608:
400:
562:
583:
538:
for the species. Increases in drought and the draining of wetlands in the name of farming, dam construction or irrigation projects have led to the destruction of these ecosystems. Furthermore, fragmented wetlands result in reduced movement of aquatic mammals and therefore limits Black crowned crane food availability. The negative effects of habitat degradation on black crowned crane populations are further aggravated by the hunting, capturing or trade of these birds which have claimed much of their remaining wild populations.
516:, and small reptiles. They will be mostly resident to wetlands except during the dry season and will sometimes forage in short and dry grasses or in upland areas by livestock where insect numbers are high. Black crowned cranes may also forage in croplands and feed on rice, corn, teff, millet, chickpea, and lentil. They will seldom dig for food but rather will peck at it off surfaces. As an alternative to digging, they might stomp their feet to disturb and reveal invertebrates in the soil.
529:
nesting sites accordingly with the season. Clutch sizes for the black crowned crane are made up of 1 to 3 eggs, which will be 122–168 g (4.3–5.9 oz) in mass. Incubation of eggs will be performed by both males and females and will last 28–31 days. Males are known to stand guard by the nest in nearby trees, prepared to signal a threat, as females forage. Chicks will forage with their parents in grassland areas the day after hatching. Fledging takes place between 60–100 days.
108:
38:
234:
525:
numbers will peak in the dry season where flocks may include several hundred individuals. They gather in this way before the next breeding season commences, which allows for juvenile cranes to merge with other young flocks that have not yet reached the first breeding age of 3–5 years. In the breeding season, Black crowned cranes are usually found in pairs but are also observed in groups of up to 20 individuals.
66:
574:
1521:
418:, hanging underneath their chins. Their long legs and their toes are black, and they possess a long hind toe that allows them to grasp onto perches. The black crowned crane also has large red cheek patches just behind its eye that differ in size between its two subspecies; the West African black crowned crane (
537:
Currently, the black crowned crane is listed as a
Vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, with a population of 28 000—47 000 individuals remaining. Black crowned cranes face major conservation threats due to the degradation of wetlands which act as the principal breeding, feeding and roosting sites
410:
The black crowned crane can measure up to 105 cm (41 in) in length, weigh between 3,000–4,000 g (110–140 oz) and has a wingspan of 180–200 cm (71–79 in). Naturally, it is characterized by its dark slate-grey to black plumage, and it has stiff golden feathers at the top
524:
Breeding may occur from May to
December for the West African black crowned crane and from July to January for the Sudan black crowned crane. The margins for breeding time are wide as breeding success is dependent on the wet and dry seasons and the suitability of the environment. Black crowned crane
468:
528:
Nests (base of 69–109 mm x 71–140 mm diameters) are built within or on the edges of dense wetlands and are constructed with grasses and sedges modified into circular platforms. Due to their opportunistic nature regarding food availability and shelter, Black crowned cranes may alter their
442:
savanna regions of Africa, occupying open areas such as grasslands, shallow wetlands, marshes, as well as the margins of lakes and rivers. It is also known to roost in trees. Its range extends from the
Senegal Basin and Guinea-Bissau Drainage in West Africa to the
927:
Aticho, Abebayehu; Gemeda, Dessalegn Obsi; Feyssa, Debela Hunde; Jiru, Dereje Bekele; Beyene, Abebe; Seyoum, Dinberu; Snelder, Denyse J.; Feyisa, Gudina Legese; Aynalem, Shimelis; Archibald, George; Gutema, Tariku
Mekonnen (2018).
471:
476:
474:
470:
469:
607:
475:
426:) has red extending to the upper half as well. Male black crowned cranes are larger but are otherwise indistinguishable from females. Juveniles are mostly grey with a brown crown and a nape, grey to brown body.
473:
399:
283:
of sub-Saharan Africa during the wet season, which act as its principal breeding, feeding and roosting sites although it can also be found foraging in grasslands and near croplands of dry
970:
1057:"Biology and Ecology of Cranes: Wattled Cranes (Grus carunculatus), Blackcrowned Cranes (Balearica pavonina), and Eurasian Cranes (Grus grus) at Lake Tana, Ethiopia"
1714:
853:
Archibald, G.W.; Meine, C.D.; Kirwan, G.M.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
1766:
411:
of its head which make up its crown. Each golden bristle-like feather is a spiral that is white on one side and brown on the other with black at the very tip.
561:
472:
1124:
Aticho, Abebayehu; Beyene, Abebe; Zelelew, Shimelis
Aynalem; Puok, Changkuoth; Morrison, Kerryn; Gutema, Tariku Mekonnen; Chala, Desalegn (1 June 2024).
582:
1859:
1688:
1727:
820:
812:
808:
1879:
414:
Other distinct features of these birds include the white feathers on the upper section of their wings and the small pouch of red skin, the
981:
492:
Black crowned crane vocalization is characterized as generally low-pitched and mellow “honk” and “ka-wonk ka-wonk ka-wonk” expressions.
712:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1228:
1176:
1184:
930:"Assessment of black crowned crane and wattled crane population and spatiotemporal distribution in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia"
1874:
1592:
1675:
304:
223:
1732:
337:
who in 1751 had included a description and a hand-colour etching of the "Crowned
African Crane" in the fourth volume of his
500:
Black crowned cranes are generalist feeders, with a diet consisting of insects like grasshoppers, locust, and flies; other
1753:
1511:
1869:
746:
334:
1823:
769:
107:
1771:
352:
330:
1578:
1613:
1540:
279:. It is topped with its characteristic bristle-feathered golden crown. It is usually found in the shallow
1792:
1221:
202:
1075:
659:
592:
1662:
1605:
1137:
1087:
941:
773:
755:. Vol. 4. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 192, Plate 192.
444:
296:
55:
854:
1864:
1458:
1292:
1126:"Uncovering extensive populations of the 'threatened' Black Crowned Cranes in Gambella, Ethiopia"
906:
870:
342:
276:
241:
102:
70:
1797:
1719:
1206:
1017:"Effects of habitat loss and human influence on the survival of black-crowned cranes in Africa"
1745:
1636:
1418:
1363:
1155:
1103:
816:
448:
1478:
1344:
1249:
1214:
1145:
1095:
1028:
949:
862:
715:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 141.
654:
46:
37:
1818:
1618:
1779:
1241:
726:
309:
1141:
1091:
945:
636:
380:
Mitchell, PC, 1904 – southwest Chad to west
Ethiopia to northwest Kenya and north Uganda
233:
1499:
1428:
1353:
1328:
1201:
597:
1853:
1740:
1408:
1056:
1016:
874:
777:
706:
645:
387:
323:
300:
219:
75:
20:
1836:
1099:
750:
730:
422:) has red on the lower half of its cheek patch while the Sudan black crowned crane (
366:
is Latin meaning "peacock-like" or "patterned or coloured like the peacock’s tail".
1525:
1448:
1438:
1399:
1253:
1237:
573:
501:
318:
169:
1680:
1641:
1628:
710:
1189:
1033:
1810:
1758:
1701:
1572:
1373:
1150:
1125:
954:
929:
735:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 154.
1831:
1468:
1245:
509:
370:
159:
1563:
1159:
1107:
1273:
513:
481:
415:
347:
179:
119:
866:
681:
333:
as Africa. Linnaeus cited earlier authors including the
English naturalist
1784:
1557:
505:
139:
1693:
1600:
910:
894:
547:
284:
280:
272:
971:"Wetland habitats for black crowned cranes in West and Central Africa"
1587:
1383:
129:
1654:
1534:
1805:
1706:
1649:
466:
439:
435:
398:
356:
314:
92:
86:
1667:
149:
1538:
1210:
1074:
Beilfuss, Richard D; Dodman, Tim; Urban, Emil K (June 2007).
978:
Proceedings 1993 African Crane and
Wetland Training Workshop
778:"Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin"
341:. The black crowned crane is now placed together with the
459:
is found in the east with the greatest numbers in Sudan.
362:
meaning "of the Balearic Islands". The specific epithet
1509:
1185:
International Crane Foundation's Black crowned crane
1015:
Meles, Seyoum Kiros; Gemeda, Dessalegn Obsi (2019).
351:
that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist
1547:
1397:
1342:
1319:
1310:
1270:
1261:
1177:BirdLife Species Factsheet - Black Crowned-crane
888:
886:
884:
660:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692039A93334339.en
313:. He placed it with the cranes and herons in the
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
546:The black crowned crane is the national bird of
1021:Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
455:occupies the western part of this range, while
1119:
1117:
922:
920:
550:, and is often regarded as a symbol of peace.
1222:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
8:
805:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
434:The black crowned crane is found across the
877:– via The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1535:
1316:
1267:
1229:
1215:
1207:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
855:"Black Crowned-Crane (Balearica pavonina)"
232:
64:
36:
27:
1149:
1061:Proceedings of the VIIth Crane Conference
1032:
953:
658:
1076:"The status of cranes in Africa in 2005"
1516:
624:
557:
1055:Aynalem, S.; Nowald, G.; Schröder, W.
630:
628:
807:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
784:. International Ornithologists' Union
764:
762:
275:, along with its sister species, the
7:
390:, 1758) – Senegal and Gambia to Chad
752:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
646:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
339:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
1498:15 living species in four genera (
299:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
14:
1860:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1519:
782:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
732:Check-List of Birds of the World
606:
581:
572:
560:
106:
1130:Global Ecology and Conservation
1100:10.2989/OSTRICH.2007.78.2.11.91
934:Global Ecology and Conservation
635:BirdLife International (2016).
533:Conservation status and threats
1:
1034:10.15243/jdmlm.2019.063.1705
895:"The African Crowned Cranes"
295:The black crowned crane was
1880:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1151:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02897
955:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00459
457:Balearica pavonina ceciliae
453:Balearica pavonina pavonina
424:Balearica pavonine ceciliae
420:Balearica pavonina pavonina
405:Balearica pavonina ceciliae
1896:
803:Jobling, James A. (2010).
271:) is a part of the family
18:
1496:
893:Walkinshaw, L.H. (1964).
355:. The genus name is from
247:
240:
231:
208:
201:
103:Scientific classification
101:
84:
62:
53:
45:A black crowned crane at
44:
35:
30:
980:: 99–101. Archived from
776:, eds. (December 2023).
653:: e.T22692039A93334339.
430:Habitat and distribution
353:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
1875:Birds described in 1758
969:Tréca, Bernard (1993).
480:Black crowned crane at
867:10.2173/bow.blccra1.01
484:
407:
1793:Paleobiology Database
479:
402:
682:"Appendices | CITES"
329:. He specified the
31:Black crowned crane
19:For other uses, see
1441:or Eurasian crane (
1283:Black crowned crane
1198:Cranes of the World
1142:2024GEcoC..5102897A
1092:2007Ostri..78..175B
987:on 16 October 2020.
946:2018GEcoC..1600459A
899:The Wilson Bulletin
445:Ethiopian Highlands
263:black crowned crane
253:Linnaeus, 1758
56:Conservation status
1870:Birds of the Sahel
1837:Balearica-pavonina
1593:balearica-pavonina
1579:Balearica pavonina
1549:Balearica pavonina
1459:Black-necked crane
1293:Grey crowned crane
1192:Balearica pauonina
1179:Balearica pavonina
913:– via JSTOR.
859:Birds of the World
772:; Donsker, David;
639:Balearica pavonina
589:Balearica pavonina
508:, millipedes, and
485:
408:
343:grey crowned crane
297:formally described
277:grey crowned crane
268:Balearica pavonina
212:Balearica pavonina
1847:
1846:
1541:Taxon identifiers
1507:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1419:Red-crowned crane
1364:White-naped crane
1306:
1305:
822:978-1-4081-2501-4
774:Rasmussen, Pamela
727:Peters, James Lee
477:
259:
258:
96:
79:
1887:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1759:NHMSYS0020322342
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1606:31413BFF6469FEB6
1596:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1479:Demoiselle crane
1317:
1313:(typical cranes)
1268:
1264:(crowned cranes)
1231:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1027:(3): 1705–1711.
1012:
989:
988:
986:
975:
966:
960:
959:
957:
924:
915:
914:
890:
879:
878:
850:
827:
826:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
766:
757:
756:
743:
737:
736:
723:
717:
716:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
662:
632:
610:
601:
585:
576:
564:
478:
451:in East Africa.
403:Side profile of
373:are recognised:
254:
236:
214:
194:B. pavonina
111:
110:
90:
73:
68:
67:
47:Philadelphia Zoo
40:
28:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1780:Observation.org
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1543:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1500:List of species
1488:
1393:
1338:
1333:L. leucogeranus
1312:
1302:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1235:
1190:Crowned Crane (
1173:
1168:
1167:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1014:
1013:
992:
984:
973:
968:
967:
963:
926:
925:
918:
892:
891:
882:
852:
851:
830:
823:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
768:
767:
760:
747:Edwards, George
745:
744:
740:
725:
724:
720:
705:
704:
700:
690:
688:
680:
679:
675:
665:
663:
634:
633:
626:
621:
614:
611:
602:
595:
586:
577:
568:
565:
556:
544:
535:
522:
498:
490:
467:
465:
447:and South-West
432:
397:
322:and coined the
310:Systema Naturae
293:
252:
227:
216:
210:
197:
105:
97:
80:
69:
65:
58:
49:, Pennsylvania
24:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1584:
1569:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1463:G. nigricollis
1456:
1446:
1436:
1429:Whooping crane
1426:
1416:
1413:G. carunculata
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1354:Sandhill crane
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:Siberian crane
1325:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:Paul Johnsgard
1187:
1182:
1172:
1171:External links
1169:
1166:
1165:
1113:
1086:(2): 175–184.
1066:
1040:
990:
961:
916:
905:(4): 355–377.
880:
828:
821:
795:
758:
738:
729:, ed. (1934).
718:
707:Linnaeus, Carl
698:
673:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
605:
603:
587:
580:
578:
571:
569:
566:
559:
555:
552:
543:
540:
534:
531:
521:
518:
497:
494:
489:
486:
464:
461:
431:
428:
396:
393:
392:
391:
384:B. p. pavonina
381:
378:B. p. ceciliae
335:George Edwards
327:Ardea pavonina
292:
289:
257:
256:
250:Ardea pavonina
245:
244:
238:
237:
229:
228:
217:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
99:
98:
85:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1892:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:G. japonensis
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:Wattled crane
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:A. canadensis
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
991:
983:
979:
972:
965:
962:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
829:
824:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
783:
779:
775:
771:
765:
763:
759:
754:
753:
748:
742:
739:
734:
733:
728:
722:
719:
714:
713:
708:
702:
699:
687:
683:
677:
674:
661:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
640:
631:
629:
625:
618:
609:
604:
599:
594:
590:
584:
579:
575:
570:
563:
558:
553:
551:
549:
541:
539:
532:
530:
526:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:invertebrates
495:
493:
487:
483:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
406:
401:
394:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
358:
354:
350:
349:
345:in the genus
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:type locality
328:
325:
324:binomial name
321:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
305:tenth edition
302:
301:Carl Linnaeus
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:
264:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
235:
230:
225:
221:
215:
213:
207:
204:
203:Binomial name
200:
196:
195:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
100:
94:
88:
83:
77:
72:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
21:Crowned crane
1548:
1531:
1482:
1473:G. paradisea
1472:
1462:
1452:
1449:Hooded crane
1442:
1439:Common crane
1433:G. americana
1432:
1422:
1412:
1398:
1388:A. rubicunda
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1343:
1332:
1321:Leucogeranus
1320:
1297:B. regulorum
1296:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1262:Balearicinae
1197:
1191:
1178:
1133:
1129:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1060:
1024:
1020:
982:the original
977:
964:
937:
933:
902:
898:
858:
804:
798:
786:. Retrieved
781:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
689:. Retrieved
685:
676:
664:. Retrieved
650:
644:
638:
593:Zoo d'Amiens
588:
545:
536:
527:
523:
499:
491:
488:Vocalization
456:
452:
433:
423:
419:
413:
409:
404:
383:
377:
368:
363:
359:
346:
338:
326:
317:
308:
294:
267:
266:
262:
260:
249:
248:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
25:
1702:iNaturalist
1573:Wikispecies
1378:A. antigone
1374:Sarus crane
1287:B. pavonina
770:Gill, Frank
666:18 November
596: [
510:crustaceans
449:Rift Valley
395:Description
1854:Categories
1832:Xeno-canto
1469:Blue crane
1453:G. monacha
1246:Gruiformes
1136:: e02897.
940:: e00459.
691:14 January
619:References
542:In culture
514:amphibians
371:subspecies
360:Baliaricus
160:Gruiformes
89:Appendix I
71:Vulnerable
1865:Balearica
1274:Balearica
1160:2351-9894
1108:0030-6525
875:240750003
686:cites.org
567:In flight
482:Loga Park
416:gular sac
348:Balearica
188:Species:
181:Balearica
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
1806:Species+
1746:22692039
1720:10197120
1668:45515093
1619:22692039
1614:BirdLife
1558:Wikidata
1483:G. virgo
1368:A. vipio
1345:Antigone
749:(1751).
709:(1758).
520:Breeding
512:; fish,
506:molluscs
463:Behavior
388:Linnaeus
364:pavonina
291:Taxonomy
281:wetlands
242:Synonyms
220:Linnaeus
166:Family:
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1694:5228232
1655:blccra1
1629:blccra1
1601:Avibase
1564:Q379761
1443:G. grus
1311:Gruinae
1254:Gruidae
1248:·
1138:Bibcode
1088:Bibcode
1080:Ostrich
942:Bibcode
911:4159328
788:25 July
554:Gallery
548:Nigeria
504:, like
307:of his
303:in the
285:savanna
273:Gruidae
176:Genus:
170:Gruidae
156:Order:
146:Class:
91: (
74: (
1798:400256
1733:176194
1676:EURING
1588:ARKive
1512:Portal
1384:Brolga
1250:family
1238:Cranes
1158:
1106:
909:
873:
819:
613:Eating
1785:72715
1772:30414
1715:IRMNG
1681:30600
1650:eBird
1626:BOW:
1526:Birds
1242:order
1200:, by
1196:from
985:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
907:JSTOR
871:S2CID
600:]
440:Sudan
436:Sahel
357:Latin
319:Ardea
315:genus
93:CITES
87:CITES
1824:2572
1811:3929
1767:NCBI
1741:IUCN
1728:ITIS
1689:GBIF
1642:KGTM
1400:Grus
1156:ISSN
1104:ISSN
817:ISBN
790:2024
693:2022
668:2021
651:2016
496:Diet
438:and
369:Two
261:The
224:1758
150:Aves
1819:TSA
1754:NBN
1663:EoL
1637:CoL
1146:doi
1096:doi
1029:doi
950:doi
863:doi
813:294
655:doi
591:in
1856::
1834::
1821::
1808::
1795::
1782::
1769::
1756::
1743::
1730::
1717::
1707:50
1704::
1691::
1678::
1665::
1652::
1639::
1616::
1603::
1590::
1575::
1560::
1252::
1244::
1154:.
1144:.
1134:51
1132:.
1128:.
1116:^
1102:.
1094:.
1084:78
1082:.
1078:.
1059:.
1043:^
1023:.
1019:.
993:^
976:.
948:.
938:16
936:.
932:.
919:^
903:76
901:.
897:.
883:^
869:.
861:.
857:.
831:^
815:.
811:,
809:66
780:.
761:^
684:.
649:.
643:.
627:^
598:fr
287:.
222:,
1514::
1502:)
1485:)
1481:(
1475:)
1471:(
1465:)
1461:(
1455:)
1451:(
1445:)
1435:)
1431:(
1425:)
1421:(
1415:)
1411:(
1390:)
1386:(
1380:)
1376:(
1370:)
1366:(
1360:)
1356:(
1335:)
1331:(
1299:)
1295:(
1289:)
1285:(
1256:)
1240:(
1230:e
1223:t
1216:v
1194:)
1162:.
1148::
1140::
1110:.
1098::
1090::
1063:.
1037:.
1031::
1025:6
958:.
952::
944::
865::
825:.
792:.
695:.
670:.
657::
641:"
637:"
386:(
265:(
226:)
218:(
95:)
78:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
