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1146:. For best results, it should be seasoned like any other hardwood, but black locust is also popular because of its ability to burn even when wet. In fireplaces, it can be less satisfactory because knots and beetle damage make the wood prone to "spitting" coals for distances of up to several feet. If the black locust is cut, split, and cured while relatively young (within 10 years), thus minimizing beetle damage, "spitting" problems are minimal.
329:
803:. It grows best in bright sunlight and does not handle shade well. It specializes in colonizing disturbed areas and edges of woodlots before it is eventually replaced with taller or more shade-tolerant species. It prefers dry to moist limestone soils but will grow on most soils as long as they are not wet or poorly drained. This tree tolerates a soil pH range of 4.6 to 8.2. Within its native range it will grow on soils of
66:
874:
88:
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670:). Both species are similar in the form of their feathered leaves and thorns, but the flower shapes are very different. Confusion between species of both genera is almost impossible in higher latitudes, since acacias are native to subtropical and tropical areas and do not thrive in the cooler climates favoured by the black locust.
392: in) wide. The leaflets are rounded or slightly indented at the tip and typically rounded at the base. The leaves come out of the bud folded in half, yellow green, covered with silvery down which soon disappears. Each leaflet initially has a minute stipel, which quickly falls, and is connected to the (
1019:
Black locust has been spread and used as a plant for erosion control as it is fast growing and generally a tough tree. The wood, considered the most durable wood in North
America, has been very desirable and motivated people to move the tree to areas where it is not native so the wood can be farmed
580:
Root suckers are an important method of local reproduction of this tree. The roots may grow suckers after damage (by being hit with a lawn mower or otherwise damaged) or after no damage at all. The suckers are stems which grow from the roots, directly into the air and may grow into full trees. The
2340:
Wang, Limei; Waltenberger, Birgit; Pferschy-Wenzig, Eva-Maria; Blunder, Martina; Liu, Xin; Malainer, Clemens; Blazevic, Tina; Schwaiger, Stefan; Rollinger, Judith M.; Heiss, Elke H.; Schuster, Daniela; Kopp, Brigitte; Bauer, Rudolf; Stuppner, Hermann; Dirsch, Verena M.; Atanasov, Atanas G. (2014).
1087:
Although the bark and leaves are toxic, various reports suggest that the seeds and the young pods of the black locust are edible. Shelled seeds are safe to harvest from summer through fall, and are edible both raw and boiled. Due to the small size of the seeds, shelling them efficiently can prove
885:
on its native continent, specifically in the western United States, New
England region, northern California, and in the Midwest. In the prairie and savanna regions of the Midwest, black locust can dominate and shade open habitats. These ecosystems have been decreasing in size, and black locust is
739:
The black locust is native to the eastern United States, but the exact native range is not accurately known as the tree has been cultivated and is currently found across the continent, in all the lower 48 states, eastern Canada, and
British Columbia. The native range is thought to be two separate
1242:
which riddle the trunk and branches. Were it not for these insects, it would be one of the most valuable timber trees that could be planted in the northern and middle states. Young trees grow quickly and vigorously for a number of years, but soon become stunted and diseased, and rarely live long
456:
are minute, naked (having no scales covering them), three or four together, protected in a depression by a scale-like covering lined on the inner surface with a thick coat of tomentum and opening in early spring. When the buds are forming they are covered by the swollen base of the petiole. The
348:
is a reddish black and gray and tinged with red or orange in the grooves; it is deeply furrowed into grooves and ridges which run up and down the trunk and often cross and form diamond shapes. The branches are typically zig-zaggy and may have ridges and grooves or may be round. When young, the
791:
species and therefore is typical of young woodlands and disturbed areas where sunlight is plentiful and the soil is dry. In this sense, black locust can be considered a weed tree. It also spreads by underground shoots or suckers, which contributes to the weedy character of this species.
572:
insects. The physical construction of the flower separates the male and female parts so that self-pollination will not typically occur. The seedlings grow rapidly but they have a thick seed coat which means that not all seeds will germinate. The seed coat can be weakened via hot water,
886:
contributing to this reduction; when black locust invades an area, it will convert the grassland ecosystem into a forested ecosystem where the grasses are displaced. Black locust has been listed as invasive in
Connecticut, Wisconsin, and Michigan, and is prohibited in Massachusetts.
424:
is quite variable in the number of spines present, as some trees are densely prickly and other trees have no prickles at all. The spines typically remain on the tree until the young thin bark to which they are attached is replaced by the thicker mature bark. They develop from
400:
which are grooved and swollen at the base. The stipules are linear, downy, membranous at first and occasionally develop into prickles. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and turn a clear pale yellow in autumn. The leaflets fold together in wet weather and at night
1117:
bacteria on its root system allow it to grow on poor soils, making it an early colonizer of disturbed areas. Obviating the mass application of fertilizers, black locust and other nitrogen-fixing tree and shrub species have gained importance in managed forestry.
1215:. Black Locust is a highly durable organic wood product that does not require chemical treatment to preserve its beauty for 50 years or longer. Wet, newly cut planks have an offensive odor which disappears with seasoning. Black locust is still in use in some
1084:, Italy and Romania the flowers are sometimes used to produce a sweet and perfumed jam. This means manual harvesting of flowers, eliminating the seeds and boiling the petals with sugar, in certain proportions, to obtain a light sweet and delicate perfume jam.
581:
main trunk also has the capability to grow sprouts and will do so after being cut down. This makes removal of black locust difficult as the suckers need to be continually removed from both the trunk and roots or the tree will regrow. This is considered an
1141:
Black locust is highly valued as firewood for wood-burning stoves; it burns slowly, with little visible flame or smoke, and has a higher heat content than any other species that grows widely in the eastern United States, comparable to the heat content of
344:, as is common within the pea family. Trees reach a typical height of 12–30 metres (40–100 feet) with a diameter of 0.61–1.22 m (2–4 ft). It is a very upright tree with a straight trunk and narrow crown that grows scraggly with age. The
1267:, China, during its Russian and Japanese occupation, and are loved by the local people: there is Acacia Avenue (槐树大道) in downtown; the Acacia Flower Festival (槐花節) is celebrated every year in May; and acacia honey is collected in the suburbs by
297:
elsewhere in temperate North
America, Europe, Southern Africa and Asia and is considered an invasive species in some areas, such as the temperate east coast of Australia where the cultivar "Frisia" (Golden Robinia) was widely planted as a
42:
1222:
systems. In the
Netherlands and some other parts of Europe, black locust is one of the most rot-resistant local trees, and projects have started to limit the use of tropical wood by promoting this tree and creating plantations.
588:
The suckers allow black locust to grow into colonies which often exclude other species. These colonies may form dense thickets which shade out competition. Black locust has been found to have either 2n=20 or 2n=22 chromosomes.
516: in) broad. The fruit usually contains 4–8 seeds. The seeds are dark orange brown with irregular markings. They ripen late in autumn and hang on the branches until early spring. There are typically 25,500 seeds per pound.
629:, the black locust lacks that tree's characteristic long branched thorns on the trunk, having instead pairs of short prickles at the base of each leaf; the leaflets are also much broader than honey locust. It may resemble
795:
When growing in sandy areas this plant can enrich the soil by means of its nitrogen-fixing nodules, allowing other species to move in. On sandy soils black locust may replace other vegetation which cannot fix nitrogen.
1045:. However, its blooming period is short (about 10 days) and it does not consistently produce a honey crop year after year. Weather conditions can have quite an effect on the amount of nectar collected, as well; in
1230:
With a light yellowish color and strength, the wood was much used for decorative inlays and banding in furniture in
England and France in the 17th and 18th centuries, under the name "acacia" or "Virginia acacia".
1922:
850:
larvae carve tunnels into the trunk of the tree and make it more prone to being knocked down by the wind. Heart rot is the only significant disease affecting black locust. Black locust is also attacked by
2110:
830:
and other game birds and squirrels. Woodpeckers may nest in the trunk since older trees are often infected by heart rot. The deeply grooved bark also makes it a preferred species for some bat roosts.
372:), and the leaves are alternately arranged on the stem. Each leaf is 15–36 cm (6–14 in) long and contains 9–19 leaflets, each being 2.5–5.1 cm (1–2 in) long, and .65–1.9 cm (
893:
within
Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia. It is considered an environmental weed there. In South Africa, it is regarded as a weed because of its suckering habit.
429:(small leaf-like structures that grow at the base of leaves), and since stipules are paired at the base of leaves, the spines will be paired at the bases of leaves. They range from .65–2 cm (
1211:
of 0.733 (733 kilograms per cubic metre or 45.7 pounds per cubic foot). It is very resistant to rot, and durable, making it prized for furniture, flooring, paneling, fence posts, and
1134:
Black locust is planted for firewood, as it grows rapidly, is highly resilient in a variety of soils, and it grows back rapidly after harvest from the existing root system (i.e.
461:) which are typically 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long. The flowers themselves are cream-white (rarely pink or purple) with a pale yellow blotch in the center and imperfectly
477:
of 9 are all joined to form a tube and one stamen is separate and above the joined stamens. The single ovary is superior and contains several ovules. Below each flower is a
2390:
865:). The PSHB will tunnel galleries into the trees, where it cultivates a fusarium fungus as a food source. The tree's vascular systems are disrupted; causing dieback.
3066:
1113:
is considered an excellent plant for growing in disturbed areas as an erosion control plant. Black locust's shallow, aggressive roots help hold onto the soil, and
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3167:
861:
growths; clear leaflet veins are a symptom of the disease. The black locust is among the preferred reproductive hosts of the polyphagous shot-hole borer (PSHB,
577:, or be mechanically scarified, which will allow a greater quantity of the seeds to grow. The seeds are produced in good crops every year or every other year.
3411:
2737:
2566:
1421:
658:
The black locust is commonly referred to as "false acacia" after its species name "pseudoacacia", although it is not particularly closely related to the
723:, who brought the plant to Europe in 1601, in what may be regarded as a reintroduction. A black locust planted by Jean Robin in 1601 still grows in the
1511:
449: in) in length and are somewhat triangular with a flared base and sharp point. Their color is of a dark purple and they adhere only to the bark.
2991:
1477:
3431:
3092:
3017:
1857:
678:
The tree was identified in 1607 at
Jamestown by British colonists, who used the timber to build houses. The tree was named for its resemblance to
2283:
2212:"The Properties of Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. to Selectively Accumulate Chemical Elements from Soils of Ecologically Transformed Areas"
465:
in shape. They are about 2.5 cm (1 in) wide, very fragrant, and produce large amounts of nectar. Each flower is perfect, having both
349:
branches are at first coated with white silvery down; this soon disappears, and they become pale green and afterward reddish or greenish brown.
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3190:
1365:
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473:(male and female parts). There are 10 stamens enclosed within the petals; these are fused together in a diadelphous configuration, where the
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816:
1443:
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844:
attacks the tree in spring and turns the leaves brown by mid summer, slowing the growth of the tree though not seriously. Locust borer
568:
Black locust reproduces both sexually via flowers, and asexually via root suckers. The flowers are pollinated by insects, primarily by
3426:
2893:
2715:
779:, India, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Northern and South Africa, temperate regions in Asia, New Zealand, Southern South America.
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3451:
1907:
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95:
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large flowers open in May or June for 7–10 days, after the leaves have developed. They are arranged in loose drooping clumps (
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3350:
3133:
1807:
1749:
Nigel C. Veitch; Peter C. Elliott; Geoffrey C. Kite; Gwilym P. Lewis (2010). "Flavonoid glycosides of the black locust tree,
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3097:
2493:
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in the eastern US, and has been planted in
European countries. In many European countries, it is the source of the renowned
977:
In Europe, it is often planted along streets and in parks, especially in large cities, because it tolerates pollution well.
958:
1238:
was reported to be practically destroyed in nearly all parts of the U.S. beyond the mountain forests which are its home by
727:
in Paris, and is believed to be the oldest living tree in that city. Another was planted in 1636 by Vespasien Robin at the
3154:
2326:
1007:'Purple robe' has dark rose-pink flowers and bronze red new growth. The flowers tend to last longer than on the wild tree.
963:
293:
of the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to a few small areas of the United States, but it has been widely planted and
2308:
2442:
1853:
1216:
2050:
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3079:
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1617:
1334:
369:
1468:
541:
529:
3355:
3288:
1882:
3172:
3446:
3436:
3128:
2001:"black locust: Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabales: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States"
1831:
1613:
3293:
2578:
775:
Black locust's current range has been expanded by humans distributing the tree for landscaping and now includes
684:, known as the "Old World Locust". Jesuit missionaries apparently fancied that this was the tree that supported
110:
3195:
2795:
1839:
1755:
1429:
901:
The bark, leaves, and wood are toxic to both humans and livestock. Important constituents of the plant are the
890:
560:
294:
1701:"Genetically Mediated Leaf Chemistry In Invasive And Native Black Locust (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.) Ecosystems"
1923:"Characteristics of Day-Roosts Used by Northern Long-Eared Bats (Myotis septentrionalis) in Coastal New York"
932:. Symptoms usually occur about 1 hour following consumption, and immediate veterinary attention is required.
2968:
2695:
1519:
631:
597:
Black locust leaves contain flavone glycosides characterised by spectroscopic and chemical methods as the 7-
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2960:
2710:
1593:
262:
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2849:
2757:
2743:
853:
724:
307:
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709:
237:
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2076:
1000:‘Frisia’, a selection with bright yellow-green leaves and red prickles, is occasionally planted as an
947:
3182:
2906:
1764:
1239:
1058:
846:
749:
713:
582:
2934:
1311:
3239:
2189:(Report). Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
2051:"Agricultural Research Council - Legal obligations regarding invasive alien plants in South Africa"
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55:
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2723:
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1952:
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groups, but does not do well on compacted, clayey or eroded soils. Black locust is a part of the
757:
728:
506:
fruit, being a flat and smooth pea-like pod 5.1–10.2 cm (2–4 in) long and 1.3 cm (
105:
3365:
3280:
2343:"Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): A review"
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1369:
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1724:
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3110:
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2372:
2320:
2156:
2148:
1803:
1780:
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341:
316:
2684:
The Shorter Dictionary of English Furniture: From the Middle Ages to the Late Georgian Period
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1942:
1934:
1849:
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826:, and provides valuable cover when planted on previously open areas. Its seeds are eaten by
788:
685:
486:
397:
361:
328:
3045:
2469:
The Forager's Harvest: A Guide to Identifying, Harvesting, and Preparing Edible Wild Plants
1154:
This native hardwood is also prized by North American shipwrights for making rot-resistant
3375:
3203:
2000:
1001:
970:
Black locust can be easily propagated from roots, softwood, or hardwood. Cultivars may be
952:
800:
417:
148:
396:) by a short stem or petiolule. The leaves are attached to the branch with slender hairy
2947:
2806:
2731:
1768:
1674:
1637:
1288:
3262:
2367:
2342:
2100:
Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa – Watt and Brandwijk
827:
718:
478:
462:
413:
135:
2137:"[Poisoning of horses by the bark of the false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia)]"
1203:
The wood is extremely hard, being one of the hardest woods in Northern America with a
1180:
1166:
3405:
3319:
3267:
3105:
1956:
1921:
Gorman, Katherine M.; Barr, Elaine L.; Nocera, Tomás; Ford, W. Mark (10 March 2024).
1297:
1070:
574:
357:
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253:
75:
70:
2633:
2602:. Raleigh, North Carolina: Mitchell Printing Company, State Printers. pp. 50–51
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3388:
2872:
745:
626:
481:
which looks like leafy tube between the flower and the stem. It is made from fused
3009:
2025:
364:, which are roughly paired on either side of the stem that runs through the leaf (
3306:
3231:
3120:
2839:
2826:
1970:
3342:
3159:
3141:
3030:
2789:
2534:
1268:
925:
873:
823:
804:
667:
569:
337:
299:
2816:
1444:"Black Locust, False Acacia, Locust Tree, Yellow Locust, Robinia, White Acacia"
2621:
2358:
2238:
1143:
989:'Decaisneana' has been considered a cultivar but is more accurately a hybrid (
902:
402:
2780:
2152:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1013:'Unifoliola', a plant with fewer leaflets, no prickles, and a shorter height.
2942:
2919:
2054:
1224:
1195:
1135:
910:
644:
610:
517:
290:
286:
204:
17:
3332:
3084:
2686:, "Acacia", p. 21, 1987, Spring Books (reprint of 1964, Country Life Books)
2376:
2136:
1784:
2160:
974:, ensuring that parent and daughter plants will be genetically identical.
360:, meaning that each leaf contains many smaller leaflike structures called
3327:
3208:
2774:
1938:
1568:(4. ed., rev. ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company.
1219:
1155:
1094:
1074:
1066:
812:
808:
776:
769:
765:
761:
652:
614:
606:
602:
489:(stems which connect the flower to the branch) are slender, 1.3 cm (
426:
406:
194:
161:
2983:
2186:
1947:
1408:
County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2996:
2880:
2195:
1800:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
1081:
971:
906:
702:
466:
214:
184:
41:
2228:
2211:
985:
Several cultivars exist, 'Frisia' being one of the most planted ones.
3035:
2171:
2026:"PCA Alien Plant Working Group – Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)"
1212:
753:
698:
663:
659:
648:
503:
474:
470:
458:
393:
365:
353:
174:
2751:
2511:
1986:
1102:
and fried in oil; they are also eaten in Japan, largely as tempura.
697:
is a native North American genus, but traces of it are found in the
2659:"Black Locust: A Multi-purpose Tree Species for Temperate Climates"
997:). It has light rose-pink colored flowers and small or no prickles.
2924:
1481:
1194:
1120:
1049:
for example, good locust honey flow happens in one of five years.
957:
946:
872:
559:
482:
327:
122:
3058:
2736:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2535:"UN Food & Agriculture Organization's notes on Black Locust"
2115:équipédia at IFCE - French Institute of Horses and Equestrianism
1227:
in the heartwood allow the wood to last over 100 years in soil.
1046:
405:), as some change of position at night is a habit of the entire
2911:
2755:
1972:
Internationally dangerous forest tree diseases, Issues 911-940
688:
in the wilderness, despite its being native to North America.
453:
420:
and branches near the ground; mature trees often lack spines.
1010:'Tortuosa', a small tree with curved and distorted branches.
939:
lumber can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive persons.
368:). There is typically one leaflet at the tip of the leaf (
2111:"Black locust or Robinia pseudoacacia : Toxic plant"
302:
before being classed as a weed. Another common name is
1380:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
799:
Black locust is a typical early successional plant, a
601:-β-ᴅ-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosides of
320:
referring to the genus of plants with the same name).
2696:
Dalian Events and Festivals (Dalian, Liaoning, China)
1088:
tedious and difficult. In France, Italy and Romania,
1838:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
708:
The genus is named after the royal French gardeners
635:, which has smaller flower spikes and lacks spines.
485:
and is dark green and may be blotched with red. The
2764:
2417:"Pseudoacacia...The Flower Jam of the Black Locust"
2577:
2315:. Archived from the original on 14 September 2004.
1802:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 505.
643:The black locust is a plant from the subfamily of
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
905:robin, which loses its toxicity when heated, and
2284:"Robinia pseudoacacia 'Tortuosa' – Plant Finder"
1410:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
1312:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19891648A20138922.en
2391:"Recipe of the week: Acacia Jam (Robinia Jam)"
1642:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
625:Although similar in general appearance to the
2471:. Ogema, WI: Forager's Harvest. p. 251.
8:
2443:"Black locust-Flowers: Robinia pseudoacacia"
1251:In Asia, many black locusts, called cihuai (
916:Horses that consume the plant show signs of
822:Black locust is host to up to 67 species of
281:, commonly known in its native territory as
2738:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
2210:Środek, Dorota; Rahmonov, Oimahmad (2022).
951:The golden 'Frisia' cultivar planted as an
752:, and a second westward focused around the
2752:
2135:Landolt, G; Feige, K; Schöberl, M (1997).
613:(5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone) and
261:
86:
64:
40:
31:
2727:– US Forest Service Fire Effects Database
2549:"OSU: Managing Your Woodlot for Firewood"
2529:
2527:
2366:
2237:
2227:
2194:
1946:
1639:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1631:
1629:
1627:
1310:
1158:in traditional wooden ship construction.
655:) and is a relative of the pea and bean.
332:One black locust leaf showing 13 leaflets
1478:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
691:It was introduced into Britain in 1636.
2599:Wood-using industries of North Carolina
1858:United States Department of Agriculture
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1725:"Black locust invasive species control"
1559:
1557:
1279:
1263:) or simply "acacias", were planted in
1243:enough to attain any commercial value.
525:
27:Species of tree native to North America
2596:Helphenstine, Jr., Rufus King (1923).
2574:Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
2318:
2309:"Black Locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia)"
1868:– via Southern Research Station.
1587:
1585:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1506:
1504:
1502:
889:In Australia, black locust has become
499: in), dark red or reddish green.
356:are lighter on the underside, and are
2622:“Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)”
2565:Raymond L. Huhnke; Max R. Craighead.
1877:
1875:
1378:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
3356:f219cee9-4fe3-4883-893e-f612a529339f
3183:5804c324-e16a-4433-878f-fc32ae5c08dd
1360:
1358:
1356:
817:Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
740:populations, one centered about the
3412:IUCN Red List least concern species
1298:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
605:(5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone),
3294:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30034699-2
2141:Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde
336:The roots of black locust contain
25:
617:(5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone).
2744:" Coach " Tutoring Center 2018,
1675:"Robinia psudeoacacia factsheet"
1566:Manual of woody landscape plants
1179:
1165:
540:
528:
109:
2288:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1777:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.024
1699:Houser, Cameron (August 2014).
1592:Sun, Hang; Bartholomew, Bruce.
731:and can still be viewed today.
306:, a literal translation of the
3432:Garden plants of North America
935:The sawdust and shavings from
520:are oval in shape and fleshy.
1:
2494:"Beignets de fleurs d'acacia"
2254:"Ornamental Cultivar Details"
1987:"Polyphagous shot-hole torer"
1061:of India, different parts of
1041:. Flowering starts after 140
964:Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory
289:tree, belonging to the tribe
285:, is a medium-sized hardwood
2567:"Heating the Home with Wood"
2513:初夏☆季節の味！アカシアの花の天ぷら♪ by たぬぴぃ★
1854:United States Forest Service
1426:www.biodiversityexplorer.org
609:(5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone),
3457:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1798:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
1636:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1618:Harvard University Herbaria
1207:of 1,700 lbf (7,560 N) and
881:Black locust is considered
3473:
3417:NatureServe secure species
2421:hedgewitchadventuresdotcom
2187:Hardwoods of North America
2077:"Toxicity of Black Locust"
2005:www.invasiveplantatlas.org
1887:keyserver.lucidcentral.org
1255:), yanghuai (foreign huai
556:Reproduction and dispersal
314:meaning fake or false and
3427:Trees of Northern America
2719:images at Forestry Images
2359:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018
2325:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2147:(8). Switzerland: 363–6.
1908:"Rethinking Black Locust"
1614:Missouri Botanical Garden
1612:– via eFloras.org,
269:
260:
243:
236:
106:Scientific classification
104:
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
3452:Plants described in 1753
2512:
2498:www.cuisine-campagne.com
2347:Biochemical Pharmacology
1846:Silvics of North America
1564:Dirr, Michael A (1990).
1305:: e.T19891648A20138922.
2467:Thayer, Samuel (2006).
1927:Northeastern Naturalist
1830:Huntley, J. C. (1990).
857:, a virus which causes
662:, which belongs to the
632:Styphnolobium japonicum
502:The fruit is a typical
1883:"Robinia pseudoacacia"
1616:, St. Louis, MO &
1512:"Robinia pseudoacacia"
1422:"Robinia pseudoacacia"
1259:, against native huai
1234:In 1900, the value of
1200:
1126:
1098:after being coated in
967:
955:
878:
585:form of reproduction.
565:
412:Young trees are often
333:
3442:Plants used in bonsai
2185:Alden, H. A. (1995).
1341:. Arlington, Virginia
1198:
1124:
1092:flowers are eaten as
962:An ornamental at the
961:
950:
876:
863:Euwallacea fornicatus
742:Appalachian Mountains
563:
416:, especially on root
331:
3245:Robinia pseudoacacia
2899:Robinia_pseudoacacia
2860:robinia-pseudoacacia
2796:Robinia pseudoacacia
2766:Robinia pseudoacacia
2746:Robinia pseudoacacia
2733:Robinia pseudoacacia
2725:Robinia pseudoacacia
2717:Robinia pseudoacacia
2057:on 28 September 2011
1939:10.1656/045.029.0201
1834:Robinia pseudoacacia
1751:Robinia pseudoacacia
1596:Robinia pseudoacacia
1432:on 4 September 2018.
1402:Robinia pseudoacacia
1372:Robinia pseudoacacia
1337:Robinia pseudoacacia
1333:NatureServe (2024).
1291:Robinia pseudoacacia
1236:Robinia pseudoacacia
1059:traditional medicine
943:Cultivation and uses
854:Chlorogenus robiniae
847:Megacyllene robiniae
352:The dark blue-green
278:Robinia pseudoacacia
247:Robinia pseudoacacia
229:R. pseudoacacia
3232:Robinia_pseudacacia
2638:Black Locust Lumber
2585:on 24 October 2005.
2492:Lilo (7 May 2007).
2258:www.flemings.com.au
1769:2010PChem..71..479V
1205:Janka hardness test
1043:growing degree days
725:Square René Viviani
56:Conservation status
2620:The Wood Database
2423:. 16 November 2021
2239:20.500.12128/22251
2196:10.2737/fpl-gtr-83
1287:Contu, S. (2012).
1201:
1127:
1033:Black locust is a
968:
956:
930:cardiac arrhythmia
879:
877:Close-up of spines
838:Locust leaf miner
787:Black locust is a
758:Ouachita Mountains
729:Jardin des plantes
674:History and naming
566:
535:Closeup of flowers
334:
3399:
3398:
3217:Open Tree of Life
2758:Taxon identifiers
2711:Purdue University
2478:978-0-9766266-0-2
2229:10.3390/f13010007
1575:978-0-87563-344-2
1035:major honey plant
1024:Food and medicine
841:Odontota dorsalis
705:rocks of Europe.
681:Ceratonia siliqua
647:in the family of
593:Flavonoid content
340:that allow it to
274:
273:
99:
79:
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3447:Medicinal plants
3437:Ornamental trees
3392:
3391:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3162:
3160:NBNSYS0000003265
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3061:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2753:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2682:Edwards, Ralph,
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2634:"About the tree"
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2576:. Archived from
2571:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2313:www.beeclass.com
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2260:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2231:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:. Archived from
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1910:. 15 April 2019.
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1850:Washington, D.C.
1827:
1814:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1753:(Leguminosae)".
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1671:
1648:
1647:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1620:, Cambridge, MA.
1611:
1609:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:. Archived from
1508:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1480:. Archived from
1475:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1428:. Archived from
1418:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1284:
1265:Dalian, Liaoning
1213:small watercraft
1209:specific gravity
1183:
1169:
928:, weakness, and
789:shade-intolerant
722:
547:Fruit with seeds
544:
532:
515:
514:
510:
498:
497:
493:
448:
447:
443:
438:
437:
433:
391:
390:
386:
381:
380:
376:
265:
249:
114:
113:
93:
90:
89:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3204:Observation.org
3202:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3118:MichiganFlora:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2760:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2395:ItalyRivierAlps
2389:
2388:
2384:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2264:on 1 April 2016
2252:
2251:
2247:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2165:
2163:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2081:www.woodweb.com
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1848:. Vol. 2.
1829:
1828:
1817:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1651:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1607:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1516:www.eddmaps.org
1510:
1509:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1487:on 26 June 2015
1484:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1448:Weeds Australia
1442:
1441:
1437:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1249:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1152:
1132:
1115:nitrogen-fixing
1111:R. pseudoacacia
1108:
1106:Erosion control
1090:R. pseudoacacia
1063:R. pseudoacacia
1055:
1031:
1026:
1002:ornamental tree
991:R. pseudoacacia
983:
953:ornamental tree
945:
899:
871:
836:
801:pioneer species
785:
737:
716:
714:Vespasien Robin
676:
641:
623:
621:Similar species
595:
558:
553:
552:
551:
548:
545:
536:
533:
512:
508:
507:
495:
491:
490:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
430:
422:R. pseudoacacia
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
373:
326:
256:
251:
245:
232:
108:
100:
91:
87:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:wfo-0000213931
3380:
3370:
3360:
3347:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3249:
3236:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3040:
3027:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2786:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2705:External links
2703:
2701:
2700:
2698:- World Guides
2688:
2675:
2650:
2625:
2613:
2588:
2557:
2540:
2523:
2520:. 16 May 2015.
2503:
2484:
2477:
2459:
2434:
2408:
2397:. 17 June 2018
2382:
2332:
2300:
2275:
2245:
2202:
2177:
2127:
2102:
2093:
2068:
2042:
2017:
1992:
1978:
1962:
1913:
1899:
1871:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1763:(4): 479–486.
1756:Phytochemistry
1741:
1730:. Michigan DNR
1716:
1691:
1649:
1623:
1604:. Vol. 10
1602:Flora of China
1581:
1574:
1533:
1522:on 5 June 2012
1498:
1470:BSBI List 2007
1460:
1435:
1413:
1391:
1352:
1325:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1248:
1245:
1199:Locust railing
1186:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1131:
1128:
1107:
1104:
1054:
1051:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
998:
982:
979:
944:
941:
920:, depression,
898:
895:
870:
867:
835:
832:
828:bobwhite quail
784:
781:
736:
733:
675:
672:
640:
637:
622:
619:
594:
591:
564:Tree in flower
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
539:
537:
534:
527:
524:
523:
522:
463:papilionaceous
325:
322:
272:
271:
267:
266:
258:
257:
252:
241:
240:
234:
233:
226:
224:
220:
219:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
165:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
102:
101:
85:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3469:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2712:
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2447:Flora obscura
2444:
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2006:
2002:
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1982:
1979:
1975:. USDA. 1963.
1974:
1973:
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1963:
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1246:
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1240:locust borers
1237:
1232:
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1096:
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1085:
1083:
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1076:
1072:
1071:antispasmodic
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:Other produce
1052:
1050:
1048:
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1036:
1028:
1023:
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954:
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938:
933:
931:
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912:
909:, a nontoxic
908:
904:
896:
894:
892:
887:
884:
875:
868:
866:
864:
860:
859:witch's broom
856:
855:
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831:
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810:
806:
802:
797:
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782:
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754:Ozark Plateau
751:
747:
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734:
732:
730:
726:
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711:
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628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
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592:
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586:
584:
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575:sulfuric acid
571:
562:
555:
543:
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531:
526:
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488:
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313:
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308:specific name
305:
301:
296:
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280:
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270:Native range
268:
264:
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242:
239:
238:Binomial name
235:
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136:Tracheophytes
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
103:
97:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Black locust
33:
30:
19:
2765:
2745:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2598:
2591:
2579:the original
2573:
2560:
2543:
2517:
2506:
2497:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2420:
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2399:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
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2350:
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2287:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2248:
2219:
2215:
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2180:
2170:– via
2164:. Retrieved
2144:
2140:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
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2096:
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2080:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1948:10919/115419
1930:
1926:
1916:
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1886:
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1840:
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1754:
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1719:
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1694:
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1678:
1638:
1606:. Retrieved
1601:
1595:
1565:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1515:
1489:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1469:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1430:the original
1425:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:
1371:
1343:. Retrieved
1336:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1302:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1250:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1202:
1153:
1150:Construction
1140:
1133:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1065:are used as
1062:
1056:
1039:acacia honey
1032:
1018:
994:
990:
984:
976:
969:
936:
934:
922:incontinence
915:
900:
888:
880:
869:Invasiveness
862:
852:
845:
839:
837:
821:
798:
794:
786:
774:
748:to northern
746:Pennsylvania
738:
735:Distribution
712:and his son
707:
694:
693:
690:
679:
677:
657:
642:
630:
627:honey locust
624:
598:
596:
587:
579:
570:Hymenopteran
567:
501:
451:
421:
411:
351:
342:fix nitrogen
335:
315:
311:
304:false acacia
303:
283:black locust
282:
277:
276:
275:
246:
244:
228:
227:
215:
168:
155:
142:
129:
29:
18:Black locust
3142:NatureServe
3031:iNaturalist
2790:Wikispecies
2518:cookpad.com
2030:www.nps.gov
1318:19 November
1269:bee keepers
891:naturalized
824:lepidoptera
805:Inceptisols
717: [
668:Mimosoideae
666:subfamily (
452:The winter
370:odd pinnate
324:Description
300:street tree
295:naturalized
201:Subfamily:
149:Angiosperms
96:NatureServe
3406:Categories
3363:WisFlora:
3263:Plant List
2847:Calflora:
2740:(EUFORGEN)
2663:purdue.edu
2643:1 November
2452:30 October
2427:30 October
2401:30 October
2166:30 October
2120:30 October
1809:0394507614
1491:17 October
1453:30 October
1384:22 October
1366:USDA, NRCS
1275:References
1247:In culture
1225:Flavonoids
1144:anthracite
1125:Tree rings
1020:and used.
995:R. viscosa
903:toxalbumin
710:Jean Robin
518:Cotyledons
407:leguminous
403:nyctinasty
3422:Robinieae
2974:200012304
2961:200012304
2943:FloraBase
2857:Cal-IPC:
2153:0036-7281
2061:5 October
1957:252818544
1841:Hardwoods
1345:21 August
1136:coppicing
981:Cultivars
966:, Armenia
911:glucoside
645:Faboideae
611:diosmetin
475:filaments
291:Robinieae
287:deciduous
223:Species:
205:Faboideae
119:Kingdom:
3351:VicFlora
3340:VASCAN:
3333:13032749
3328:Tropicos
3268:ild-8996
3229:PalDat:
3147:2.157931
3111:19891648
3072:10177733
2894:eFloraSA
2775:Wikidata
2377:25083916
2321:cite web
2222:(1): 1.
1856:(USFS),
1785:19948349
1368:(n.d.).
1220:handrail
1156:trunnels
1130:Firewood
1095:beignets
1075:diuretic
1067:laxative
918:anorexia
897:Toxicity
883:invasive
813:Alfisols
809:Ultisols
777:Pakistan
770:Missouri
766:Oklahoma
762:Arkansas
686:St. John
653:Fabaceae
639:Taxonomy
615:luteolin
607:apigenin
603:acacetin
487:pedicels
427:stipules
409:family.
398:petioles
362:leaflets
358:compound
195:Fabaceae
191:Family:
162:Eudicots
76:IUCN 3.1
49:Flowers
3129:MoBotPF
3059:59669-3
2997:5352251
2881:Ecocrop
2781:Q157417
2668:27 June
2368:4212005
2293:14 July
2268:14 July
2216:Forests
2161:9297233
2035:14 July
2010:14 July
1892:14 July
1864:14 July
1765:Bibcode
1734:14 July
1709:15 July
1684:14 July
1608:14 July
1526:14 July
1082:Liguria
972:grafted
937:Robinia
907:robinin
783:Ecology
750:Georgia
744:, from
703:Miocene
695:Robinia
649:legumes
583:asexual
511:⁄
494:⁄
467:stamens
459:racemes
444:⁄
434:⁄
418:suckers
387:⁄
377:⁄
338:nodules
216:Robinia
211:Genus:
185:Fabales
181:Order:
123:Plantae
94: (
92:Secure
74: (
3276:PLANTS
3222:928416
3180:NZOR:
3134:280476
3098:504804
2984:ROBPSE
2981:FoIO:
2935:robpse
2932:FEIS:
2912:704089
2824:APDB:
2804:AoFP:
2606:30 May
2475:
2375:
2365:
2172:PubMed
2159:
2151:
2086:5 July
1955:
1860:(USDA)
1806:
1783:
1572:
1217:rustic
1100:batter
1073:, and
811:, and
699:Eocene
664:mimosa
660:acacia
504:legume
483:sepals
471:pistil
469:and a
394:rachis
366:rachis
354:leaves
317:acacia
312:pseudo
175:Rosids
3373:WoI:
3320:350-1
3315:SANBI
3307:15914
3252:PFI:
3209:26821
3191:NZPCN
3173:35938
3085:47698
3067:IRMNG
3043:IPA:
3036:56088
2948:17020
2925:ROBPS
2873:4T7YV
2840:59751
2827:64840
2814:APA:
2583:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
1953:S2CID
1933:(2).
1728:(PDF)
1704:(PDF)
1646:–102.
1485:(xls)
1474:(xls)
1261:zh:国槐
1257:zh:洋槐
1253:zh:刺槐
1029:Honey
926:colic
834:Pests
721:]
479:calyx
414:spiny
169:Clade
156:Clade
143:Clade
130:Clade
3376:2958
3366:4823
3343:5897
3289:POWO
3281:ROPS
3255:2331
3240:PfaF
3196:2918
3168:NCBI
3121:1343
3106:IUCN
3093:ITIS
3054:IPNI
3046:3350
3023:5238
3018:GRIN
3005:GISD
2992:GBIF
2920:EPPO
2886:9297
2850:7156
2835:APNI
2817:2047
2807:1856
2670:2007
2645:2023
2608:2024
2473:ISBN
2454:2023
2429:2023
2403:2023
2373:PMID
2327:link
2295:2016
2270:2016
2168:2023
2157:PMID
2149:ISSN
2122:2023
2088:2016
2063:2011
2037:2016
2012:2016
1894:2016
1866:2016
1804:ISBN
1781:PMID
1736:2016
1711:2016
1686:2016
1679:USDA
1610:2016
1570:ISBN
1528:2016
1493:2014
1455:2023
1386:2015
1347:2024
1320:2021
1303:2012
1187:Bark
1173:Wood
1047:Ohio
768:and
756:and
701:and
454:buds
346:bark
3384:WFO
3302:RHS
3155:NBN
3080:ISC
3010:572
2969:FoC
2956:FNA
2907:EoL
2868:CoL
2363:PMC
2355:doi
2234:hdl
2224:doi
2191:doi
2145:139
1943:hdl
1935:doi
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1080:In
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