416:″We rightly foresaw, and greatly looked forward to, the prospect that in response to conditions created by the tyranny, the masses would organize and eventually engage in armed struggle or popular insurrection. But for a long time we failed to take any practical steps to hasten that prospect, because we believed that these struggles, including a prolonged general strike, would culminate in armed insurrection quite spontaneously. Hence, we did not prepare, did not organize or train armed detachments.... That was our mistake. Fidel Castro's historical merit is that he prepared, trained, and assembled the fighting elements needed to begin and carry on armed struggle as a means of destroying the tyranny.″
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402:, the Cuban communists condemned the attack as a "putsch" which did not involve mass struggle. At the time of the Moncada attack, party leaders were involved in a clandestine conference in Santiago and were also celebrating Roca's birthday (July 24). Batista quickly blamed the communist party for the "criminal incident."
42:
299:
and the party itself, then known as the UniĂłn
Revolucionaria Comunista (Revolutionary Communist Union). The alliance continued into the Constituent Assembly elections of 1939 in which the communists elected 6 delegates, led by Roca and Juan Marinello. Roca would serve 12 years in the legislature. The
419:
Under Roca's leadership the Cuban communists were instrumental in providing an organizational and ideological structure for Castro's socialist revolution as well as playing a pivotal role using the party's long-standing ties with the Soviet Union to promote increasingly closer ties during the early
468:
published in 1943. The book was the primary text used in educating communist party militants from the 1940s on. After the triumph of the Cuban
Revolution, it was one of the main textbooks used by the Schools of Revolutionary Instruction (Escuelas de InstrucciĂłn Revolucionaria) to train leaders and
412:
During the 1950s, the party went underground, and Blas Roca spent a year living in China in 1955-1956. Returning to Cuba with the victory of the revolution, Roca reorganized the party and firmly reoriented it under the leadership of Fidel Castro. In fact, Roca praised Castro for his armed strategy
291:
with fascism, in 1938 at the Party's Tenth
Plenary Assembly in Havana, Blas Roca told the party leaders that circumstances had changed and Batista "ceased to be the leading figure in the reactionary camp." According to K.S. Karol (Guerrillas in Power), Blas explained the threat of an economic and
386:
as a form of class collaboration and revisionism. The Cuban party, which under Roca's leadership had hewed closest to the
Browder positions, such as forming a broad democratic alliance pushing policies to the left, denounced Browder and his views while remaining loyal to Stalinist principles.
342:
The party's influence grew tremendously during the Second World War as the U.S. and Cuba were allied with the Soviet Union. Support for the party was strongest among Cuban intellectuals and artists, and counted among its members and sympathizers such notable Cubans as the novelist
260:
of the
Communist Party and appointed head of his organization in the East. During this stage he displayed significant journalistic activity in the labor press and led popular protests that culminated in the historic general strike of August 1933, which overthrew the
371:, and the economists Jacinto Torres and RaĂşl Cepero Bonilla. As Tad Szulc wrote in his biography of Fidel Castro about the Cuban communists, "In truth, there were few creative personalities in Cuba since 1930 who were not on the left, or the extreme left"
326:
Under Blas Roca's direction, Cuba's communist party grew in size and influence with key control over trade unions and other support organizations. During World War II, two communists served in
Batista's war-time cabinet as ministers without portfolio,
276:. Thus, at 26 years of age, Blas had become the leader of the Cuban communists and would remain so until the triumph of the Cuban Revolution. He is credited for shifting the party from an ultra left sect to an influential national organization.
435:, along with the 26th of July Movement and the Directorio Revolucionario, with communists holding at least 10 of the 24 National Directorate positions. Roca served on the first central committee and politburo of the new
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party cadres in the newly-formed
Integrated Revolutionary Organizations, the party merging the July 2nd Movement, the Popular Socialist Party and the Revolutionary Directorate, and eventually becoming the new
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political crisis had split the Cuban Right into two camps: the fascists, who favored brute force to solve the crisis on the backs of the people, and the
Batista forces who favored reforms and dialogue.
304:, with Blas Roca as one of the signers, embodied many progressive and socialist provisions. In the following presidential election, the communists supported Batista's candidacy as part of his
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Roca also served from 1976 through 1981 as president of the
National Assembly of Popular Power, having chaired the committee that drafted the 1976 Cuban socialist constitution.
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left school at the age of 11 and began shining shoes to help support his poor family. He changed his name to Roca, meaning 'rock', after he joined the
Communist Party in 1929.
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outlined what became the new popular front strategy. Roca was instrumental in adapting the popular front to Cuban conditions. Originally identifying
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An alliance with the Batista forces led to the legalization of the communist-led Confederation of Cuban Workers (CTC), the party daily newspaper
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and criticized the party for failing to prepare for armed struggle. Blas Roca told the Eighth National Assembly of the PSP in August 1960:
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Blas Roca was called to the capital at a time when the party needed a strong guiding direction, and replaced the party leader and poet
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that Batista had been endorsed by the communists in 1940 and that former party members were then serving in the Batista government.
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308:. Years later, when Batista accused Fidel Castro's revolutionaries of being communist led, Castro reminded readers of the magazine
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As the party's ability to operate openly was blocked, key leaders began to rethink their attitude towards Fidel Castro's
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In 1929, he was elected Secretary General of the Union of Shoemakers of Manzanillo. In August 1931 he was elected to the
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http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/27/obituaries/blas-roca-cuban-communist-and-party-theoretician-dies.html
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days of the revolution. In 1961, Blas Roca, leading a party delegation, presented a Cuban flag to
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Roca wrote numerous books, articles and pamphlets before and after the revolution, including
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His remains were buried in a simple grave near the monument to Cuban independence leader
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https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163113/http://bvirtual.idict.cu/eng/estructura.htm
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491:"BLAS ROCA, CUBAN COMMUNIST AND PARTY THEORETICIAN, DIES (Published 1987)"
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Industry, Construction, Tourism, Transportation and Services Department
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who served as President of the National Assembly of People's Power in
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In the 1930s, Roca's communist party also organized support for the
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from 1976 to 1981. He was also head of the pre-1959 revolution
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In August 1935, Blas Roca attended the 7th Congress of the
225:(24 July 1908 – 25 April 1987) was a Cuban politician and
540:
Guerrillas in Power: The Course of the Cuban Revolution
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Presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power
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Shortly afterwards the communists dissolved into the
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Blas Roca, born Francisco Wilfredo CalderĂo LĂłpez in
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588:http://www.cubafreepress.org/art/cubap990305d.html
400:July 26, 1953 attack on the Moncada army barracks
378:(PSP) followed the lead of U.S. Communist leader
2185:First secretaries of the Communist Party of Cuba
351:, who served as the party's chair, the painter
339:, and membership was in the tens of thousands.
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756:Education, Sports and Science Department
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433:Integrated Revolutionary Organizations
559:. New York: Harper and Row. pp.
466:The Foundations of Socialism in Cuba,
7:
409:and the strategy of armed struggle.
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1570:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
1513:National Assembly of People's Power
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501:from the original on 2022-02-23.
396:Batista's coup of March 10, 1952
110:of the Central Committee of the
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1068:José Martà Pioneer Organization
527:. William Morrow & Company.
70:2 December 1976 – 1981
2235:20th-century Cuban politicians
2205:People of the Cuban Revolution
306:Democratic Socialist Coalition
1:
394:administration but condemned
2190:Government ministers of Cuba
2175:People from Manzanillo, Cuba
1281:Cuban intervention in Angola
556:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
1090:Updating the Economic Model
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398:. After Fidel Castro's
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329:Carlos Rafael Rodriguez
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235:Communist Party of Cuba
202:Communist Party of Cuba
192:Popular Socialist Party
178:25 April 1987 (aged 78)
112:Popular Socialist Party
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715:Decision-making bodies
321:International Brigades
270:RubĂ©n MartĂnez Villena
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553:Thomas, Hugh (1971).
449:just outside Havana.
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197:26th of July Movement
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1421:World Heritage Sites
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1215:Spanish–American War
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538:Karol, K.S. (1970).
392:Carlos PrĂo Socarrás
361:FĂ©lix Pita RodrĂguez
355:, the national poet
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859:Leadership sittings
751:Economic Department
523:Szulc, Tad (1986).
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497:. 27 April 1987.
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283:in Moscow, where
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454:Vladimiro Roca
359:, the writers
349:Juan Marinello
337:Radio Mil Diez
333:Juan Marinello
265:dictatorship.
246:
243:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
189:
185:
184:
176:
172:
171:
163:
159:
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144:
138:
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132:
126:
125:
115:
114:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
78:
76:Vice President
72:
71:
61:
60:
53:
52:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:1970s in Cuba
2228:
2226:
2225:1960s in Cuba
2223:
2221:
2220:1950s in Cuba
2218:
2216:
2215:1940s in Cuba
2213:
2211:
2210:1930s in Cuba
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:By occupation
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
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1849:
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1847:
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1834:
1830:
1827:
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1629:
1626:
1625:
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1619:
1613:
1610:
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1607:
1603:
1596:
1595:National Army
1593:
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1581:
1578:
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1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
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1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1333:Other cities
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
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968:
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948:
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938:
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918:
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913:
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900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
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870:
864:
861:
857:
851:
848:
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843:
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838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
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816:
813:
812:
810:
808:
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792:
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787:
786:
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778:
772:
769:
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764:
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724:
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678:
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652:
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637:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
608:
605:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
572:
566:
562:
558:
557:
549:
546:
541:
534:
531:
526:
519:
516:
513:
508:
505:
500:
496:
492:
486:
483:
476:
474:
472:
467:
459:
457:
455:
450:
448:
447:Antonio Maceo
443:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
417:
414:
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
365:Mirta Aguirre
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
340:
338:
334:
330:
324:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
293:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
259:
254:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
193:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
170:
164:
160:
155:
151:
148:
145:
139:
136:
133:
127:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1971:Cape Verdean
1944:Demographics
1800:Universities
1770:Architecture
1685:Central bank
1678:Cooperatives
1621:Intelligence
1481:Human rights
1451:Constitution
1240:World War II
1208:
1100:
788:
781:Publications
665:Fidel Castro
555:
548:
539:
533:
524:
518:
507:
494:
485:
465:
463:
452:Roca's son,
451:
444:
441:
430:
418:
415:
411:
404:
389:
380:Earl Browder
373:
341:
325:
314:
296:
294:
278:
267:
255:
248:
238:
222:
221:
199:(1953–1965)
194:(1929–1961)
167:Manzanillo,
165:24 July 1908
147:Fidel Castro
142:Succeeded by
119:
98:Succeeded by
65:
46:Roca in 1979
2170:1987 deaths
2165:1908 births
1668:Agriculture
1406:Earthquakes
1336:Timelines:
1230:World War I
928:Secretariat
738:Departments
728:Secretariat
706:(2011–2021)
700:(1961–2011)
698:RaĂşl Castro
673:(2011–2021)
671:RaĂşl Castro
667:(1961–2011)
353:Wifredo Lam
347:, the poet
204:(1965–1981)
130:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
2159:Categories
2057:Architects
1961:Afro-Cuban
1903:Sociolismo
1851:Newspapers
1841:Literature
1829:Censorship
1812:Healthcare
1697:(currency)
1525:Propaganda
1486:Censorship
1411:Hurricanes
1346:Guantánamo
1342:Cienfuegos
1306:Cuban thaw
1296:Maleconazo
1245:Revolution
1197:Little War
1032:8th (2021)
1027:7th (2016)
1022:6th (2011)
1017:5th (1997)
1012:4th (1991)
1007:3rd (1986)
1002:2nd (1980)
997:1st (1975)
972:8th (2021)
967:7th (2016)
962:6th (2011)
957:5th (2006)
952:3rd (1986)
947:2nd (1980)
942:1st (1975)
917:8th (2021)
912:7th (2016)
907:6th (2011)
902:5th (1997)
897:4th (1991)
892:3rd (1986)
887:2nd (1980)
882:1st (1975)
850:8th (2021)
845:7th (2016)
840:6th (2011)
835:5th (1997)
830:4th (1991)
825:3rd (1986)
820:2nd (1980)
815:1st (1975)
570:0060142596
477:References
384:Browderism
300:resulting
209:Profession
135:Jorge VivĂł
1888:Rationing
1873:Festivals
1817:Hospitals
1795:Education
1725:Transport
1597:(defunct)
1585:Air Force
1518:President
1471:Elections
1396:Provinces
1374:Geography
868:Politburo
723:Politburo
473:in 1965.
245:Biography
120:In office
66:In office
2124:Category
2084:abstract
2079:Painters
2067:Athletes
2026:Lebanese
2011:Japanese
1986:Filipino
1966:American
1918:Baseball
1893:Religion
1836:Language
1824:Internet
1563:Military
1435:Politics
1354:Matanzas
1338:CamagĂĽey
1327:Timeline
1225:Republic
1177:Timeline
1154:articles
1108:Category
1085:Fidelism
1078:Ideology
806:Congress
499:Archived
2134:Outline
2091:Writers
2062:Artists
2036:Spanish
2031:Mexican
2006:Italian
2001:Isleños
1996:Haitian
1981:Ciboney
1976:Chinese
1785:Cuisine
1758:Society
1746:Culture
1730:airline
1720:Tourism
1656:Economy
1401:Islands
1350:HolguĂn
1187:Slavery
1162:History
310:Bohemia
263:Machado
2021:Korean
2016:Jewish
1991:French
1956:Cubans
1923:Boxing
1807:Health
1780:Cigars
1775:Cinema
1416:Rivers
1386:Cities
1315:Cities
1152:
1070:(OPJM)
790:Granma
567:
367:, and
212:Lawyer
183:, Cuba
181:Havana
2144:Index
2096:women
2041:White
1930:Women
1908:Sport
1883:Radio
1863:Music
1846:Media
1790:Dance
1695:Peso
1209:Maine
1064:(FMC)
460:Books
1552:list
1535:list
1496:LGBT
1150:Cuba
565:ISBN
561:1314
331:and
231:Cuba
175:Died
169:Cuba
162:Born
92:None
1765:Art
1503:Law
297:Hoy
239:Hoy
2161::
1856:TV
1356:,
1352:,
1348:,
1344:,
1340:,
563:.
493:.
428:.
363:,
323:.
1142:e
1135:t
1128:v
1058:)
1054:(
626:e
619:t
612:v
573:.
20:)
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