1128:
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geographically: males and females mature at 1.4–1.5 m (4.6–4.9 ft) and 1.6 m (5.2 ft), respectively, in the northeastern
Atlantic, 1.3–1.4 m (4.3–4.6 ft) and 1.5–1.6 m (4.9–5.2 ft), respectively, in the Gulf of Mexico, 1.5 and 1.6 m (4.9 and 5.2 ft) respectively off South Africa, and 1.7 and 1.8 m (5.6 and 5.9 ft), respectively, off North Africa. The age at maturation is 4–5 years for males and 7–8 years for females. The lifespan is at least 12 years.
614:
602:
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239:
49:
1032:. Females typically give birth to four to seven (range one to 10) pups every other year, making use of shallow coastal nurseries that offer plentiful food and fewer predators. Known nurseries include Pine Island Sound, Terra Ceia Bay, and Yankeetown along the Gulf Coast of Florida, Bulls Bay on the coast of South Carolina, and Pontal do Paraná on the coast of Brazil. Although adult blacktip sharks are highly mobile and disperse over long distances, they are
93:
630:
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nursery area for this species, juvenile blacktips form aggregations during the day and disperse at night. They aggregate most strongly in the early summer when the sharks are youngest, suggesting that they are seeking refuge from predators (mostly larger sharks) in numbers. Predator avoidance may also be the reason why juvenile blacktips do not congregate in the areas of highest prey density in the bay. Adults have no known predators. Known
68:
1191:. Once hooked, this species is a strong, steady fighter that sometimes jumps out of the water. Since 1995, the number of blacktip sharks taken by recreational anglers in the United States has approached or surpassed the number taken by commercial fishing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the blacktip shark as Vulnerable, as its low reproductive rate renders it vulnerable to
1180:). The flesh is considered superior to that of the sandbar shark, resulting in the sandbar and other requiem shark species being sold under the name "blacktip shark" in the United States. The blacktip shark is also very significant to Indian and Mexican fisheries, and is caught in varying numbers by fisheries in the Mediterranean and South China Seas, and off northern Australia.
868:: the shark swims towards the threat and then turns away, while rolling from side to side, lowering its pectoral fins, tilting its head and tail upwards, and making sideways biting motions. The entire sequence lasts around 25 seconds. This behavior is similar to the actions of a shark attempting to move a sharksucker; one of these behaviors possibly is derived from the other.
590:
825:
400:, blacktip sharks are known to make spinning leaps out of the water while attacking schools of small fish. Their demeanor has been described as "timid" compared to other large requiem sharks. Both juveniles and adults form groups of varying size. Like other members of its family, the blacktip shark is
1135:
Blacktip sharks showing curiosity towards divers has been reported, but they remain at a safe distance. Under most circumstances, these timid sharks are not regarded as highly dangerous to humans. However, they may become aggressive in the presence of food, and their size and speed invite respect. As
566:
are longer than those of similar requiem shark species. The jaws contain 15 tooth rows on either side, with two symphysial teeth (at the jaw midline) in the upper jaw and one symphysial tooth in the lower jaw. The teeth are broad-based with a high, narrow cusp and serrated edges. The first dorsal fin
574:
The coloration is gray to brown above and white below, with a conspicuous white stripe running along the sides. The pectoral fins, second dorsal fin, and the lower lobe of the caudal fin usually have black tips. The pelvic fins and rarely the anal fin may also be black-tipped. The first dorsal fin
532:
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA has also revealed two distinct lineages within this species, one occupying the western
Atlantic and the other occupying the eastern Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. This suggests that Indo-Pacific blacktip sharks are descended from those in the eastern Atlantic,
1071:
The growth rate of this species slows with age: 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in the first six months, then 20 cm (7.9 in) a year until the second year, then 10 cm (3.9 in) a year until maturation, then 5 cm (2.0 in) a year for adults. The size at maturity varies
781:
The blacktip shark is an extremely fast, energetic predator that is usually found in groups of varying size. Segregation by sex and age does not occur; adult males and nonpregnant females are found apart from pregnant females, and both are separated from juveniles. In Terra Ceia Bay, Florida, a
748:
Most blacktip sharks are found in water less than 30 m (98 ft) deep over continental and insular shelves, though they may dive to 64 m (210 ft). Favored habitats are muddy bays, island lagoons, and the drop-offs near coral reefs; they are also tolerant of low
832:
Like the spinner shark, the blacktip shark is known to leap out of the water and spin three or four times about its axis before landing. Some of these jumps are the end product of feeding runs, in which the shark corkscrews vertically through schools of small fish and its
404:; females bear one to 10 pups every other year. Young blacktip sharks spend the first months of their lives in shallow nurseries, and grown females return to the nurseries where they were born to give birth themselves. In the absence of males, females are also capable of
1195:. The United States and Australia are the only two countries that manage fisheries catching blacktip sharks. In both cases, regulation occurs under umbrella management schemes for multiple shark species, such as that for the large coastal sharks category of the US
537:
on the other. Blacktip sharks from these two regions differ in morphology, coloration, and life history characteristics, and the eastern
Atlantic lineage may merit species status. Fossil teeth belonging to this species have been found in
1140:
lists 28 unprovoked attacks (one fatal) and 13 provoked attacks by this species. Blacktip sharks are responsible annually for 16% of the shark attacks around
Florida. Most attacks by this species result in only minor wounds.
484:
for "bordered", referring to the black edges of this shark's fins. Other common names used for the blacktip shark include blackfin shark, blacktip whaler, common or small blacktip shark, grey shark, and spotfin ground shark.
1067:
in the first 15 months of life is 61–91%, with major threats being predation and starvation. The young remain in the nurseries until their first fall, when they migrate to their wintering grounds.
575:
and the upper lobe of the caudal fin typically have black edges. Some larger individuals have unmarked or nearly unmarked fins. Blacktip sharks can temporarily lose almost all their colors during
1565:
Yano, Kazunari; Morrissey, John F. (1999-06-01). "Confirmation of blacktip shark,Carcharhinus limbatus, in the Ryukyu
Islands and notes on possible absence ofC. melanopterus in Japanese waters".
1063:
connection that sustains the embryo until birth. The length at birth is 55–60 cm (22–24 in) off the eastern United States and 61–65 cm (24–26 in) off North Africa. The
583:. This species attains a maximum known length of 2.8 m (9.2 ft), though 1.5 m (4.9 ft) is more typical, and a maximum known weight of 123 kg (271 lb).
1059:; in the 10th or 11th week of gestation, when the embryo measures 18–19 cm long (7.1–7.5 in), the supply of yolk is exhausted and the yolk sac develops into a
3763:
1016:). Off South Africa, jacks and herring are the most important prey. Hunting peaks at dawn and dusk. The excitability and sociability of blacktip sharks makes them prone to
1079:
was found to be pregnant with a single near-term female pup, despite having never mated with a male. Genetic analysis confirmed that her offspring was the product of
589:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3455:
428:
3507:
1679:
Heupel, M.R. & Hueter, R.E. (2002). "The importance of prey density in relation to the movement patterns of juvenile sharks within a coastal nursery area".
2169:
Keeney, D.B.; Heupel, M.R.; Hueter, R.E. & Heist, E.J. (2005). "Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of the genetic structure of blacktip shark (
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and return to their original nursery areas to give birth. This results in a series of genetically distinct breeding stocks that overlap in geographic range.
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As one of the more common large sharks in coastal waters, the blacktip shark is caught in large numbers by commercial fisheries throughout the world, using
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1510:
Geology and
Paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware: Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication No. 21
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launches it into the air. Observations in the
Bahamas suggest that blacktip sharks may also jump out of the water to dislodge attached
3636:
2347:
Fowler, S.L.; Cavanagh, R.D.; Camhi, M.; Burgess, G.H.; Cailliet, G.M.; Fordham, S.V.; Simpfendorfer, C.A. & Musick, J.A. (2005).
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1152:, and hook-and-line. The meat is of high quality and marketed fresh, frozen, or dried and salted. In addition, the fins are used for
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is tall and falcate (sickle-shaped) with a short free rear tip; no ridge runs between the first and second dorsal fins. The large
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411:
Normally wary of humans, blacktip sharks can become aggressive in the presence of food and have been responsible for a number of
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1137:
1419:
357:, and part of the family Carcharhinidae. It is common to coastal tropical and subtropical waters around the world, including
3667:
3473:
1644:
Heupel, M.R. & Simpfendorfer, C.A. (2005). "Quantitative analysis of aggregation behavior in juvenile blacktip sharks".
1465:) inferred from mitochondrial DNA reveals isolation of western Atlantic populations coupled with recent Pacific dispersal".
613:
601:
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The blacktip shark has a robust, streamlined body with a long, pointed snout and relatively small eyes. The five pairs of
2538:
876:
Fish make up some 90% of the blacktip shark's diet. A wide variety of fish have been recorded as prey for this species:
452:
228:
1183:
The blacktip shark is popular with recreational anglers in
Florida, the Caribbean, and South Africa. It is listed as a
1172:. Blacktip sharks are one of the most important species to the northwestern Atlantic shark fishery, second only to the
1127:
92:
3390:
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2420:
761:. Although an individual may be found some distance offshore, blacktip sharks do not inhabit oceanic waters. Seasonal
637:
The blacktip shark has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. In the
Atlantic, it is found from
533:
while the western
Atlantic sharks became isolated by the widening Atlantic Ocean on one side and the formation of the
2376:
1953:
Ritter, E.K. & Godknecht, A.J. (February 1, 2000). Ross, S. T. (ed.). "Agonistic Displays in the Blacktip Shark (
1199:
Atlantic shark Fisheries Management Plan. No conservation plans specifically for this species have been implemented.
845:
shape. The speed attained by the shark during these jumps has been estimated to average 6.3 m/s (21 ft/s).
509:), due to similarities in morphology and behavior. However, this interpretation has not been borne out by studies of
3217:
2778:
3512:
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Mating occurs from spring to early summer, and the young are born around the same time the following year after a
3713:
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3208:
3181:
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1970:
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when large quantities of food are suddenly available, such as when fishing vessels dump their refuse overboard.
3718:
3226:
2093:
Keeney, D.B.; Heupel, M.; Hueter, R.E. & Heist, E.J. (2003). "Genetic heterogeneity among blacktip shark,
448:
224:
1329:
3259:
3190:
2708:
2531:
474:
1111:), this event suggests that asexual reproduction may be more widespread in sharks than previously thought.
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3304:
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3395:
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2986:
738:
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across many parts of its range, with its meat, skin, fins, and liver oil used. It has been assessed as
3680:
3587:
3351:
3199:
2968:
2904:
2841:
2717:
2251:
Heupel, M.R. & Simpfendorfer, C.A. (2002). "Estimation of mortality of juvenile blacktip sharks,
1084:
865:
440:
420:
405:
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are occasionally taken. In the Gulf of Mexico, the most important prey of the blacktip shark is the
3283:
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2823:
2351:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 106–109, 293–295.
1119:
714:
682:
57:
31:
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2322:
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1982:
1974:
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1490:
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424:
416:
251:
87:
72:
1461:
Keeney, D.B. & Heist, E.J. (October 2006). "Worldwide phylogeography of the blacktip shark (
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has been documented for the population off the east coast of the United States, moving north to
525:). More work is required to fully resolve the relationship between the blacktip shark and other
238:
3460:
2497:
3623:
3559:
3403:
3356:
2760:
2598:
2352:
2222:
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2031:
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2182:
2149:
2106:
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1966:
1925:
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1435:
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1009:
838:
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369:
isolated and distinct from those in the rest of its range. The blacktip shark has a stout,
365:
have revealed substantial variation within this species, with populations from the western
48:
3533:
3486:
3250:
3091:
3082:
2886:
2868:
2859:
2769:
2751:
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2618:
2221:
Capapé, C.H.; Seck, A.A.; Diatta, Y.; Reynaud, C.H.; Hemida, F. & Zaouali, J. (2004).
2055:"Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 7. The blacktip shark
1336:
1295:
Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
1161:
1080:
864:) of equal size when competing for food. If threatened or challenged, they may perform an
857:
849:
518:
2504:, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
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1930:
1905:
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766:
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494:
366:
144:
134:
1706:
Bullard, S.A.; Frasca, A. (Jr.) & Benz, G.W. (June 2000). "Skin Lesions Caused by
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2850:
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973:
929:
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650:
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539:
514:
502:
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354:
174:
77:
2154:
2133:
2118:
1986:
1890:
1743:
1665:
1594:
1494:
467:, both of which have since been lost. Later authors moved this species to the genus
3614:
2959:
2742:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2609:
2202:
1802:
1219:
1218:
Rigby, C.L.; Carlson, J.; Chin, A.; Derrick, D.; Dicken, M.; Pacoureau, N. (2021).
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949:
842:
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1033:
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957:
941:
706:
576:
2523:
2075:
2054:
1838:
1818:"Larval nematodes (Philometridae) in granulomas in ovaries of blacktip sharks,
1817:
1439:
3172:
3148:
3139:
2787:
2173:) nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea".
2110:
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1092:
1029:
997:
993:
953:
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921:
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813:
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543:
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The closest relatives of the blacktip shark were originally thought to be the
464:
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390:
386:
378:
17:
3641:
3327:
2517:
1586:
3241:
3106:
3025:
2297:
Branstetter, S. (December 9, 1987). "Age and Growth Estimates for Blacktip,
1761:
postoncomiracidia (Monogenea: Dionchidae) from the skin of blacktip sharks,
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913:
909:
889:
798:
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730:
710:
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563:
397:
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104:
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1847:
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1060:
1056:
989:
977:
933:
917:
905:
893:
881:
834:
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spp., which attach the shark's skin. This species is also parasitized by
783:
750:
547:
362:
358:
124:
824:
3654:
3434:
2326:
1978:
1786:
1578:
1165:
1157:
969:
961:
937:
925:
897:
885:
877:
787:
770:
658:
551:
431:, on the basis of its low reproductive rate and high value to fishers.
350:
3421:
848:
Blacktip sharks have a timid disposition and consistently lose out to
721:. It has also been reported at a number of Pacific islands, including
3447:
3377:
2568:
2097:, continental nurseries along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico".
1096:
1052:
1048:
734:
726:
642:
114:
3298:
2318:
2278:
1692:
2349:
Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes
2227:(Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) off West and North African Coasts"
1525:
Florida's Fossils: Guide to Location, Identification, and Enjoyment
2592:
1861:
Riner, E.K. & Brijnnschweiler, J.M. (2003). "Do sharksuckers,
1126:
1118:
1044:
823:
702:
694:
628:
481:
154:
2138:(Elasmobranchii, Carcharhinidae) off the coast of Paraná, Brazil"
3551:
1088:
718:
3302:
2527:
2465:"Parthenogenesis in a large-bodied requiem shark, the blacktip
669:. It occurs all around the periphery of the Indian Ocean, from
1297:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 481–483.
1213:
1211:
1710:(Monogenea: Microbothriidae) on Wild-Caught Blacktip Sharks (
1971:
10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0282:ADITBS]2.0.CO;2
1364:. London: University of California Press. pp. 156–157.
1779:
10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0245:DPMDFT]2.0.CO;2
1728:
10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0618:SLCBDP]2.0.CO;2
1051:; each uterus is separated into compartments with a single
439:
The blacktip shark was first described by French zoologist
393:. It usually attains a length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).
595:
The blacktip shark has black markings on most of its fins.
1123:
The blacktip shark usually poses little danger to divers.
633:
A blacktip shark swimming in murky water off Oahu, Hawaii
1757:
Bullard, S.A.; Benz, G.W. & Braswell, J.S. (2000). "
1341:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
1103:. Along with an earlier case of parthenogenesis in the
828:
Blacktip sharks are social and usually found in groups.
2463:
Chapman, D.D.; Firchau, B. & Shivji, M.S. (2008).
1055:
inside each. The embryos are initially sustained by a
2421:"Age and growth determination of the blacktip shark,
2370:
2368:
2017:(MS thesis). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.
841:, which irritate the shark's skin and compromise its
1906:"Water-escape velocities in jumping blacktip sharks"
1527:(third ed.). Pineapple Press Inc. p. 100.
1512:. Delaware Natural History Survey. pp. 133–139.
1028:
As with other requiem sharks, the blacktip shark is
3598:
3311:
3272:
3239:
3161:
3137:
3104:
3080:
3056:
3023:
2999:
2939:
2915:
2607:
1075:In 2007, a 9-year-old female blacktip shark at the
1043:of 10–12 months. Females have one functional
381:. Most individuals have black tips or edges on the
2257:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
415:on people. This species is of importance to both
2305:, Sharks from the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico".
1420:"The phylogenetic relationship within the genus
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2255:, within a nursery area using telemetry data".
2216:
2214:
2212:
2088:
2086:
689:. In the western Pacific, it is found from the
2292:
2290:
2288:
1871:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology
1816:Rosa-Molinar, E. & Williams, C.S. (1983).
2539:
2498:ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark
2375:Killam, K.A. & Parsons, G.R. (May 1989).
2223:"Reproductive biology of the blacktip shark,
8:
1865:, induce jump behaviour in blacktip sharks,
1243:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T3851A2870736.en
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1077:Virginia Aquarium and Marine Science Center
457:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen
3764:Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
3299:
2546:
2532:
2524:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
517:, which instead suggest affinity with the
237:
66:
47:
38:
2268:
2153:
2074:
1929:
1837:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1362:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
1241:
713:. In the eastern Pacific, it occurs from
2000:
1998:
1996:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
2377:"Age and Growth of the Blacktip Shark,
2053:Dudley, S.F.J. & Cliff, G. (1993).
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1207:
585:
3749:Near threatened biota of South America
3744:Near threatened fauna of North America
2425:, from the east coast of South Africa"
2419:Wintner, S.P. & Cliff, G. (1996).
2026:
2024:
1910:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1623:, off the southeastern United States"
7:
2134:"A parturition and nursery area for
980:, as well as smaller sharks such as
3759:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller
2007:Feeding habits of blacktip sharks,
1553:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
1330:Biological Profiles: Blacktip Shark
1229:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1189:International Game Fish Association
812:in the family Philometridae (genus
1131:Blacktip shark in UShaka Sea World
786:of the blacktip shark include the
25:
2142:Brazilian Journal of Oceanography
2063:African Journal of Marine Science
2011:, and Atlantic sharpnose sharks,
1197:National Marine Fisheries Service
3739:Near threatened biota of Oceania
3704:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2485:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02018.x
2187:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02549.x
1619:"Biology of the blacktip shark,
1479:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03036.x
667:Democratic Republic of the Congo
612:
600:
588:
463:were two individuals caught off
373:body with a pointed snout, long
91:
3734:Near threatened biota of Europe
3724:Near threatened biota of Africa
2502:International Shark Attack File
2155:10.1590/s1679-87592008000400008
1138:International Shark Attack File
445:Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus
3769:Fish of the Dominican Republic
1681:Marine and Freshwater Research
1617:Castro, J.I. (November 1996).
1555:. Retrieved on April 28, 2009.
1343:. Retrieved on April 27, 2009.
1:
3729:Near threatened biota of Asia
2015:, in Louisiana coastal waters
1904:Brunnschweiler, J.M. (2005).
816:), which infest the ovaries.
3218:Australian sharpnose shark (
2779:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
2438:(1): 135–144. Archived from
1826:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
246:Range of the blacktip shark
3209:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
3182:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
2896:Australian blacktip shark (
1883:10.1080/1023624031000119584
769:in the summer and south to
377:, and no ridge between the
329:Meek & Hildebrand, 1923
313:Jordan & Evermann, 1903
3790:
3227:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
2076:10.2989/025776193784287356
2013:Rhizoprionodon terraenovae
1839:10.7589/0090-3558-19.3.275
1627:Bulletin of Marine Science
1508:Benson. R.N., ed. (1998).
1440:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.04.001
1418:Dosay-Akbulut, M. (2008).
1081:automictic parthenogenesis
273:Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
29:
3260:Pacific spadenose shark (
3191:Pacific sharpnose shark (
2709:Pacific smalltail shark (
2563:
2394:: 845–857. Archived from
2111:10.1007/s00227-003-1166-9
1658:10.1007/s00227-005-0004-7
1293:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
571:are falcate and pointed.
257:
250:
245:
236:
213:
206:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
2806:Oceanic whitetip shark (
2388:Florida Fishery Bulletin
2132:Bornatowski, H. (2008).
1428:Comptes Rendus Biologies
1393:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1168:, and the carcasses for
625:Distribution and habitat
30:Not to be confused with
3526:atlantic-blacktip-shark
3116:Sicklefin lemon shark (
3044:Borneo broadfin shark (
2987:Irrawaddy river shark (
2473:Journal of Fish Biology
1767:Journal of Parasitology
1716:Journal of Parasitology
1567:Ichthyological Research
1014:Micropogonias undulatus
489:Phylogeny and evolution
318:Carcharias pleurotaenia
3754:Fish described in 1839
3200:Grey sharpnose shark (
2969:Northern river shark (
2842:Caribbean reef shark (
1922:10.1098/rsif.2005.0047
1708:Dermophthirius penneri
1132:
1124:
829:
802:Dermophthirius penneri
634:
421:recreational fisheries
286:Carcharias maculipinna
262:Carcharias abbreviatus
3383:carcharhinus-limbatus
3370:Carcharhinus_limbatus
3357:Carcharhinus_limbatus
3343:Carcharhinus limbatus
3313:Carcharhinus limbatus
3284:Whitetip reef shark (
2824:Blacktip reef shark (
2520:on Sealife Collection
2467:Carcharhinus limbatus
2423:Carcharhinus limbatus
2379:Carcharhinus limbatus
2299:Carcharhinus limbatus
2253:Carcharhinus limbatus
2225:Carcharhinus limbatus
2171:Carcharhinus limbatus
2136:Carcharhinus limbatus
2095:Carcharhinus limbatus
2057:Carcharhinus limbatus
2034:Carcharhinus limbatus
2009:Carcharhinus limbatus
1955:Carcharhinus limbatus
1867:Carcharhinus limbatus
1820:Carcharhinus limbatus
1763:Carcharhinus limbatus
1712:Carcharhinus limbatus
1621:Carcharhinus limbatus
1463:Carcharhinus limbatus
1407:. April 2009 version.
1397:Carcharhinus limbatus
1222:Carcharhinus limbatus
1148:, fixed-bottom nets,
1130:
1122:
827:
701:, including southern
632:
346:Carcharhinus limbatus
278:Carcharias ehrenbergi
270:Carcharias aethalorus
217:Carcharhinus limbatus
2951:Borneo river shark (
2040:Animal Diversity Web
2005:Barry, K.P. (2002).
1523:Brown, R.C. (2008).
1360:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
1085:asexual reproduction
976:. They also feed on
579:, or "whitings", of
441:Achille Valenciennes
406:asexual reproduction
326:Carcharhinus natator
3600:Carcharias limbatus
2761:Pondicherry shark (
2648:C. amblyrhynchoides
1765:(Carcharhinidae)".
1236:: e.T3851A2870736.
1047:and two functional
1008:), followed by the
1006:Brevoortia patronus
777:Biology and ecology
715:Southern California
683:Indian subcontinent
499:C. amblyrhynchoides
302:Carcharias muelleri
58:Conservation status
32:Blacktip reef shark
3011:Daggernose shark (
2978:Speartooth shark (
2725:Whitecheek shark (
1863:Echeneis naucrates
1579:10.1007/BF02675438
1549:Albinism in Sharks
1335:2007-06-29 at the
1133:
1125:
1115:Human interactions
830:
635:
310:Carcharias phorcys
305:Steindachner, 1867
294:Carcharias microps
3691:
3690:
3560:Open Tree of Life
3305:Taxon identifiers
3296:
3295:
3251:Spadenose shark (
3092:Whitenose shark (
2887:Spot-tail shark (
2869:Blackspot shark (
2860:Smalltail shark (
2770:Finetooth shark (
2752:Galapagos shark (
2655:Grey reef shark (
2630:C. albimarginatus
2628:Silvertip shark (
2619:Blacknose shark (
2599:Carcharhiniformes
2381:, near Tampa Bay"
2358:978-2-8317-0700-6
2175:Molecular Ecology
1534:978-1-56164-409-4
1473:(12): 3669–3679.
1467:Molecular Ecology
1371:978-0-520-23484-0
1304:978-92-5-101384-7
866:agonistic display
862:C. albimarginatus
791:Pandarus sinuatus
679:Arabian Peninsula
655:Mediterranean Sea
535:Isthmus of Panama
396:Swift, energetic
337:
336:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
165:Carcharhiniformes
81:
16:(Redirected from
3781:
3714:Pantropical fish
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3300:
3262:S. macrorhynchos
3035:Broadfin shark (
2815:Hardnose shark (
2797:Blacktip shark (
2754:C. galapagenisis
2657:C. amblyrhynchos
2646:Graceful shark (
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2479:(6): 1473–1477.
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2432:Fishery Bulletin
2429:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2385:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2181:(7): 1911–1923.
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2105:(6): 1039–1046.
2090:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1652:(5): 1239–1249.
1641:
1635:
1634:
1614:
1599:
1598:
1562:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1344:
1326:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1215:
1041:gestation period
1018:feeding frenzies
1010:Atlantic croaker
986:sharpnose sharks
858:silvertip sharks
850:Galapagos sharks
645:, including the
616:
604:
592:
581:coccolithophores
475:specific epithet
363:Genetic analyses
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
281:Klunzinger, 1871
280:
272:
265:Klunzinger, 1871
264:
241:
219:
199:C. limbatus
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
27:Species of shark
21:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3719:Vulnerable fish
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3534:Observation.org
3532:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3268:
3235:
3157:
3133:
3127:N. brevirostris
3100:
3076:
3068:Sliteye shark (
3052:
3019:
2995:
2935:
2911:
2851:Sandbar shark (
2826:C. melanopterus
2745:C. fitzroyensis
2700:Nervous shark (
2691:Spinner shark (
2637:Bignose shark (
2603:
2559:
2552:
2513:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2319:10.2307/1445560
2301:, and Spinner,
2296:
2295:
2286:
2279:10.1139/f02-036
2270:10.1.1.514.5335
2250:
2249:
2245:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2059:(Valenciennes)"
2052:
2051:
2047:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1822:(Valenciennes)"
1815:
1814:
1810:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1693:10.1071/MF01132
1678:
1677:
1673:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1616:
1615:
1602:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1337:Wayback Machine
1327:
1312:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1156:, the skin for
1117:
1026:
978:rays and skates
874:
854:C. galapagensis
822:
779:
773:in the winter.
759:mangrove swamps
653:, and from the
627:
620:
617:
608:
605:
596:
593:
560:
519:blacknose shark
491:
453:Friedrich Henle
449:Johannes Müller
437:
333:
232:
221:
215:
202:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
42:Blacktip shark
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3579:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3333:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:R. terraenovae
3224:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3164:Rhizoprionodon
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:L. macrorhinus
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:I. oxyrhynchus
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2960:Ganges shark (
2957:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2743:Creek whaler (
2740:
2736:C. falciformis
2731:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2682:Copper shark (
2679:
2673:Borneo shark (
2670:
2666:C. amboinensis
2664:Pigeye shark (
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2587:Elasmobranchii
2583:
2581:Chondrichthyes
2577:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:Blacktip shark
2512:
2511:External links
2509:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2455:
2411:
2364:
2357:
2332:
2313:(4): 964–974.
2284:
2263:(4): 624–632.
2243:
2208:
2161:
2148:(4): 317–319.
2124:
2099:Marine Biology
2082:
2045:
2020:
1992:
1965:(1): 282–284.
1945:
1916:(4): 389–391.
1896:
1877:(2): 111–113.
1853:
1832:(3): 275–277.
1808:
1773:(2): 245–250.
1749:
1722:(3): 618–622.
1698:
1687:(2): 543–550.
1671:
1646:Marine Biology
1636:
1600:
1573:(2): 193–198.
1557:
1540:
1533:
1515:
1500:
1453:
1434:(7): 500–509.
1410:
1391:Froese, Rainer
1377:
1370:
1345:
1310:
1303:
1256:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1154:shark fin soup
1116:
1113:
1109:Sphyrna tiburo
1091:merges with a
1065:mortality rate
1025:
1022:
873:
870:
821:
818:
778:
775:
767:North Carolina
691:Ryukyu Islands
687:Southeast Asia
663:Canary Islands
647:Gulf of Mexico
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
611:
609:
606:
599:
597:
594:
587:
559:
556:
546:) deposits in
495:graceful shark
490:
487:
461:type specimens
436:
433:
367:Atlantic Ocean
341:blacktip shark
335:
334:
332:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
243:
242:
234:
233:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
175:Carcharhinidae
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
145:Elasmobranchii
142:
138:
137:
135:Chondrichthyes
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:Blacktip Shark
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3786:
3775:
3774:Fish of Aruba
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3253:S. laticaudus
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3125:Lemon shark (
3123:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3037:L. temminckii
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2962:G. gangeticus
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2927:Tiger shark (
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2878:Night shark (
2876:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2833:Dusky shark (
2831:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2808:C. longimanus
2804:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2734:Silky shark (
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:C. dussumieri
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:C. brevipinna
2689:
2687:
2685:
2684:C. brachyurus
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:C. borneensis
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2556:requiem shark
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2445:on 2016-12-16
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2401:on 2016-12-15
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:C. brevipinna
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2240:(4): 275–284.
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1633:(3): 508–522.
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:Martin, R.A.
1544:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:sandbar shark
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:bottom trawls
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:of 2008, the
1129:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:fertilization
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Gulf menhaden
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:porcupinefish
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
826:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
789:
785:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
744:
740:
739:Revillagigedo
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:New Caledonia
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Caribbean Sea
648:
644:
640:
639:Massachusetts
631:
624:
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
584:
582:
578:
572:
570:
569:pectoral fins
565:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
542:(23–16
541:
540:Early Miocene
536:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:ribosomal DNA
512:
511:mitochondrial
508:
507:C. brevipinna
504:
503:spinner shark
500:
496:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:requiem shark
352:
348:
347:
342:
327:
324:
321:Bleeker, 1852
319:
316:
311:
308:
303:
300:
295:
292:
289:Günther, 1868
287:
284:
279:
276:
271:
268:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
249:
244:
240:
235:
230:
226:
220:
218:
212:
209:
208:Binomial name
205:
201:
200:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:Selachimorpha
153:
151:Subdivision:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3709:Carcharhinus
3599:
3312:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3202:R. oligolinx
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3173:Milk shark (
3162:
3150:
3149:Blue shark (
3138:
3126:
3118:N. acutidens
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3046:L. tephrodes
3045:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3002:Isogomphodon
3000:
2989:G. siamensis
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2905:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2788:Bull shark (
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2621:C. acronotus
2620:
2610:Carcharhinus
2608:
2591:Subdivision
2501:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2447:. Retrieved
2440:the original
2435:
2431:
2422:
2414:
2403:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2391:
2387:
2378:
2348:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1431:
1427:
1422:Carcharhinus
1421:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1361:
1340:
1294:
1247:. Retrieved
1233:
1227:
1221:
1182:
1177:
1143:
1134:
1108:
1087:in which an
1083:, a form of
1074:
1070:
1038:
1027:
1024:Life history
1013:
1005:
982:smoothhounds
875:
861:
853:
847:
843:hydrodynamic
839:sharksuckers
831:
805:
801:
794:
790:
780:
747:
697:to northern
671:South Africa
636:
573:
561:
531:
527:Carcharhinus
526:
523:C. acronotus
522:
506:
498:
492:
477:
470:Carcharhinus
468:
456:
444:
438:
410:
395:
345:
344:
340:
338:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
225:J. P. Müller
216:
214:
198:
197:
186:Carcharhinus
185:
36:
3495:NatureServe
3443:iNaturalist
3337:Wikispecies
3193:R. longurio
3184:R. lalandii
2971:G. garricki
2953:G. fowlerae
2898:C. tilstoni
2880:C. signatus
2853:C. plumbeus
2835:C. obscurus
2799:C. limbatus
2763:C. hemiodon
2069:: 237–254.
1328:Curtis, T.
1249:12 November
1193:overfishing
1178:C. plumbeus
1034:philopatric
998:cephalopods
994:crustaceans
966:triggerfish
898:sea catfish
799:monogeneans
707:Philippines
619:Upper teeth
607:Lower teeth
558:Description
391:caudal fins
379:dorsal fins
3698:Categories
3615:Q107055271
3275:Triaenodon
3220:R. taylori
3211:R. porosus
2980:G. glyphis
2918:Galeocerdo
2906:C. tjutjot
2862:C. porosus
2817:C. macloti
2781:C. leiodon
2719:C. coatesi
2711:C. cerdale
2639:C. altimus
2516:Photos of
2449:2016-11-10
2405:2016-11-10
1203:References
1105:bonnethead
1095:to form a
1093:polar body
1030:viviparous
950:butterfish
910:threadfins
902:cornetfish
814:Philometra
797:, and the
795:P. smithii
753:and enter
741:, and the
675:Madagascar
661:, and the
564:gill slits
501:) and the
465:Martinique
425:Vulnerable
417:commercial
402:viviparous
398:piscivores
385:, dorsal,
375:gill slits
361:habitats.
297:Lowe, 1841
141:Subclass:
73:Vulnerable
3286:T. obesus
3242:Scoliodon
3175:R. acutus
3151:P. glauca
3107:Negaprion
3083:Nasolamia
3026:Lamiopsis
2929:G. cuvier
2889:C. sorrah
2871:C. sealei
2844:C. perezi
2790:C. leucas
2772:C. isodon
2702:C. cautus
2585:Subclass
2265:CiteSeerX
1587:1341-8998
1185:game fish
1162:liver oil
1146:longlines
1061:placental
890:anchovies
820:Behaviour
810:nematodes
784:parasites
763:migration
755:estuaries
743:Galápagos
731:Marquesas
711:Indonesia
699:Australia
529:species.
193:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
3609:Wikidata
3500:2.103421
3461:10580004
3417:FishBase
3322:Wikidata
3140:Prionace
3094:N. velox
2593:Selachii
2575:Chordata
2569:Animalia
2567:Kingdom
2195:15910315
2119:83856507
2036:| Shark"
1987:85900416
1940:16849197
1891:85151561
1795:10780540
1759:Dionchus
1744:11461458
1736:10864264
1666:84239046
1595:34885027
1495:24521217
1487:17032265
1448:18558373
1404:FishBase
1333:Archived
1170:fishmeal
1166:vitamins
1099:without
1057:yolk sac
954:croakers
942:emperors
938:mojarras
926:groupers
918:mackerel
906:flatfish
894:ladyfish
882:menhaden
878:sardines
835:momentum
806:Dionchus
788:copepods
751:salinity
681:and the
649:and the
548:Delaware
478:limbatus
455:'s 1839
435:Taxonomy
383:pectoral
371:fusiform
359:brackish
252:Synonyms
171:Family:
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
3655:6742970
3575:6852620
3435:2417970
3328:Q125236
3059:Loxodon
2942:Glyphis
2573:Phylum
2558:species
2554:Extant
2327:1445560
2203:8747023
1979:1448264
1931:1578268
1848:6644926
1803:7207957
1787:3284763
1187:by the
1158:leather
970:boxfish
962:tilapia
934:porgies
886:herring
872:Feeding
771:Florida
677:to the
665:to the
659:Madeira
552:Florida
427:by the
413:attacks
351:species
349:) is a
231:, 1839)
181:Genus:
161:Order:
131:Class:
76: (
3681:298663
3668:160322
3642:121641
3588:105793
3572:uBio:
3565:350158
3552:105793
3539:240840
3474:160318
3378:ARKive
2597:Order
2579:Class
2355:
2325:
2307:Copeia
2267:
2234:Cybium
2201:
2193:
2117:
1985:
1977:
1959:Copeia
1938:
1928:
1889:
1846:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1742:
1734:
1664:
1593:
1585:
1531:
1493:
1485:
1446:
1368:
1301:
1160:, the
1097:zygote
1053:embryo
996:, and
972:, and
946:grunts
914:mullet
856:) and
735:Hawaii
729:, the
727:Tahiti
705:, the
643:Brazil
577:blooms
473:. The
459:. The
389:, and
387:pelvic
227:&
3676:WoRMS
3637:EUNIS
3583:WoRMS
3513:61865
3456:IRMNG
3448:55529
3396:12772
2443:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
2399:(PDF)
2384:(PDF)
2323:JSTOR
2230:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2115:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1975:JSTOR
1887:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1783:JSTOR
1740:S2CID
1662:S2CID
1591:S2CID
1491:S2CID
1049:uteri
1045:ovary
958:soles
930:snook
922:jacks
703:China
695:Japan
685:, to
482:Latin
229:Henle
3663:ITIS
3650:GBIF
3629:R3SZ
3547:OBIS
3521:NOAA
3508:NCBI
3487:3851
3482:IUCN
3469:ITIS
3430:GBIF
3409:R3P2
3391:BOLD
2353:ISBN
2311:1987
2191:PMID
1963:2000
1957:)".
1936:PMID
1869:?".
1844:PMID
1791:PMID
1732:PMID
1714:)".
1583:ISSN
1529:ISBN
1483:PMID
1444:PMID
1366:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1251:2021
1234:2021
1164:for
1089:ovum
990:Rays
984:and
804:and
793:and
757:and
719:Peru
709:and
673:and
550:and
513:and
451:and
429:IUCN
419:and
339:The
3624:CoL
3422:874
3404:CoL
3365:AFD
3352:ADW
2481:doi
2315:doi
2275:doi
2183:doi
2150:doi
2107:doi
2103:143
2071:doi
1967:doi
1926:PMC
1918:doi
1879:doi
1834:doi
1775:doi
1724:doi
1689:doi
1654:doi
1650:147
1575:doi
1475:doi
1436:doi
1432:331
1238:doi
717:to
693:of
641:to
480:is
447:in
443:as
353:of
3700::
3678::
3665::
3652::
3639::
3626::
3611::
3585::
3562::
3549::
3536::
3523::
3510::
3497::
3484::
3471::
3458::
3445::
3432::
3419::
3406::
3393::
3380::
3367::
3354::
3339::
3324::
2500:.
2477:73
2475:.
2471:.
2436:94
2434:.
2430:.
2392:87
2390:.
2386:.
2367:^
2335:^
2321:.
2309:.
2287:^
2273:.
2261:59
2259:.
2238:28
2236:.
2232:.
2211:^
2197:.
2189:.
2179:14
2177:.
2146:56
2144:.
2140:.
2113:.
2101:.
2085:^
2067:13
2065:.
2061:.
2038:.
2023:^
1995:^
1981:.
1973:.
1961:.
1934:.
1924:.
1912:.
1908:.
1885:.
1875:36
1873:.
1842:.
1830:19
1828:.
1824:.
1797:.
1789:.
1781:.
1771:86
1769:.
1738:.
1730:.
1720:86
1718:.
1685:53
1683:.
1660:.
1648:.
1631:59
1629:.
1625:.
1603:^
1589:.
1581:.
1571:46
1569:.
1551:.
1489:.
1481:.
1471:15
1469:.
1442:.
1430:.
1426:.
1401:.
1380:^
1348:^
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