks including "cider and black", "lager and black", or "
764:
can be used and a 10-10-10 granular product can be spread around the bushes at the rate of 100 to 240 grams (
73:
3560:
1696:
847:
647:
3565:
3552:
1824:
may also be infused with blackcurrant leaves making a deep greenish-yellow beverage with a tart flavor and
3547:
3399:
2582:
1463:
837:
751:
An annual spring mulch of well rotted manure is ideal and poultry manure can also be used but needs prior
639:
415:. Blackcurrants can be eaten raw but are usually cooked in sweet or savoury dishes. They are used to make
3474:
2448:
525:, very dark purple in colour, almost black, with glossy skins and calyxes at the apex (the calyxes being
2386:
2303:
2028:
1981:
1558:
1325:
984:
873:
427:
and are grown commercially for the juice market. The fruit is also used to make alcoholic beverages and
177:
3591:
1454:
748:
is required for cell division and enlargement and is particularly important for young plants and buds.
472:
known as "strigs" up to 8 cm (3 in) long containing 10–20 flowers, each about 8 millimetres (
249:
3343:
Edible
Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits, Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants
2558:
1031:
3702:
3508:
3248:
1724:
1521:
1517:
1377:
1338:
833:
526:
1668:, and used to invigorate bananas and other tropical fruits. Blackcurrants can be combined with dark
1756:
1718:
1566:
3666:
3124:
2007:
1768:, juice drinks, and smoothies. In Britain, 95% of the blackcurrants grown are used to manufacture
3831:
3500:
2857:
1936:
1684:
1579:
1312:
1292:
1119:
975:
201:
68:
3823:
3777:
3157:
2977:
1832:
1786:
38:
3630:
3437:
1606:
to separate the juice. The purée can be used to make blackcurrant preserves and be included in
3736:
3482:
3347:
3161:
3051:
2907:
2849:
2803:
2793:
2477:
2275:
2232:
2208:
2172:
2133:
2094:
1810:
1777:
1390:
1207:
1000:
688:
Cultivation in Europe is thought to have started around the last decades of the 17th century.
655:
394:
3370:
3341:
2901:
3859:
3741:
2841:
2200:
2164:
2125:
2086:
1795:
1509:(12% DV each). Other nutrients are present in negligible amounts (less than 10% DV, table).
1224:
1014:
894:
793:
756:
949:
3723:
1948:
1700:
1688:
1590:
The fruit of blackcurrants when eaten raw has a strong, tart flavour. It can be made into
925:
815:
420:
382:
111:
2354:
2070:
Gopalan, A.; Reuben, S. C.; Ahmed, S.; Darvesh, A. S.; Hohmann, J.; Bishayee, A. (2012).
1466:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
876:
for much of the 20th century, and even after the federal ban was lifted in 1966, several
3764:
2324:
1912:
1854:, and the fruit is a source for a blue or violet dye resulting from its rich content of
3884:
3759:
3316:
3150:
3118:"New Nutrition Business, Japan makes a superfruit out of the humble blackcurrant, 2006"
2420:
1930:
1817:
1806:
1791:
1765:
1645:
1641:
1627:
1551:
1547:
905:
855:
522:
390:
98:
3383:
2876:
533:. An established bush can produce about 4.5 kilograms (10 pounds) of fruit each year.
3853:
2707:
1872:
1657:
1599:
1575:
1482:
299:
253:
193:
3096:
1632:
888:
species also host the disease, some are native to North
America, and others such as
736:
promotes growth of individual shoots and increases the weight of individual fruits;
3836:
3487:
2861:
1539:
1071:
930:
506:. The flowers open in succession from the base of the string and are mostly insect
401:
134:
3451:
3071:
2628:
Junnila, S.; et al. (1987). "A green-fruited blackcurrant variety 'Vertti'".
3653:
2607:
3813:
3679:
3661:
3599:
3431:
3270:
1855:
1781:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1055:
909:
901:
889:
741:
713:
615:
2787:
464:
lobes and a serrated margin. All parts of the plant are strongly aromatic. The
1867:
1836:
1825:
1665:
1653:
1607:
1364:
1241:
1190:
1005:
913:
877:
865:
761:
729:
611:
515:
507:
486:
with yellow glands, the five lobes of which are longer than the inconspicuous
412:
55:
3539:
3422:
728:
provides strong plant growth and stimulates the production of flower sprigs;
536:
Plants from
Northern Asia are sometimes distinguished as a separate variety,
17:
3521:
1847:
1843:
1799:
1683:
Japan imports US$ 3.6 million of New Zealand blackcurrants for uses as
1677:
1673:
1669:
1615:
1543:
1532:
1506:
1351:
1270:
1257:
737:
733:
680:
503:
499:
495:
408:
378:
3803:
3388:
2807:
2652:"The blackcurrant breeding program in Poland, aims and recent improvements"
2212:
2176:
2137:
2098:
2853:
2654:. Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland. Archived from
3798:
3461:
3416:
1661:
1173:
962:
725:
568:
442:
is a medium-sized shrub, growing to 1.5 by 1.5 metres (5 by 5 feet). The
124:
3728:
2204:
3578:
3495:
2903:
Welfare and Well Being: Richard Titmuss's Contribution to Social Policy
2845:
2090:
1820:, such as salted cucumbers, and berries for home winemaking. Sweetened
1692:
1619:
1562:
1486:
1153:
991:
954:
752:
745:
705:
697:
461:
2168:
2129:
3604:
1769:
1637:
1623:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1594:
and jellies which set readily because of the fruit's high content of
938:
724:
The blackcurrant requires a number of essential nutrients to thrive;
619:
572:
491:
469:
465:
443:
3393:
2655:
3291:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the gooseberry family Grossulariaceae
3617:
3526:
1821:
1755:
1570:
948:
934:
881:
860:
701:
679:
511:
487:
483:
424:
386:
154:
144:
85:
1561:
of white pine blister rust, were considered a threat to the U.S.
1816:
In Russia, blackcurrant leaves may be used for flavoring tea or
1502:
1403:
530:
3513:
3397:
1535:
of the leaves, bark or roots was used as a traditional remedy.
1851:
1656:
duck with blackcurrants was a delicacy in nineteenth century
1591:
1490:
1095:
744:
and helps increase yields through interaction with potassium;
428:
416:
2728:
814:
tonne bins and to minimise stoppage time, some machines have
858:
to complete its life cycle. One host is plants in the genus
2704:"Specialty Crop Profile: Ribes (Currants and Gooseberries)"
1891:
Same in many Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French
1743:(blackcurrant pie), a popular dessert in Lithuanian cuisine
1512:
Blackcurrant seed oil is rich in vitamin E and unsaturated
2757:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2684:. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
2474:
The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening
953:
Green currant is a variant of blackcurrant cultivated in
1828:
taste. The berries may be infused in a similar manner.
1497:, the raw fruit has high vitamin C content (218% of the
1018:). The resulting offspring were further back-crossed to
912:
may cause the fruit to rot in a wet season. Currant and
666:
The blackcurrant is native to northern Europe and Asia.
3095:. New Zealand Blackcurrant Co-Operative. Archived from
521:
In midsummer the strigs of green fruit ripen to edible
2988:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
3346:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 39.
1780:
blackcurrants are also the primary ingredient in the
3186:"Andy Hamilton's delicious homemade creme de cassis"
3031:
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1968).
1790:, which in turn is added to white wine to produce a
755:
with straw or other waste vegetable material. Spent
3406:
2237:
Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds
1772:(a brand of fruit juice whose name is derived from
1439:
1427:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1290:
1269:
1256:
1240:
1223:
1206:
1189:
1172:
1151:
1116:
1092:
1068:
1054:
1049:
3172:Scottish Crop Research Institute Ben blackcurrant.
3149:
2789:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2557:. Scottish Crop Research Institute. Archived from
732:aids growth, the setting of fruit and crop yield;
3048:Tender, vol.2: a cook's guide to the fruit garden
1302:
1163:
2706:. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Archived from
2327:. Department of Horticulture, Cornell University
1850:. The leaves can be extracted to yield a yellow
3008:"Blackcurrants nutrients hailed as opportunity"
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
482: in) in diameter. Each flower has a hairy
1935:Note that this website has been superseded by
1050:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3292:"Hero Cassis is Originally Brewed since 1938"
2678:"Blackcurrant breeding plots at Waipuna farm"
2550:Brennan, R. M.; Gordon, S. L.; Lanham, P. G.
2407:Hummer, Kim; Postman, Joseph (1 March 2000).
2385:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. Archived from
2302:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. Archived from
1980:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. Archived from
1493:(table). Per 100 g serving providing 63
8:
2521:
2519:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2226:
2224:
2222:
1044:
676:Blackcurrant production in the United States
3148:Cox, Kenneth; Curtis-Machin, Raoul (2008).
446:are alternate, simple, 3 to 5 centimetres (
3394:
2753:United States Food and Drug Administration
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2193:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2157:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2118:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1922:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1842:Blackcurrant seed oil is an ingredient in
1133:
1043:
908:can infect the leaves and shoot tips, and
54:
45:
3033:Home Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables
2355:"Organic Black Currant Production Manual"
2325:"Minor fruits: gooseberries and currants"
994:, where they are called "greencurrants" (
2645:
2643:
2442:"Which magazine: Blackcurrant reversion"
1846:preparations, often in combination with
836:is a serious disease transmitted by the
700:. Although the bushes are winter hardy,
2928:"US Agricultural Research Service Note"
2545:
2543:
2051:United States Department of Agriculture
2042:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1904:
1884:
1776:) and similar fruit syrups and juices.
1708:
557:
214:
2072:"The health benefits of blackcurrants"
1764:The juice forms the basis for various
1660:. They can provide a dipping sauce at
460:to 2 inches) broad and long with five
407:The raw fruit is particularly rich in
2986:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2948:Foderaro, Lisa W. (16 October 2003).
2002:
2000:
1998:
1481:Raw blackcurrants are 82% water, 15%
7:
3703:2c787e47-21a6-4aaa-aa82-04c331388d1c
2552:"Blackcurrant breeding and genetics"
2417:National Clonal Germplasm Repository
1550:, became difficult to obtain in the
3379:characteristics, cultivation, uses.
3317:"Hero 'THE ORIGINAL' Cassis 1,25 L"
3211:"Cider & Black Cocktail Recipe"
2702:Bratsch, Anthony; Williams, Jerry.
2505:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. 2009
2476:. Dorling Kindersley. p. 415.
2472:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1992).
2231:Doronina, A. Ju.; Terekhina, N. V.
1691:products and as quick-frozen (IQF)
3093:"Blackcurrants: Basics of cooking"
3050:. UK: Fourth Estate. p. 592.
25:
1695:for culinary production as jams,
3791:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:792873-1
2906:. The Policy Press. p. 85.
2900:Titmuss, Richard Morris (2001).
1733:
1711:
971:Scottish Crop Research Institute
591:
579:
560:
72:
3184:Hamilton, Andy (11 July 2012).
2814:from the original on 2024-05-09
2767:from the original on 2024-03-27
2529:. Blackcurrant Foundation. 2017
2360:. PEI Horticultural Association
2233:"Crops: European Black Currant"
1760:Ribena blackcurrant juice drink
658:– are among other polyphenols.
3006:Addy, Rod (9 September 2009).
2881:Botanical.com: A modern herbal
1652:duck, seafood and shellfish.
37:For blackcurrant liqueur, see
32:Black currant (disambiguation)
1:
2503:"The blackcurrant: Varieties"
2274:. Penguin. pp. 101–118.
2047:Agricultural Research Service
2010:. Royal Horticultural Society
2008:"Grow your own blackcurrants"
1574:and richness in polyphenols,
1501:, DV) and moderate levels of
1045:Currants, European black, raw
1012:) and the flowering currant (
2630:Annales Agriculturae Fenniae
2527:"A History of Blackcurrants"
2413:Currant and Gooseberry Pests
1462:Percentages estimated using
654:, which are retained in the
3890:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3389:The Blackcurrant Foundation
3241:"Snakebite Cocktail Recipe"
3156:. Frances Lincoln. p.
1664:. They can be blended with
1455:Link to USDA Database entry
981:Royal Horticultural Society
870:banned in the United States
692:Site selection and planting
3906:
3875:Fruits originating in Asia
3384:Berry Crops Grower's Guide
3152:Garden plants for Scotland
1927:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1805:In the UK, a blackcurrant
1060:264 kJ (63 kcal)
902:American gooseberry mildew
673:
36:
29:
2409:"Black Currant Gall Mite"
1461:
1451:
1447:
1423:
1415:
1286:
1282:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1112:
1108:
1088:
1084:
1064:
552:is considered a synonym.
333:(Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Jancz.
207:
200:
183:
176:
69:Scientific classification
67:
62:
53:
48:
3880:Plants described in 1753
2676:Langford, Geoff (2010).
1835:liqueur. The variety by
1741:Juodųjų serbentų pyragas
662:Distribution and habitat
529:), each containing many
3865:Flora of temperate Asia
3269:Boylan, Andrew (2007).
3245:Alex's cocktail recipes
3215:Alex's cocktail recipes
3035:. HMSO. pp. 16–23.
2682:Plant and food research
2270:Gilbert, E. G. (1970).
1640:-like dessert in North
1464:US recommendations
848:White pine blister rust
720:Manures and fertilizers
306:Botrycarpum obtusilobum
3371:PFAF Plant Database —
3046:Slater, Nigel (2010).
2729:"McGinnis Berry Crops"
1761:
1542:, most fruits rich in
1468:the National Academies
958:
945:Research and cultivars
854:) needs two alternate
838:blackcurrant gall mite
685:
3074:. Denmark-getaway.com
1759:
1138:Vitamins and minerals
985:Award of Garden Merit
952:
762:artificial fertilizer
683:
385:grown for its edible
3273:. Incredible Edibles
1725:The Blackcurrant Pie
1522:gamma-linolenic acid
1518:alpha-linolenic acid
880:continued their own
842:Cecidophyopsis ribis
740:is a constituent of
381:shrub in the family
30:For other uses, see
3340:Lim, T. K. (2012).
2875:Grieve, M. (1931).
2079:Food & Function
1719:Willem Claesz. Heda
1685:dietary supplements
1580:essential nutrients
1225:Pantothenic acid (B
1046:
974:late flowering and
918:Drepanopeziza ribis
898:were never banned.
852:Cronartium ribicola
684:Cultivated specimen
598:Close-up of berries
2954:The New York Times
2846:10.1007/BF02534727
2379:"Pest and Disease"
2272:Soft Fruit Growing
2091:10.1039/c2fo30058c
1937:World Flora Online
1762:
1429:Other constituents
959:
823:Diseases and pests
686:
217:Botrycarpum nigrum
3847:
3846:
3737:Open Tree of Life
3400:Taxon identifiers
3298:. 15 October 2020
2799:978-0-309-48834-1
2296:"Plant Nutrients"
2205:10.1021/jf034004+
2169:10.1021/jf0512095
2130:10.1021/jf052999l
1474:
1473:
1419:
1418:
1001:Ribes grossularia
656:juice concentrate
490:. There are five
369:), also known as
357:
356:
350:
342:
338:Ribes pauciflorum
334:
322:
310:
302:
292:
286:Ribes cyathiforme
282:
268:
256:
229:
225:Grossularia nigra
221:
16:(Redirected from
3897:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3682:
3680:NBNSYS0000003515
3670:
3669:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3395:
3358:
3357:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3271:"Currant, black"
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3247:. Archived from
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3217:. Archived from
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3123:. Archived from
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2950:"New York Times"
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2877:"Currant, black"
2872:
2866:
2865:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2447:. Archived from
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2419:. Archived from
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2383:The blackcurrant
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2300:The blackcurrant
2292:
2286:
2285:
2267:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1978:The blackcurrant
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1949:"Black currant:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1909:
1892:
1889:
1737:
1715:
1306:
1245:
1228:
1211:
1194:
1177:
1167:
1134:
1047:
1015:Ribes sanguineum
976:genetic research
895:Ribes uva-crispa
794:landscape fabric
791:
790:
786:
783:
777:
776:
772:
769:
757:mushroom compost
618:in blackcurrant
595:
583:
567:In mountains of
564:
547:
546:
494:surrounding the
481:
480:
476:
468:are produced in
459:
458:
454:
451:
348:
341:Turcz. ex Ledeb.
340:
332:
320:
308:
298:
288:
278:
266:
247:
237:
227:
219:
189:
77:
76:
58:
46:
21:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3870:Flora of Europe
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3724:Observation.org
3722:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3651:MichiganFlora:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3402:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3239:Schultz, Alex.
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3209:Schultz, Alex.
3208:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2768:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2608:"Blackcurrants"
2606:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2163:(20): 7878–85.
2150:
2149:
2145:
2124:(11): 4016–21.
2116:L.) residues".
2111:
2110:
2106:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1864:
1833:crème de cassis
1787:crème de cassis
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1689:functional food
1676:in traditional
1646:Danish cuisines
1588:
1530:
1479:
1457:
1452:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1307:
1277:
1264:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1139:
1128:
1123:
1104:
1099:
1080:
1075:
1042:
969:In Britain the
961:There are many
947:
926:Nematus ribesii
825:
816:cross conveyors
811:
802:
788:
784:
781:
779:
774:
770:
767:
765:
722:
694:
678:
672:
664:
609:
604:
603:
602:
599:
596:
587:
584:
575:
565:
538:
537:
478:
474:
473:
456:
452:
449:
447:
437:
383:Grossulariaceae
353:
346:Ribesium nigrum
235:
233:Ribes kolymense
213:
212:
196:
191:
185:
172:
145:Grossulariaceae
71:
42:
39:Crème de cassis
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:wfo-0000405161
3828:
3818:
3808:
3795:
3782:
3769:
3756:
3746:
3733:
3720:
3707:
3697:
3684:
3671:
3658:
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3596:
3583:
3570:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3505:
3492:
3479:
3466:
3456:
3443:
3428:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3366:
3365:External links
3363:
3360:
3359:
3353:978-9400740532
3352:
3332:
3308:
3283:
3261:
3231:
3201:
3176:
3167:978-0711226753
3166:
3140:
3109:
3084:
3063:
3057:978-0007325214
3056:
3038:
3023:
2998:
2965:
2940:
2919:
2912:
2892:
2867:
2824:
2798:
2777:
2744:
2733:Berrycrops.net
2720:
2694:
2668:
2639:
2620:
2599:
2574:
2539:
2515:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2433:
2399:
2370:
2337:
2316:
2287:
2280:
2249:
2218:
2199:(20): 5861–6.
2182:
2143:
2104:
2085:(8): 795–809.
2062:
2020:
1994:
1965:
1940:
1931:The Plant List
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1680:at Christmas.
1628:summer pudding
1587:
1584:
1552:United Kingdom
1529:
1526:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1038:
946:
943:
906:powdery mildew
874:disease vector
824:
821:
819:fruit market.
810:
807:
801:
798:
721:
718:
693:
690:
671:
668:
663:
660:
632:delphinidin-3-
624:delphinidin-3-
608:
607:Phytochemicals
605:
601:
600:
597:
590:
588:
585:
578:
576:
566:
559:
556:
555:
554:
550:R. cyathiforme
502:and two fused
436:
433:
355:
354:
352:
351:
343:
335:
323:
311:
303:
293:
283:
269:
257:
238:
236:(Trautv.) Kom.
230:
222:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
198:
197:
192:
181:
180:
174:
173:
169:R. nigrum
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3902:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3333:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3251:on 2013-01-31
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3221:on 2013-05-09
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3141:
3130:on 2010-05-14
3126:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3099:on 2013-06-05
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3072:"Danish food"
3067:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:(12): 923–8.
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2710:on 2013-09-09
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2658:on 2013-09-17
2657:
2653:
2650:Pluta, Stan.
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2587:'Ben Connan'"
2586:
2578:
2575:
2564:on 2015-09-24
2560:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:9780863189791
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2454:on 2019-08-17
2450:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2423:on 2012-09-26
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2389:on 2013-09-17
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2306:on 2013-09-17
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1984:on 2013-09-17
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1873:White currant
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
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1779:
1775:
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1742:
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1727:
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1720:
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1709:
1704:
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1698:
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1679:
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1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:dietary fibre
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:carbohydrates
1476:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1394:
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1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1368:
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1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1191:Riboflavin (B
1188:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:Carbohydrates
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:R. ussuriense
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
977:
972:
967:
964:
956:
951:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
931:scale insects
928:
927:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
822:
820:
817:
808:
806:
799:
797:
795:
763:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
710:
707:
703:
699:
691:
689:
682:
677:
669:
667:
661:
659:
657:
653:
651:
645:
643:
637:
635:
629:
627:
621:
617:
613:
606:
594:
589:
582:
577:
574:
570:
563:
558:
553:
551:
545:
541:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
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501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
471:
467:
463:
445:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:black currant
368:
367:
362:
347:
344:
339:
336:
331:
327:
324:
319:
315:
312:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
246:
242:
239:
234:
231:
226:
223:
220:(L.) A. Rich.
218:
215:
206:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
182:
179:
178:Binomial name
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
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129:
126:
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117:
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113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:Tracheophytes
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:Blackcurrant
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Black currant
3438:Ribes nigrum
3408:Ribes nigrum
3407:
3378:
3375:Blackcurrant
3373:Ribes nigrum
3372:
3342:
3335:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3295:
3286:
3275:. Retrieved
3264:
3253:. Retrieved
3249:the original
3244:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3214:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3190:The Guardian
3189:
3179:
3171:
3151:
3143:
3132:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3112:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3066:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2990:. Retrieved
2985:
2980:Ribes nigrum
2979:
2968:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2922:
2902:
2895:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:
2870:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2816:. Retrieved
2788:
2780:
2769:. Retrieved
2760:
2747:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:
2723:
2712:. Retrieved
2708:the original
2697:
2686:. Retrieved
2681:
2671:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:the original
2633:
2629:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2602:
2591:. Retrieved
2585:Ribes nigrum
2584:
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2531:. Retrieved
2507:. Retrieved
2473:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:the original
2412:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2382:
2373:
2362:. Retrieved
2329:. Retrieved
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2299:
2290:
2271:
2241:. Retrieved
2236:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2160:
2156:
2153:Ribes nigrum
2152:
2146:
2121:
2117:
2114:Ribes nigrum
2113:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2054:. Retrieved
2040:
2034:
2031:Ribes nigrum
2030:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1977:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1955:. NatureGate
1951:Ribes nigrum
1950:
1943:
1929:– via
1920:
1915:Ribes nigrum
1914:
1907:
1887:
1856:anthocyanins
1841:
1830:
1815:
1813:and black".
1804:
1785:
1774:Ribes nigrum
1773:
1763:
1740:
1723:
1682:
1672:or added to
1650:
1636:, a popular
1631:
1589:
1556:
1540:World War II
1537:
1531:
1516:, including
1511:
1495:kilocalories
1480:
1433:
1428:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1118:
1094:
1070:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:Ribes rubrum
1009:
999:
996:viherherukka
995:
989:
968:
960:
924:
922:
917:
900:
893:
890:red currants
885:
859:
851:
846:
841:
832:
827:
826:
812:
803:
750:
723:
711:
695:
687:
665:
649:
641:
633:
625:
616:anthocyanins
610:
549:
543:
540:Ribes nigrum
539:
535:
520:
440:Ribes nigrum
439:
438:
406:
402:winter hardy
399:
374:
370:
366:Ribes nigrum
365:
364:
361:blackcurrant
360:
358:
345:
337:
329:
326:Ribes nigrum
325:
317:
314:Ribes nigrum
313:
305:
296:Ribes olidum
295:
285:
275:
272:Ribes nigrum
271:
264:chlorocarpum
263:
260:Ribes nigrum
259:
245:chlorocarpum
244:
241:Ribes nigrum
240:
232:
224:
216:
187:Ribes nigrum
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
135:Saxifragales
118:
105:
92:
43:
3765:kew-2426569
3662:NatureServe
3600:iNaturalist
3432:Wikispecies
2415:. USDA/ARS
2239:. AgroAtlas
1974:"Flowering"
1608:cheesecakes
1514:fatty acids
1499:Daily Value
1174:Thiamine (B
916:leaf spot (
878:U.S. states
866:white pines
742:chlorophyll
670:Cultivation
652:-rutinoside
648:cyanidin-3-
640:cyanidin-3-
636:-rutinoside
548:, of which
435:Description
413:polyphenols
349:(L.) Medik.
330:pauciflorum
112:Angiosperms
3854:Categories
3821:WisFlora:
3760:Plant List
3326:2024-03-28
3302:2024-03-28
3277:2013-06-04
3255:2013-06-01
3225:2013-06-01
3195:2013-06-01
3134:2009-12-06
3103:2013-06-04
3078:2013-06-06
3017:2013-06-04
2992:2009-12-06
2974:USDA, NRCS
2959:2009-12-06
2934:2009-12-06
2913:1861342993
2886:2013-06-03
2818:2024-06-21
2771:2024-03-28
2738:2024-03-28
2714:2013-09-08
2688:2013-06-03
2662:2013-09-10
2636:: 278–283.
2614:2021-02-17
2593:2021-02-17
2568:2013-09-10
2533:2017-12-10
2509:2016-12-12
2458:2012-06-13
2427:2013-03-09
2393:2013-09-08
2364:2013-06-02
2331:2013-09-08
2310:2013-09-08
2281:1445512254
2243:2013-06-02
2056:2013-06-04
2014:2016-07-14
1988:2013-09-08
1959:2013-09-08
1899:References
1868:Jostaberry
1826:astringent
1798:to make a
1687:, snacks,
1678:mince pies
1666:mayonnaise
1654:Canvasback
1567:Greg Quinn
1546:, such as
1365:Phosphorus
1006:redcurrant
914:gooseberry
809:Harvesting
753:composting
730:phosphorus
674:See also:
644:-glucoside
628:-glucoside
612:Polyphenol
527:persistent
516:fertilised
508:pollinated
228:(L.) Rupr.
3566:241000646
3553:241000646
2035:sibiricum
1848:vitamin E
1844:cosmetics
1818:preserves
1811:snakebite
1800:Kir Royal
1796:champagne
1778:Macerated
1752:Beverages
1701:preserves
1674:mincemeat
1670:chocolate
1662:barbecues
1616:ice cream
1544:vitamin C
1533:Decoction
1507:manganese
1489:and 0.4%
1477:Nutrition
1378:Potassium
1352:Manganese
1339:Magnesium
1271:Vitamin E
1258:Vitamin C
1242:Vitamin B
1208:Niacin (B
1027:R. nigrum
1020:R. nigrum
963:cultivars
834:Reversion
738:magnesium
734:potassium
544:sibiricum
421:preserves
409:vitamin C
395:temperate
379:deciduous
318:europaeum
276:sibiricum
163:Species:
82:Kingdom:
3811:VASCAN:
3804:29100051
3799:Tropicos
3667:2.150329
3631:10588424
3618:792873-1
3459:BioLib:
3417:Wikidata
2976:(n.d.).
2812:Archived
2808:30844154
2765:Archived
2755:(2024).
2213:13129285
2177:16190645
2138:16719528
2099:22673662
1862:See also
1782:apéritif
1766:squashes
1658:New York
1620:desserts
1586:Culinary
1434:Quantity
1359:0.256 mg
1299:Quantity
1293:Minerals
1252:0.066 mg
1236:0.398 mg
1160:Quantity
1154:Vitamins
910:botrytis
726:nitrogen
569:Buryatia
389:. It is
202:Synonyms
141:Family:
125:Eudicots
63:Berries
3860:Berries
3579:2986192
3496:Ecocrop
3423:Q146604
3321:Hero.nl
3296:Hero.nl
2862:9631226
2854:6098796
1697:jellies
1693:produce
1633:rødgrød
1624:sorbets
1563:logging
1548:oranges
1538:During
1528:History
1487:protein
1411:0.27 mg
1333:1.54 mg
1313:Calcium
1202:0.05 mg
1185:0.05 mg
1120:Protein
1004:), the
992:Finland
955:Finland
939:earwigs
800:Pruning
787:⁄
773:⁄
746:calcium
714:viruses
706:soil pH
698:drought
586:Flowers
571:,
523:berries
504:carpels
492:stamens
477:⁄
470:racemes
466:flowers
462:palmate
455:⁄
387:berries
377:, is a
290:Pojark.
151:Genus:
131:Order:
86:Plantae
3773:PLANTS
3742:248647
3700:NZOR:
3540:173122
3514:583204
3475:473360
3452:219018
3350:
3164:
3054:
2930:. USDA
2910:
2860:
2852:
2834:Lipids
2806:
2796:
2480:
2278:
2211:
2175:
2155:L.)".
2136:
2097:
1807:squash
1794:or to
1770:Ribena
1728:(1641)
1642:German
1638:kissel
1612:yogurt
1604:muslin
1596:pectin
1559:vector
1391:Sodium
1385:322 mg
1265:181 mg
1219:0.3 mg
1079:15.4 g
1056:Energy
935:aphids
702:frosts
646:, and
620:pomace
573:Russia
496:stigma
488:petals
444:leaves
425:syrups
423:, and
400:It is
391:native
375:cassis
321:Jancz.
300:Moench
280:W.Wolf
254:Rehder
243:forma
3885:Ribes
3749:PFI:
3711:NZPCN
3693:78511
3644:24488
3626:IRMNG
3605:54430
3592:31845
3535:EUNIS
3527:RIBNI
3488:4SYG6
3462:39405
3128:(PDF)
3121:(PDF)
3012:Nutra
2858:S2CID
2610:. RHS
2589:. RHS
2562:(PDF)
2555:(PDF)
2452:(PDF)
2445:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
2033:var.
1879:Notes
1822:vodka
1485:, 1%
1440:Water
1372:59 mg
1346:24 mg
1320:55 mg
1127:1.4 g
1103:0.4 g
1029:with
886:Ribes
872:as a
861:Ribes
856:hosts
828:Ribes
542:var.
531:seeds
512:ovule
500:style
484:calyx
328:var.
316:var.
274:var.
267:Späth
262:var.
250:Späth
156:Ribes
119:Clade
106:Clade
93:Clade
3824:4813
3814:6077
3786:POWO
3778:RINI
3752:1872
3729:7316
3716:2887
3688:NCBI
3654:1419
3639:ITIS
3613:IPNI
3587:GRIN
3574:GBIF
3522:EPPO
3501:9282
3470:BOLD
3447:APNI
3348:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3052:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2850:PMID
2804:PMID
2794:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2209:PMID
2173:PMID
2134:PMID
2095:PMID
1837:Hero
1644:and
1600:acid
1598:and
1592:jams
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