44:
202:
648:, where the queen will mate with multiple drones, usually about 10-20 times in total. Due to the large amount of mating, queens must expel any excess semen. Excessive mating puts females at increased risk to predation since it must occur during flight and outside the nest in the open air. She is also at risk for sexually transmitted diseases and injury from unexpected inclement weather. Some Apis males put a "mating sign" in the sting chamber of the queen that she is unable to remove. This prevents her from avoiding unwanted
69:
408:
nests are made of a single comb found hanging from small twigs in quiet forests, generally in darker areas where there is 25 to 30% of normal sunlight. This type of nest is called an open-air nest. They are commonly found hanging in small trees, shrubs, or bushes are usually hidden behind leaves or
541:
occurs, which prevents workers from laying their own eggs and helps maintain the dominance hierarchy. After the loss of a queen, workers will first try to rear a new queen using royal jelly. If this fails, worker policing will decrease and workers will activate their ovaries in order to rear more
524:
must be fed to the female larva. In cases of an unexpected loss of a queen, royal jelly is fed to a female worker larva to create a new emergency queen. Although emergency queen rearing is possible, most often, the loss of a queen results in the dispersal of a colony. If a queen becomes separated
442:
While creating the nest, plant resin is placed along the supporting branch and around the edges of the nest. This acts as a barrier against small insects, like ants, that may try to enter the nest. The major location of honey storage can be found in the area above and surrounding the branch. The
502:
is considered a lowland species because they are most commonly found in elevations below 1,000 m, although they may migrate to higher elevations during rainy seasons. Similarly, they are found in tropical and subtropical regions, while cavity-dwelling honey bees can be found in colder climates.
619:
Different types of honey bees may use different types of dances to communicate with their hive. Most cavity-dwelling species use vertical waggle dances, while open-air nesters do not perform a gravity oriented waggle dance and instead perform a horizontal dance. The shape of the nest creates a
443:
entire area below the honey storage and branch is the brood area, where larva development occurs. Along the top of the brood area is the location of pollen storage. Drone development occurs in the cells toward the bottom of the nest, while queen cells can be found protruding vertically.
656:, suggesting that queens have control over the number of mates they copulate with. Although there is a lot of risk to the queen, benefits may arise from the increased genetic diversity within the colony. Genetic diversity can lead to increased resistance to disease and illnesses.
525:
from her hive, the workers will leave the nest to search for her. Finding and joining a queen is an innate response for workers. The workers' strong attraction to queens is seen when a queen is lost, after a hive disruption by a predator, and during colony migration.
1339:
Wongvilas, Sitthipong; Higgs, Jessica S.; Beekman, Madeleine; Wattanachaiyingcharoen, Wandee; Deowanish, Sureerat; Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2010-03-03). "Lack of interspecific parasitism between the dwarf honeybees Apis andreniformis and Apis florea".
562:
may attempt to lay their own eggs in order to continue propagating their species, an action known as reproductive parasitism. In a study conducted by
Sitthipong Wongvilas et al., they found that most eggs laid by the non-natal
498:. Although they are sympatrically distributed, it is uncommon to have nests of different species in the same tree or bush. Each species tends to be found closer to nests of its own species rather than its sister species.
359:, the first two abdominal segments are reddish brown and their scutellum is black, though there is some variation that makes color unreliable. Another distinguishing factor is the presence of black hairs on the tibia of
1282:
Wongvilas, S.; Deowanish, S.; Lim, J.; Xie, V. R. D.; Griffith, O. W.; Oldroyd, B. P. (2010-02-27). "Interspecific and conspecific colony mergers in the dwarf honey bees Apis andreniformis and A. florea".
339:, but recent studies have noted morphological differences that have separated the two. Some distinctions include: structural differences in the endophalli, a larger wing venation in
247:. Until recently, however, the actual identity of the species was poorly understood. It was not recognized as its own species, but was instead considered to be a part of the species
1729:
435:—along with a relatively flat line of nectar cells along the top, creates a plateau above the nest that can be used as a stage for their communication method known as the
1506:
1647:
1041:
Wongsiri, S.; Lekprayoon, C.; Thapa, R.; Thirakupt, K.; Rinderer, T. E.; Sylvester, H. A.; Oldroyd, B. P.; Booncham, U. (1997-01-01). "Comparative biology of
1608:
1634:
628:
that the forager has visited. Since the dance of other Apis species is vertical, it is not actually directed towards the food source, as it is in
43:
603:
are not caste-determining like it is in other honey bees. As stated previously, the presence of royal jelly on young female larva produced the
1202:
900:
Rattanawannee, Atsalek; Chanchao, Chanpen; Wongsiri, Siriwat (2007-12-01). "Morphometric and genetic variation of small dwarf honeybees
409:
branches to avoid detection. They are usually built between 1 and 15 meters from the ground, though the average altitude is 2.5 m. The
1724:
620:
platform above the nest that can be used as a stage for communication. The dance is a straight run pointing directly to the source of
753:
have been found in hive debri of A. mellifera colonies it has not yet been confirmed to parasitize on them. The two species of
542:
drones before the colony dies. It is also possible for queenless colonies to adopt a queen from a related species, specifically
668:
has shown a lack of recognition for its own species and nestmates. This has been shown in studies where queenless colonies of
191:
55:
1639:
68:
397:
Within the species, queens can typically be distinguished from workers and drones by their near entire black coloration.
254:
Recent studies have highlighted notable differences between the bees and have thus separated them into distinct species.
1719:
331:
species by noting their dark black coloration, making them the darkest of their genus. Originally, it was thought that
1569:
1386:
Plettner, E.; et al. (23 September 1996). "Species- and caste-determined mandibular gland signals in honeybees".
1225:"Comparative nestmate recognition in Asian honey bees, Apis florea, Apis andreniformis, Apis dorsata, and Apis cerana"
352:
1652:
1430:
Oldroyd, Benjamin; et al. (9 August 1996). "Polyandry in the genus Apis, particularly Apis andreniformis".
599:
queens have similar chemical signals as their workers. Chemical signals secreted from the mandibular gland in
1560:
1131:
Raffiudin, Rika; Crozier, Ross H. (2007-05-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of honey bee behavioral evolution".
595:
Unlike cavity-dwelling honey bees whose queen has a distinct chemical signal from that of the worker bees,
1522:
1714:
1574:
1500:
1095:
Rinderer, Thomas; et al. (19 March 1996). "Comparative nest architecture of the dwarf honey bees".
201:
175:
704:
does not. However, when a queen is present, worker bees do not reproduce and parasitism is turned off.
1691:
1224:
996:"A scientific note on a genetically-determined color morph of the dwarf honey bee, Apis andreniformis"
948:
816:
1595:
785:, honey, and bee venoms. Additionally, they are important for the pollination of flowers and plants.
741:
649:
645:
579:
workers policed non-natal larvae, thereby preventing interspecies parasitism. Queenright colonies of
413:
typically ranges from 70 to 90 mm in size. This nest is distinct from other Apis species, like
415:
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1308:
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1007:
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831:
266:
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538:
152:
1399:
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Honey bees, as a whole, tend to provide many useful products for human consumption. For
676:
without facing aggression upon their initial arrival. Similarly, queenless colonies of
431:
232:
995:
994:
Higgs, Jessica S.; Wattanachaiyingcharoen, Wandee; Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2009-07-01).
554:, even those belonging to other species in the same genera. Once inside the colony of
347:. Additionally, there are slight color variations between the two species. In typical
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371:
286:
274:
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17:
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1062:
436:
425:
278:
243:
1587:
866:"Family Apidae - Cuckoo, Carpenter, Digger, Bumble, and Honey Bees - BugGuide.Net"
419:, who build their nests inside of cavities. This open-air structure—found also in
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1554:
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608:
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491:
249:
120:
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was the fifth honey bee species to be described of the seven known species of
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in a queenless nest because they have recognition and kin selection, while
1665:
1443:
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as well, but their policing on non-natal larvae has not yet been studied.
1539:
817:"Biogeography of the dwarf honeybees, Apis andreniformis and Apis florea"
483:
479:
308:
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can become either a worker or a queen. In order to create a queen cell,
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or honey production, but are instead used only to mate with the queen.
475:
467:
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621:
130:
110:
90:
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Breed, Michael D.; Deng, Xiao-Bao; Buchwald, Robert (2007-09-01).
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463:
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1600:
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has a more circular shape and a length of 39 to 40 micrometres.
471:
455:
231:
whose native habitat is the tropical and subtropical regions of
1520:
782:
781:
specifically, some commercial products include royal jelly,
688:
larvae are usually destroyed by the host colony, preventing
1185:
Hepburn, H. Randall; Radloff, Sarah E, eds. (2011-01-01).
652:
with other drones. In contrast, this sign is not found in
516:
Queens are not genetically determined so any young female
494:. They are commonly found in sympatric distribution with
307:, its sister species with which it is commonly seen in
1467:"Parasites, pathogens, and pests of honeybees in Asia"
583:
have also been observed to adopt queenless workers of
815:
Hepburn, H. Randall; Radloff, Sarah E. (2011-04-13).
761:
has a triangular body shape and a length of 47 to 54
757:
have morphological and biological differences: while
351:, its first two abdominal segments are black and its
1465:
Chantawannakul, P., de Guzman, L.I., Li, J. (2016).
1529:
953:(Smith, 1858) is a separate species from sympatric
949:"Evidence of reproductive isolation confirms that
947:Wongisiri, S; et al. (29 September 1989).
567:were policed by the queenright workers of the
370:Other differentiating characteristics include
8:
1730:Taxa named by Frederick Smith (entomologist)
1505:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
390:has a length of 2.80 mm, while that of
299:, otherwise known as the Western honey bee.
696:have complete reproductive dominance over
293:includes honey bees, the most common being
1517:
200:
42:
31:
1482:
975:
692:from the foreign species. Worker bees of
607:. Drones, or male bees, are not used for
311:distribution throughout southeast Asia.
794:
546:. This may suggest that worker bees of
343:, and a longer basitarsal extension in
1498:
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1332:
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1218:
1216:
1214:
1133:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
810:
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7:
1692:54A710B6-7596-E44D-C13B-C6727E0A88B0
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529:Queenless and interspecific colonies
1432:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1342:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1400:10.1023/b:joec.0000006365.20996.a2
684:colonies, but in these cases, any
386:has one of 2.86. The proboscis of
227:, is a relatively rare species of
25:
918:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00173.x
327:can be distinguished from other
67:
1097:Journal of Apicultural Research
1109:10.1080/00218839.1996.11100909
1063:10.1080/0005772X.1997.11099328
571:colony. Although they adopted
315:Description and identification
269:Apidae, which includes honey,
56:British Natural History Museum
1:
1187:Honeybees of Asia - Springer
382:has an index of 6.37, while
1388:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1145:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.013
733:is attacked by the species
712:The main parasites of both
558:, the non-natal workers of
550:are attracted to queen bee
355:is reddish brown, while in
303:is most closely related to
1746:
904:Smith, 1858 in Thailand".
672:have joined the colony of
335:was a part of the species
1725:Insects described in 1858
1484:10.1007/s13592-015-0407-5
1354:10.1007/s00265-010-0932-1
1297:10.1007/s00040-010-0080-7
1195:10.1007/978-3-642-16422-4
836:10.1007/s13592-011-0024-x
208:
199:
181:
174:
64:Scientific classification
62:
50:
41:
34:
458:, specifically southern
447:Distribution and habitat
320:Physical characteristics
680:have been seen to join
977:10.1051/apido:19900106
454:is found in southeast
258:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1444:10.1007/s002650050311
1244:10.1051/apido:2007025
1012:10.1051/apido/2009010
575:workers in the hive,
363:, which are white in
225:black dwarf honey bee
167:A. andreniformis
18:Black dwarf honeybee
1720:Hymenoptera of Asia
644:commonly engage in
591:Dominance hierarchy
537:queenright colony,
512:Queen determination
1561:Apis andreniformis
1531:Apis andreniformis
1043:Apis andreniformis
957:(Fabricius, 1787)"
951:Apis andreniformis
902:Apis andreniformis
736:Euvarroa wongsirii
263:Apis andreniformis
220:Apis andreniformis
211:Apis andreniformis
185:Apis andreniformis
52:Apis andreniformis
36:Apis andreniformis
1702:
1701:
1674:Open Tree of Life
1523:Taxon identifiers
1204:978-3-642-16421-7
548:A. andreniformis
535:Apis andrenformis
394:is 3.27 mm.
265:is a part of the
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16:(Redirected from
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1348:(7): 1165–1170.
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773:Human importance
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714:A. andreniformis
702:A. Andreniformis
698:A. Andreniformis
686:A. andreniformis
678:A. andreniformis
674:A. andreniformis
666:A. andreniformis
654:A. andreniformis
642:A. andreniformis
630:A. andreniformis
601:A. andreniformis
597:A. andreniformis
581:A. andreniformis
573:A. andreniformis
565:A. andreniformis
560:A. andreniformis
500:A. andreniformis
452:A. andreniformis
406:A. andreniformis
388:A. andreniformis
380:A. andreniformis
361:A. andreniformis
349:A. andreniformis
341:A. andreniformis
333:A. andreniformis
325:A. andreniformis
301:A. andreniformis
289:bees. The genus
239:A. andreniformis
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751:Euvarroa sinhai
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1477:(3): 301–324.
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1413:
1394:(2): 363–377.
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1291:(3): 251–255.
1265:
1238:(5): 411–418.
1210:
1203:
1158:
1139:(2): 543–552.
1114:
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1049:in Thailand".
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1006:(4): 513–514.
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912:(6): 451–460.
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1622:iNaturalist
1555:Wikispecies
1047:Apis florea
955:Apis florea
763:micrometres
749:, although
609:pollination
544:Apis florea
522:royal jelly
492:Philippines
305:Apis florea
250:Apis florea
121:Hymenoptera
1709:Categories
1471:Apidologie
1232:Apidologie
1000:Apidologie
964:Apidologie
875:2015-09-27
824:Apidologie
789:References
720:belong to
690:parasitism
650:copulation
640:Queens of
552:pheromones
490:, and the
426:A. dorsata
149:Subgenus:
101:Arthropoda
1438:: 17–26.
1362:0340-5443
1305:0020-1812
1252:0044-8435
1103:: 19–26.
1071:0005-772X
1051:Bee World
1020:0044-8435
970:: 47–52.
926:1744-7917
844:0044-8435
767:E. sinhai
747:A. florea
745:preys on
718:A. florea
708:Parasites
694:A. florea
682:A. florea
670:A. florea
646:polyandry
605:queen bee
585:A. florea
577:A. florea
569:A. florea
556:A. florea
496:A. florea
488:Indonesia
421:A. florea
411:honeycomb
392:A. florea
384:A. florea
376:proboscis
365:A. florea
357:A. florea
353:scutellum
345:A. florea
337:A. florea
309:sympatric
287:stingless
275:carpenter
229:honey bee
223:, or the
209:Range of
161:Species:
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
58:specimen
1540:Wikidata
1493:86240840
1452:45088182
1408:26778190
1370:44481353
1260:37298606
1153:17123837
1028:29551322
934:84786361
852:10735976
755:Euvarroa
739:, while
726:Euvarroa
507:Behavior
484:Malaysia
480:Thailand
378:length.
192:F. Smith
154:Micrapis
127:Family:
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
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1601:2754885
1546:Q244070
1313:8657703
476:Vietnam
137:Genus:
117:Order:
111:Insecta
107:Class:
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622:pollen
533:In an
429:, and
285:, and
283:bumble
279:digger
271:cuckoo
267:family
194:, 1858
131:Apidae
1687:Plazi
1575:80871
1489:S2CID
1448:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1256:S2CID
1228:(PDF)
1024:S2CID
960:(PDF)
930:S2CID
848:S2CID
820:(PDF)
722:genus
518:larva
468:Burma
464:India
460:China
1653:7464
1648:NCBI
1635:ITIS
1609:GBIF
1588:FMX9
1570:BOLD
1507:link
1358:ISSN
1301:ISSN
1248:ISSN
1199:ISBN
1149:PMID
1067:ISSN
1045:and
1016:ISSN
922:ISSN
840:ISSN
716:and
472:Laos
456:Asia
374:and
329:Apis
291:Apis
244:Apis
142:Apis
1596:EoL
1583:CoL
1479:doi
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