31:
653:
large size and great physical power of this bird, it can access prey fairly deep within a tree. In order to position itself correctly, it has short, stumpy legs, as well as long, sharp claws and very stiff tail feathers. The woodpecker will more than likely choose for its nest a tree with a fungal disease, such as heart rot, although some will utilise a living, healthy tree. Once a hole has been made, the black woodpecker chips downwards through the trunk of the tree, creating a nesting chamber, the only lining being the woodchips created throughout the process. The black woodpecker's excavations provide homes for many other species of bird and mammal, and is therefore considered to be a "keystone" species in many of its habitats throughout its range. It not only provides habitats for other species, but also controls populations of wood-boring insects, helping to protect the trees.
525:
670:. They normally require mature trees and ample stands of dead trees to sustain a viable breeding population. However, with the restoration of some forested areas, black woodpeckers have increased in some parts of Europe. They are occasionally considered a nuisance species due to their damage to power lines, communication poles and houses, occasionally resulting in woodpecker mortality due to electrocution or being culled by humans. The main cause of nesting failures appears to be predation. Their main natural predator is the
80:
638:
735:
403:
206:
447:
630:
55:
652:
and wood-boring beetle grubs. The selection of foods is relatively predictable, narrow and consistent in this species. Like all woodpeckers, this species has a specially adapted neck containing very strong muscles, which allow it to endlessly hack away at tree bark. Due to the size of its bill and
656:
When the nest is ready, the female lays a single clutch of two to eight eggs, the average being four to six. The nest hole is usually dug in a live poplar or pine tree. The breeding pair take it in turns to incubate the eggs, also sharing duties of feeding and brooding the chicks once they have
511:
woodpecker is entirely black apart from a red crown. In males, the entire crown is red, but in females only the top hindcrown is red, with the rest of the body all black. The juvenile black woodpecker is similar but is less glossy, with a duller red crown and a paler grey throat and bill . The
30:
665:
The black woodpecker is a fairly widely distributed woodland species and can successfully breed in most areas where extensive woodland is left. At one point, when much of Europe and Asia was deforested, this species declined and in some areas is still struggling today, including in the
614:. It is very widespread throughout mountainous and lowland forests. It is more likely to occur in marginal woods near human habitations during the non-breeding season. This species has been observed at elevations between 100 and 2,400 m (330 and 7,870 ft).
512:
piercing yellow eyes and manic, high-pitched calls of the black woodpecker have made it the villain of fairy tales throughout its range. Their voice is remarkable in that it has two different calls. One is a short single high-pitched note, a loud, whistling
516:, done only twice in a row. The other is a screech-like shrill while in flight. Unlike other woodpecker species, the black woodpecker does not have a dipping, bounding flight, but instead flies with slow, unsteady-seeming wing beats with its head raised.
621:. Approximately 80 sightings of the species in the UK have been reported, but some of these are disputed, though the proximity of the British Isles to the species' range in Western Europe means that the species may cross over on a regular basis.
454:
The black woodpecker measures 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in) long with a 64 to 84 cm (25 to 33 in) wingspan. Body weight is approximately 250 to 400 g (8.8 to 14.1 oz) on average. Among standard measurements, the
686:) are notably regular usurpers of this species' nest holes and a potential predator of eggs and small nestlings. A few of the larger birds of prey that can hunt in woodlands may prey on black woodpeckers. Among those recorded are
678:), which feeds on eggs, nestlings and brooding females and then often takes over the nest hole of the woodpeckers for its own. Other than the marten, there are notably few known natural predators of black woodpeckers.
282:
in that region. Its range is expanding. The black woodpecker is easily the largest woodpecker species in Europe as well as in the portion of Asia where it lives and is one of the largest species worldwide. This
657:
hatched. The nestlings may fight their way to the entrance of the nest in order to be fed first. After 18 to 35 days, the young black woodpeckers will leave the nest, staying with the adults for another week.
241:
251:
758:
has adopted the black woodpecker as the title bird of the municipality, because in addition to being the most common bird in the locality, it also appears in the literature of
240:
299:
to reside in. In turn, several species rely on black woodpeckers to secondarily reside in the holes made in trees by them. This woodpeckers diet consists mostly of
1895:
1947:
252:
2081:
1465:
239:
2040:
1869:
524:
1908:
1269:
Martin, Thomas E. (1993). "Evolutionary determinants of clutch size in cavity-nesting birds: nest predation or limited breeding opportunities?".
1013:
Rolstad, Jorund; Rolstad, Erlend; Sæteren, Øyvind (2000). "Black woodpecker nest sites: characteristics, selection, and reproductive success".
250:
1646:
1355:
Paclík, Martin; Misík, Jan; Weidinger, Karel (2009). "Nest
Predation and Nest Defence in European and North American Woodpeckers: A Review".
2106:
1578:
1177:
Garmendia, Alfonso; Cárcamo, Susana; Schwendtner, Oscar (2006). "Forest management considerations for conservation of black woodpecker
1817:
996:
1129:
Mikusiński, Grzegorz (1995). "Population trends in black woodpecker in relation to changes and characteristics of
European forests".
848:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1628:
1099:
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2101:
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also broadly overlap in size with the black woodpecker, but both are somewhat smaller in average and maximal size and mass. The
1830:
344:
195:
471:
is 3.6 to 4 cm (1.4 to 1.6 in). It is easily the largest woodpecker in its range and is second in size only to the
1913:
1320:
Nilsson, S.G.; Johnsson, K.; Tjernberg, M. (1991). "Is avoidance by black woodpeckers of old nest holes due to predators?".
1934:
1755:
602:
The black woodpecker is mainly found in forested regions, with a preference for extensive, mature woodland, including
1991:
1952:
1848:
911:
79:
2091:
1861:
599:. The species is generally more uncommon and more discontinuous in distribution in the Asian part of its range.
2096:
1107:
500:
324:
2058:
797:
484:
361:
1742:
1659:
529:
472:
1697:
1760:
1487:
Opdam, P.; Thissen, J.; Verschuren, P.; Müskens, G. (1977). "Feeding ecology of a population of
Goshawk
488:
354:
174:
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830:
1724:
1706:
1500:
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1138:
456:
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336:
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44:
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1302:
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1210:
1030:
695:
218:
74:
1900:
1973:
1926:
1778:
1642:
1624:
1294:
992:
956:
637:
468:
288:
1049:
Field Guide to the Birds of East Asia: Eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and
Eastern Russia
1978:
1551:
1508:
1438:
1407:
1364:
1329:
1278:
1249:
1202:
1146:
1022:
915:
851:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 112.
826:
781:
703:
642:
304:
275:
1986:
1747:
762:, a Finnish national author, originally from Nurmijärvi. Nurmijärvi's local football club
1960:
1711:
862:
777:
734:
679:
607:
429:
349:
364:
as Europe, but this is now taken to be Sweden. The black woodpecker is now placed in the
1504:
1245:
1198:
1142:
205:
1856:
1843:
1411:
1150:
882:
774:
739:
711:
446:
374:
284:
1591:
Nurmijärven
Jalkapalloseura tähtää suomalaisen futiksen huipulle – Nurmijärven Uutiset
1333:
2075:
2004:
1921:
842:
747:
649:
618:
548:
492:
340:
320:
312:
300:
191:
64:
59:
1590:
1565:
1520:
1376:
1341:
866:
629:
402:
2031:
1783:
1306:
1214:
759:
719:
508:
1770:
1466:"Het dieet van de Oehoe in Nederland en enkele aangrenzende gebieden in Duitsland"
846:
1835:
919:
1939:
1882:
1691:
1390:
Johnsson, Kristina (1994). "Colonial breeding and nest predation in the
Jackdaw
991:
by Hans
Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney. Houghton Mifflin (1995),
886:
671:
576:
556:
296:
871:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 151.
1999:
1556:
1535:
1254:
1229:
1206:
603:
584:
476:
381:
271:
141:
131:
1682:
769:
Dryocopus martius martius is thought to be the woodpecker referred to in the
1804:
369:
327:
which is distributed to the south somewhat of the black woodpecker in Asia.
151:
91:
1822:
1298:
648:
The woodpecker feeds by using its bill to hammer on dead trees to dig out
2025:
1676:
1368:
687:
667:
596:
111:
1734:
2053:
2045:
1965:
1874:
1719:
1512:
1450:
1290:
1034:
755:
751:
552:
533:
504:
292:
1887:
770:
544:
101:
1796:
1653:
1604:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
1442:
1026:
989:
1809:
1282:
1791:
788:, a bird "very prominent in early Italic religion and mythology."
733:
636:
628:
611:
592:
588:
572:
568:
564:
540:
523:
487:
woodpeckers), although its average mass is similar to that of the
445:
365:
279:
248:
237:
475:
amongst the woodpecker species certain to exist (with the likely
1536:"Feeding ecology of a nesting population of the Common Buzzard (
580:
560:
464:
460:
121:
1657:
952:
463:
is 15.9 to 17.3 cm (6.3 to 6.8 in), the very long
1425:
Lundberg, Arne (1981). "Population ecology of the Ural owl
1100:"Range-expansion of the Black Woodpecker in Western Europe"
766:
has also adopted the black woodpecker as the club's logo.
1230:"On the damage by birds to power and communication lines"
303:. This species is closely related to, and fills the same
1185:
populations in Quinto Real (Spanish
Western Pyrenees)".
1085:
Peterson, R.T., Mountfort, G. and Hollom, P.A.D. (1993)
587:. The southern limits of this woodpecker's range are in
1071:
New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
1069:
Perrins, C.M., Attenborough, D. and Arlott, N. (1987).
1621:
Woodpeckers of Europe: A Study of the European Picidae
1602:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 1
539:
The range of the black woodpecker spreads east from
2015:
1666:
617:The black woodpecker is noticeably absent from the
831:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681382A87301348.en
467:is 5 to 6.7 cm (2.0 to 2.6 in) and the
459:is 22.7 to 26 cm (8.9 to 10.2 in), the
274:that lives in mature forests across the northern
1087:Collins Field Guide: Birds of Britain and Europe
595:, and it has also been recorded as a vagrant in
1540:) in the Upper Nitra Region, Central Slovakia"
1124:
1122:
373:that was introduced by the German naturalist
8:
738:The black woodpecker in the coat of arms of
1081:
1079:
825:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
1654:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
204:
53:
29:
20:
1555:
1253:
1008:
1006:
1004:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
386:
814:
278:. It is the sole representative of its
1636:The Black Woodpecker: A monograph on
1165:Central and Eastern European Wildlife
943:
941:
926:. International Ornithologists' Union
906:
904:
7:
2059:CDCB8CFE-79EE-49E1-8618-ADABE2BAA776
1862:9e7649e4-7a18-4709-99c0-b4934492c06a
949:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
2082:IUCN Red List least concern species
1089:. HarperCollins Publishers, London.
1073:. University of Texas Press, Texas.
1534:Obuch, Ján; Šotnár, Karol (2009).
1412:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01100.x
1151:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00139.x
287:species tends to make its home in
14:
1579:Vaakuna ja tunnukset – Nurmijärvi
1167:. Bradt Travel Guides, Buckshire.
924:IOC World Bird List Version 10.1
868:Check-List of Birds of the World
821:BirdLife International. (2016).
559:. It is also native to parts of
401:
78:
1015:Journal of Wildlife Management
1:
1334:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80845-0
1187:Biodiversity and Conservation
633:Tree work by black woodpecker
435:Tibet and southwestern China
1641:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
1181:and white-backed woodpecker
323:, also being similar to the
2107:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1394:using old Black Woodpecker
450:Skull of a black woodpecker
2123:
773:instructions on the early
528:A black woodpecker taking
339:by the Swedish naturalist
335:The black woodpecker was
1557:10.2478/v10262-012-0028-0
1357:Annales Zoologici Fennici
1255:10.1080/00063656009475975
1207:10.1007/s10531-005-5410-0
501:white-bellied woodpeckers
245:Black woodpecker drumming
224:
217:
212:
203:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1493:Journal für Ornithologie
1051:. A&C Black, London.
520:Distribution and habitat
325:white-bellied woodpecker
2102:Birds described in 1758
1634:Gorman, Gerard (2011):
1619:Gorman, Gerard (2004):
798:Black-bodied woodpecker
213:Black woodpecker range
1228:Turcek, F. J. (1960).
743:
645:
634:
536:
495:. The closely related
473:great slaty woodpecker
451:
414:western Europe to the
295:and excavates a large
257:
256:Black woodpecker calls
246:
1623:. Bruce Coleman, UK.
1544:Slovak Raptor Journal
737:
730:Cultural significance
640:
632:
625:Behaviour and ecology
527:
489:Magellanic woodpecker
449:
255:
244:
16:Species of woodpecker
1857:Fauna Europaea (new)
1464:Wassink, G. (2010).
1429:in central Sweden".
1369:10.5735/086.046.0503
1183:Dendrocopos leucotos
746:The municipality of
543:across the whole of
360:. Linnaeus gave the
1505:1977JOrni.118...35O
1271:American Naturalist
1246:1960BirdS...7..231T
1199:2006BiCon..15.1399G
1143:1995Ecogr..18..363M
803:Pileated woodpecker
696:Eurasian eagle-owls
416:Kamchatka Peninsula
317:lineated woodpecker
309:pileated woodpecker
230:Linnaeus, 1758
45:Conservation status
1513:10.1007/BF01647356
1489:Accipiter gentilis
1431:Ornis Scandinavica
1163:Gorman, G. (2008)
1047:Brazil, M. (2009)
914:; Donsker, David;
887:"Generalübersicht"
744:
708:Accipiter gentilis
646:
635:
610:, subtropical and
537:
452:
337:formally described
307:in Europe as, the
258:
247:
2069:
2068:
2005:Dryocopus martius
1974:Open Tree of Life
1712:Dryocopus_martius
1698:Dryocopus martius
1668:Dryocopus martius
1660:Taxon identifiers
1647:978-84-96553-79-8
1638:Dryocopus martius
1396:Dryocopus martius
1179:Dryocopus martius
916:Rasmussen, Pamela
863:Peters, James Lee
823:Dryocopus martius
724:Aquila chrysaetos
704:northern goshawks
439:
438:
289:old-growth forest
267:Dryocopus martius
253:
242:
236:
235:
184:Dryocopus martius
68:
24:Black woodpecker
2114:
2092:Birds of Eurasia
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2008:
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1322:Animal Behaviour
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1193:(4): 1399–1415.
1174:
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1115:: 4. April 1985.
1104:
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1038:
1021:(4): 1053–1066.
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933:
931:
908:
899:
898:
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859:
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852:
839:
833:
819:
680:Western jackdaws
643:Museum Wiesbaden
641:Egg, Collection
411:(Linnaeus, 1758)
405:
387:
384:are recognised:
305:ecological niche
262:black woodpecker
254:
243:
231:
208:
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
2122:
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2097:Birds of Russia
2072:
2071:
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2065:
2057:
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2044:
2039:
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2011:
2003:
1998:
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1961:Observation.org
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1463:
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1458:
1443:10.2307/3676035
1427:Strix uralensis
1424:
1423:
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1392:Corvus monedula
1389:
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1027:10.2307/3803216
1012:
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987:
970:
963:
947:
946:
939:
929:
927:
918:, eds. (2020).
910:
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883:Boie, Friedrich
881:
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861:
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841:
840:
836:
820:
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811:
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778:Iguvine Tablets
732:
712:common buzzards
692:Strix uralensis
684:Corvus monedula
663:
627:
555:, and northern
522:
444:
426:D. m. khamensis
350:Systema Naturae
343:in 1758 in the
333:
249:
238:
229:
199:
188:
182:
169:
166:D. martius
77:
69:
58:
54:
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17:
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11:
5:
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1996:
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1844:Fauna Europaea
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1479:
1456:
1437:(2): 111–119.
1417:
1406:(3): 313–317.
1382:
1363:(5): 361–379.
1347:
1328:(3): 439–441.
1312:
1283:10.1086/285582
1277:(6): 937–946.
1261:
1240:(4): 231–236.
1220:
1169:
1156:
1137:(4): 363–369.
1118:
1091:
1075:
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1040:
1000:
997:978-0395720431
968:
961:
937:
900:
874:
865:, ed. (1948).
854:
843:Linnaeus, Carl
834:
813:
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807:
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805:
800:
793:
790:
731:
728:
662:
659:
650:carpenter ants
626:
623:
612:boreal forests
521:
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514:kree-kree-kree
485:second largest
443:
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375:Friedrich Boie
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301:carpenter ants
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962:0-19-854099-X
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920:"Woodpeckers"
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891:Isis von Oken
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409:D. m. martius
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396:Distribution
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358:Picus martius
356:
355:binomial name
352:
351:
346:
345:tenth edition
342:
341:Carl Linnaeus
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
321:South America
318:
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313:North America
310:
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293:forest stands
290:
286:
285:non-migratory
281:
277:
273:
270:) is a large
269:
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227:Picus martius
223:
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175:Binomial name
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60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
38:Adult female
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2016:
1667:
1639:
1635:
1620:
1613:Bibliography
1598:
1593:(in Finnish)
1586:
1581:(in Finnish)
1574:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1499:(1): 35–51.
1496:
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1048:
1043:
1018:
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988:
948:
928:. Retrieved
923:
894:
890:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
822:
817:
785:
768:
760:Aleksis Kivi
745:
723:
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664:
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616:
601:
579:, including
563:, including
547:, excluding
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266:
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261:
259:
226:
225:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
1883:iNaturalist
1692:Wikispecies
1538:Buteo buteo
912:Gill, Frank
740:Pielisjärvi
716:Buteo buteo
672:pine marten
577:Middle East
557:Scandinavia
442:Description
2076:Categories
2032:Q125503342
2000:Xeno-canto
1234:Bird Study
897:. Col 977.
809:References
748:Nurmijärvi
604:coniferous
585:Kazakhstan
509:crow-sized
477:extinction
457:wing chord
418:and Japan
393:Subspecies
382:subspecies
353:under the
276:Palearctic
272:woodpecker
132:Piciformes
2087:Dryocopus
1550:: 13–20.
1476:: 97–108.
1131:Ecography
742:, Finland
700:Bubo bubo
688:Ural owls
377:in 1826.
370:Dryocopus
297:tree hole
291:or large
160:Species:
153:Dryocopus
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2026:Wikidata
1927:22681382
1901:11038835
1748:22681382
1743:BirdLife
1732:BioLib:
1677:Wikidata
1566:84497619
1521:44631480
1398:holes".
1377:86330780
1342:53147765
1299:19425942
955:. 1997.
885:(1826).
845:(1758).
792:See also
668:Pyrenees
608:tropical
597:Portugal
532:bath in
507:of this
497:pileated
430:Buturlin
362:locality
331:Taxonomy
315:and the
219:Synonyms
192:Linnaeus
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2054:ZooBank
2046:8980264
1875:2477872
1797:blawoo1
1771:blawoo1
1720:Avibase
1683:Q143284
1501:Bibcode
1451:3676035
1307:5299388
1291:2462692
1242:Bibcode
1215:8616002
1195:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
1035:3803216
782:Umbrian
780:by the
771:augural
756:Finland
752:Uusimaa
553:Ireland
534:Hungary
505:plumage
481:largest
479:of the
347:of his
148:Genus:
142:Picidae
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1979:459335
1953:187859
1914:554101
1831:EURING
1810:DRYKMA
1645:
1627:
1564:
1519:
1470:Limosa
1449:
1375:
1340:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1213:
1033:
995:
959:
930:26 May
775:Italic
718:) and
661:Status
545:Europe
530:anting
469:tarsus
432:, 1908
1896:IRMNG
1888:17835
1849:97095
1818:EUNIS
1792:eBird
1784:37VCZ
1768:BOW:
1761:52573
1562:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1447:JSTOR
1373:S2CID
1338:S2CID
1303:S2CID
1287:JSTOR
1211:S2CID
1103:(PDF)
1031:JSTOR
786:peiqu
784:word
593:Italy
589:Spain
573:China
569:Japan
565:Korea
541:Spain
390:Image
366:genus
280:genus
2041:GBIF
1992:6209
1948:NCBI
1922:IUCN
1909:ITIS
1870:GBIF
1836:8630
1823:1014
1805:EPPO
1756:BOLD
1735:8792
1643:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1400:Ibis
1295:PMID
993:ISBN
957:ISBN
932:2020
591:and
583:and
581:Iran
571:and
561:Asia
499:and
483:and
465:bill
461:tail
380:Two
260:The
196:1758
122:Aves
1987:TSA
1966:759
1935:NBN
1779:CoL
1707:ADW
1552:doi
1509:doi
1497:118
1491:".
1439:doi
1408:doi
1404:136
1365:doi
1330:doi
1279:doi
1275:142
1250:doi
1203:doi
1147:doi
1023:doi
953:OUP
827:doi
764:NJS
750:in
726:).
710:),
702:),
694:),
491:of
319:of
311:of
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2028::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1963::
1950::
1937::
1924::
1911::
1898::
1885::
1872::
1859::
1846::
1833::
1820::
1807::
1794::
1781::
1758::
1745::
1722::
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1560:.
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1542:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:.
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1472:.
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1371:.
1361:46
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1301:.
1293:.
1285:.
1273:.
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1236:.
1232:.
1209:.
1201:.
1191:15
1189:.
1145:.
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1133:.
1121:^
1113:78
1111:.
1105:.
1078:^
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1019:64
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1003:^
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951:.
940:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
