457:
other species of cockroaches do. This protects the eggs from certain classes of predation. Then, after hatching, nymphs largely survive by consuming excretions and molts from adults, thereby establishing their own internal microbial populations and avoiding contact with most insecticidal surface treatments and baits. One effective control is insect growth regulators (hydroprene, methoprene, etc.), which act by preventing molting, thus prevent maturation of the various instars. Caulking baseboards and around pipes may prevent the travel of adults from one apartment to another within a building.
42:
372:
within a few hours it turns pink, progressively darkening until, some 48 hours later, it attains the dark red-brown of the shell of a chestnut. The ootheca has a keel-like ridge along the line where the young emerge, and curls slightly towards that edge as it completes its maturation. A small percentage of the nymphs may hatch while the ootheca is still attached to the female, but the majority emerge some 24 hours after it has detached from the female's body. The newly hatched 3-mm-long black nymphs then progress through six or seven
1473:
Kemena, Carsten; Kremer, Lukas P. M.; Lee, Sandra L.; Lopez-Ezquerra, Alberto; Mallet, Ludovic; Monroy-Kuhn, Jose M.; Moser, Annabell; Murali, Shwetha C.; Muzny, Donna M.; Otani, Saria; Piulachs, Maria-Dolors; Poelchau, Monica; Qu, Jiaxin; Schaub, Florentine; Wada-Katsumata, Ayako; Worley, Kim C.; Xie, Qiaolin; Ylla, Guillem; Poulsen, Michael; Gibbs, Richard A.; Schal, Coby; Richards, Stephen; Belles, Xavier; Korb, Judith; Bornberg-Bauer, Erich (2018).
55:
446:
438:, meaning they prefer confined spaces, and they are small compared to other pest species, so they can hide within small cracks and crevices that are easy to overlook, thereby evading humans and their eradication efforts. Conversely, the seasoned pest controller is alert for cracks and crevices where it is likely to be profitable to place baits or spray surfaces.
313:, the German cockroach occasionally appears by day, especially if the population is crowded or has been disturbed. However, sightings are most frequent in the evening, when someone suddenly brings a light into a room deserted after dark, such as a kitchen where they have been scavenging. When excited or frightened, the species emits an unpleasant odor.
456:
Another problem in controlling German cockroaches is the nature of their population behavior. Though they are not social and practice no organized maternal care, females carry oothecae of 18-50 eggs (average about 32) during incubation until just before hatching, instead of dropping them as most
371:
in her abdomen. The abdomen swells as her eggs develop, until the translucent tip of the ootheca begins to protrude from the end of her abdomen, and by that time the eggs inside are fully sized, about 1/4 inch long with 16 segments. The ootheca, at first translucent, soon turns white and then
1472:
Harrison, Mark C.; Jongepier, Evelien; Robertson, Hugh M.; Arning, Nicolas; Bitard-Feildel, Tristan; Chao, Hsu; Childers, Christopher P.; Dinh, Huyen; Doddapaneni, Harshavardhan; Dugan, Shannon; Gowin, Johannes; Greiner, Carolin; Han, Yi; Hu, Haofu; Hughes, Daniel S. T.; Huylmans, Ann-Kathrin;
464:
consequence of pest control by poisoned sugar baits, a strain of German cockroaches has emerged that reacts to glucose as distastefully bitter. They refuse to eat sweetened baits, which presents an obstacle to their control, given that baits are an economical and effective means of control.
426:
The German cockroach is resistant to 42 active ingredients from most major groups of synthetic insecticides such as organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, and phenyl pyrazoles. German cockroach resistance was first observed with
441:
To be effective, control measures must be comprehensive, sustained, and systematic; survival of just a few eggs is quite enough to regenerate a nearly exterminated pest population within a few generations, and recolonization from surrounding populations often is very rapid, too.
294:. They can survive outside as well, though they are not commonly found in the wild. In cold climates, they occur only near human dwellings, because they cannot survive severe cold. However, German cockroaches have been found as
366:
The German cockroach reproduces faster than any other residential cockroach, growing from egg to reproductive adult in roughly 50 – 60 days under ideal conditions. Once fertilized, a female German cockroach develops an
380:
is such a hazardous process that nearly half the nymphs die of natural causes before reaching adulthood. Molted skins and dead nymphs are soon eaten by living nymphs present at the time of molting.
266:
in distribution, occurring as a household pest on all continents except
Antarctica, and on many major islands, as well. It accordingly has been given various names in the cultures of many regions.
602:, is particularly numerous. These chemoreceptors possibly allow the German cockroach to detect a broad range of chemical cues from toxins, food, pathogens, and pheromones.
220:, typically about 1.1 to 1.6 cm (0.43 to 0.63 in) long. In color it varies from tan to almost black, and it has two dark, roughly parallel, streaks on the
1785:
1850:
818:
Qian Tang, Edward L. Vargo, Intan Ahmad, Theodore A. Evans (2024) Solving the 250-year-old mystery of the origin and global spread of the German cockroach,
1540:
1245:
Heal, Ralph E.; Nash, Kenneth B.; Williams, Michele (1 April 1953). "An
Insecticide-Resistant Strain of the German Cockroach from Corpus Christi, Texas".
906:
1759:
1811:
1453:
1423:
985:
955:
890:
803:
759:
732:
705:
1932:
258:
slightly over 2000 years ago. The cockroach's sensitivity to cold might reflect its origin from such warm climates, and its spread as a
1927:
1720:
649:
American cockroaches can fly short distances, usually starting from high places, but real flight is uncommon, despite popular belief.
678:
1076:"Rapid evolutionary responses to insecticide resistance management interventions by the German cockroach ( Blattella germanica L.)"
252:
in
Northeast Africa, but recent evidence indicates that it actually originated in South Asia or Southeast Asia, and diverged from
1889:
1005:
kalahariensis(Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the South
African Hedgehog,Atelerix frontalis(Erinaceidae) in South Africa".
1922:
189:
907:"The insects and arachnids of Canada, part 14, The Grasshoppers, Crickets, and related insects of Canada and adjacent region"
1816:
1036:
1837:
1550:
248:
Previously thought to be a native of Europe, the German cockroach later was considered to have emerged from the region of
590:
225:
1798:
1635:
1622:
232:
has wings, it can barely fly, although it may glide when disturbed. Of the few species of cockroach that are domestic
1738:
344:. In famine conditions, they turn cannibalistic, chewing at each other's wings and legs. The German cockroach is an
41:
594:. The relatively large genome (2.0 Gb) harbours a very high number of proteins, of which most notably one group of
354:
54:
1855:
1751:
263:
910:
1676:
934:(Linnaeus, 1767) (Insecta: Blattaria) en la Región de Magallanes. Boletín de Biodiversidad de Chile, 5: 50-55.
832:
Menasria, Taha; Moussa, Fatima; El-Hamza, Souad; Tine, Samir; Megri, Rochdi; Chenchouni, Haroun (April 2014).
1600:
1001:
Amin, Omar M.; Heckmann, Richard A.; Halajian, Ali; El-Naggar, Atif; Tavakol, Sareh (2014). "Description of
1562:
1640:
1061:
1536:
169:
332:, sugars, and fatty foods. Where a shortage of foodstuff exists, they may eat household items such as
262:
pest since ancient times has resulted from incidental human transport and shelter. The species now is
1917:
1894:
1694:
1609:
1486:
1340:
1285:
1272:
Tang, Qian; Bourguignon, Thomas; Willenmse, Luc; De
Coninck, Eliane; Evans, Theodore (1 March 2019).
1203:
1190:
Tang, Qian; Bourguignon, Thomas; Willenmse, Luc; De
Coninck, Eliane; Evans, Theodore (1 March 2019).
1087:
599:
1546:
1532:
420:
1829:
822:. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(22) e2401185121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2401185121
240:, and to the casual observer, the two appear nearly identical and may be mistaken for each other.
1364:
1331:(2013). "Changes in Taste Neurons Support the Emergence of an Adaptive Behavior in Cockroaches".
1309:
1227:
489:
484:
254:
237:
116:
49:
1790:
781:. College Park, Maryland: Maryland State College of Agriculture Extension Service. p. 135.
1876:
1661:
1512:
1449:
1443:
1419:
1356:
1301:
1219:
1172:
1121:
1103:
981:
975:
951:
886:
863:
799:
793:
776:
755:
728:
701:
674:
1413:
945:
749:
722:
695:
1614:
1502:
1494:
1348:
1293:
1254:
1211:
1162:
1152:
1111:
1095:
1074:
Fardisi, Mahsa; Gondhalekar, Ameya D.; Ashbrook, Aaron R.; Scharf, Michael E. (2019-06-05).
1014:
853:
845:
611:
389:
1881:
1627:
274:
The German cockroach occurs widely in human buildings, but is particularly associated with
1863:
1374:
279:
233:
1686:
1490:
1344:
1289:
1207:
1091:
834:"Bacterial load of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) found in hospital environment"
631:
Dependent on several factors, including temperature (significantly), sex, and nutrition.
259:
236:, it probably is the most widely troublesome example. It is very closely related to the
1746:
1733:
1507:
1474:
1167:
1140:
1116:
1075:
1040:
858:
833:
595:
445:
349:
345:
299:
1911:
1313:
1231:
185:
1368:
883:
Handbook of Pest
Control: The Behavior, Life History, and Control of Household Pests
1666:
849:
435:
393:
310:
287:
136:
17:
1842:
1824:
1772:
1594:
1099:
640:
German cockroaches can glide, especially males, but powered flight is uncommon.
1498:
1328:
1297:
1215:
461:
341:
322:
275:
126:
1725:
1585:
1305:
1223:
1139:
Zhu, F; Lavine, L; O'Neal, S; Lavine, M; Foss, C; Walsh, D (6 January 2016).
1107:
1707:
1352:
1273:
1258:
1191:
428:
325:
303:
295:
221:
217:
146:
106:
86:
66:
1516:
1360:
1176:
1157:
1125:
867:
1803:
974:
Rust, Michael K.; Owens, John M.; Reierson, Donald A. (30 November 1994).
1868:
1648:
1579:
401:
291:
249:
1764:
1653:
450:
377:
368:
213:
1777:
1475:"Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality"
1141:"Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems"
1062:
http://museumpests.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/German-Cockroach.pdf
588:
The genome of the German cockroach was published in
February 2018 in
373:
329:
96:
76:
1556:
721:
William J. Bell; Louis M. Roth; Christine A. Nalepa (26 June 2007).
1712:
1018:
444:
283:
1699:
778:
Bulletin No. 8: Insects and
Rodents Injurious to Stored Products
669:
Alan
Weaving; Mike Picker; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn (2003).
337:
333:
1560:
1274:"Global spread of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica"
1192:"Global spread of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica"
1415:
Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology
388:
The German cockroach is very successful at establishing an
302:. Similarly, they have been found as far south as southern
969:
967:
228:
from behind the head to the base of the wings. Although
1418:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54.
944:
Gary R. Mullen; Lance A. Durden (27 September 2002).
748:
Xavier Bonnefoy; Helge Kampen; Kevin Sweeney (2008).
1569:
724:
Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior, and Natural History
694:John A. Jackman; Bastiaan M. Drees (1 March 1998).
392:in buildings, and is resilient in the face of many
977:Understanding and Controlling the German Cockroach
416:sexual maturity attained within several weeks, and
1407:
1405:
1403:
1467:
1465:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
298:("tenants") of human buildings as far north as
1437:
1435:
8:
795:Pests of Stored Foodstuffs and their Control
328:. They are attracted particularly to meats,
930:Faúndez, E. I. & M. A. Carvajal. 2011.
754:. World Health Organization. pp. 35–.
286:, and institutional establishments such as
1557:
1030:
1028:
980:. Oxford University Press. pp. 388–.
40:
31:
1506:
1166:
1156:
1115:
857:
751:Public Health Significance of Urban Pests
700:. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 28–.
614:, a sex pheromone of the German cockroach
413:the ability to hide in very small refuges
472:
1445:Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health
1064:Museumpests.net Accessed July 15, 2015}
661:
624:
1412:Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005).
671:Field Guide to Insects of South Africa
469:Comparison of three common cockroaches
885:. Franzak & Foster. p. 114.
792:Hill, Dennis S. (30 September 2002).
697:A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects
376:before becoming sexually mature, but
7:
1752:d9b233cb-33e2-4788-ad2e-c983ab3fbd53
1327:Wada-Katsumata, A.; Silverman, J.;
545:(at 25–30 °C (77–86 °F))
540:(at 22–30 °C (72–86 °F))
535:(at 24–35 °C (75–95 °F))
419:adaptation and resistance to some
25:
1442:Bassett, W.H. (12 October 2012).
947:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
504:18–29 mm (0.71–1.14 in)
501:13–16 mm (0.51–0.63 in)
950:. Academic Press. pp. 33–.
775:Cory, EN; McConnell, HS (1917).
507:29–53 mm (1.1–2.1 in)
53:
673:. New Holland Publishers, Ltd.
1684:Cockroach Species File (new):
1674:Cockroach Species File (old):
1479:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1247:Journal of Economic Entomology
850:10.1179/2047773214Y.0000000136
798:. Springer. pp. 145–146.
523:20–29 °C (68–84 °F)
1:
520:20–30 °C (68–86 °F)
517:15–35 °C (59–95 °F)
449:Female German cockroach with
208:), colloquially known as the
591:Nature Ecology and Evolution
1933:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1547:German cockroach fact sheet
1543:Featured Creatures Web site
838:Pathogens and Global Health
727:. JHU Press. pp. 33–.
396:measures. Reasons include:
1949:
1448:. Routledge. p. 317.
1100:10.1038/s41598-019-44296-y
355:Moniliformis kalahariensis
1928:Insects described in 1767
1499:10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1
1298:10.1007/s10530-018-1865-2
1216:10.1007/s10530-018-1865-2
175:
168:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
1007:Comparative Parasitology
410:short reproductive cycle
1353:10.1126/science.1234854
881:Mallis, Arnold (1982).
434:German cockroaches are
321:German cockroaches are
270:Biology and pest status
1923:Household pest insects
1158:10.3390/insects7010002
453:
1259:10.1093/jee/46.2.385a
513:Preferred temperature
448:
407:prolific reproduction
1747:Fauna Europaea (new)
1278:Biological Invasions
1196:Biological Invasions
600:ionotropic receptors
27:Species of cockroach
1628:Blattella_germanica
1615:Blattella_germanica
1601:Blattella germanica
1571:Blattella germanica
1491:2018NatEE...2..557H
1375:summary at BBC News
1345:2013Sci...340..972W
1290:2019BiInv..21..693T
1208:2019BiInv..21..693T
1092:2019NatSR...9.8292F
932:Blattella germanica
820:Blattella germanica
529:Nymphal development
421:chemical pesticides
205:Blattella germanica
179:Blattella germanica
18:Blattella germanica
1080:Scientific Reports
1037:"Urban entomology"
490:American cockroach
485:Oriental cockroach
454:
404:in a human habitat
255:Blattella asahinai
1905:
1904:
1877:Open Tree of Life
1563:Taxon identifiers
1455:978-1-135-81033-7
1425:978-0-521-81253-5
1035:Ebeling, Walter.
987:978-0-19-534508-7
957:978-0-08-053607-1
892:978-0-942588-00-2
805:978-1-4020-0735-4
761:978-92-890-7188-8
734:978-0-8018-8616-4
707:978-1-4616-2291-8
581:
580:
346:intermediate host
226:anteroposteriorly
196:
195:
161:B. germanica
35:German cockroach
16:(Redirected from
1940:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1845:
1843:NBNSYS0000006856
1833:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1558:
1533:German cockroach
1521:
1520:
1510:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1409:
1378:
1372:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:. Archived from
1032:
1023:
1022:
998:
992:
991:
971:
962:
961:
941:
935:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
909:. Archived from
903:
897:
896:
878:
872:
871:
861:
829:
823:
816:
810:
809:
789:
783:
782:
772:
766:
765:
745:
739:
738:
718:
712:
711:
691:
685:
684:
666:
650:
647:
641:
638:
632:
629:
612:Blattellaquinone
481:German cockroach
473:
400:lack of natural
390:ecological niche
200:German cockroach
181:
58:
57:
44:
32:
21:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1864:Observation.org
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1565:
1529:
1524:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1381:
1339:(6135): 972–5.
1326:
1325:
1321:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1043:on 17 July 2013
1034:
1033:
1026:
1000:
999:
995:
988:
973:
972:
965:
958:
943:
942:
938:
929:
925:
916:
914:
905:
904:
900:
893:
880:
879:
875:
831:
830:
826:
817:
813:
806:
791:
790:
786:
774:
773:
769:
762:
747:
746:
742:
735:
720:
719:
715:
708:
693:
692:
688:
681:
668:
667:
663:
659:
654:
653:
648:
644:
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
608:
586:
555:Around 200 days
544:
539:
534:
471:
386:
364:
350:Acanthocephalan
319:
280:food processing
272:
246:
238:Asian cockroach
192:
183:
177:
164:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1734:Fauna Europaea
1730:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1591:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1528:
1527:External links
1525:
1523:
1522:
1485:(3): 557–566.
1461:
1454:
1431:
1424:
1379:
1319:
1284:(3): 693–707.
1264:
1253:(2): 385–386.
1237:
1202:(3): 693–707.
1182:
1131:
1066:
1054:
1024:
1019:10.1654/4664.1
993:
986:
963:
956:
936:
923:
898:
891:
873:
844:(3): 141–147.
824:
811:
804:
784:
767:
760:
740:
733:
713:
706:
686:
679:
660:
658:
655:
652:
651:
642:
633:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
607:
604:
596:chemoreceptors
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
493:
492:
487:
482:
479:
470:
467:
424:
423:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
385:
382:
363:
360:
318:
315:
300:Alert, Nunavut
271:
268:
245:
242:
194:
193:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1945:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
989:
983:
979:
978:
970:
968:
964:
959:
953:
949:
948:
940:
937:
933:
927:
924:
913:on 2015-09-24
912:
908:
902:
899:
894:
888:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
821:
815:
812:
807:
801:
797:
796:
788:
785:
780:
779:
771:
768:
763:
757:
753:
752:
744:
741:
736:
730:
726:
725:
717:
714:
709:
703:
699:
698:
690:
687:
682:
680:1-86872-713-0
676:
672:
665:
662:
656:
646:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
618:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
601:
598:, called the
597:
593:
592:
583:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
542:
537:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
468:
466:
463:
458:
452:
447:
443:
439:
437:
432:
430:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
399:
398:
397:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
370:
361:
359:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
316:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:nursing homes
285:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
191:
187:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
113:Superfamily:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1570:
1482:
1478:
1444:
1414:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:the original
1010:
1006:
1003:Moniliformis
1002:
996:
976:
946:
939:
931:
926:
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
901:
882:
876:
841:
837:
827:
819:
814:
794:
787:
777:
770:
750:
743:
723:
716:
696:
689:
670:
664:
645:
636:
627:
589:
587:
567:Able to fly?
566:
561:90–706 days
550:
543:150–360 days
538:164–542 days
528:
512:
496:
476:
459:
455:
440:
436:thigmotactic
433:
425:
394:pest-control
387:
384:Pest control
365:
362:Reproduction
353:
320:
308:
282:facilities,
273:
264:cosmopolitan
253:
247:
230:B. germanica
229:
209:
204:
203:
199:
197:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
137:Blattellinae
29:
1918:Cockroaches
1825:NatureServe
1773:iNaturalist
1595:Wikispecies
1086:(1): 8292.
558:35–190 days
533:54–215 days
276:restaurants
260:domiciliary
133:Subfamily:
117:Blaberoidea
1912:Categories
1551:Penn State
917:2018-01-15
657:References
431:in 1952.
342:toothpaste
326:scavengers
323:omnivorous
296:inquilines
210:croton bug
127:Ectobiidae
87:Arthropoda
1553:Extension
1549:from the
1329:Schal, C.
1314:254284641
1306:1573-1464
1232:254284641
1224:1573-1464
1108:2045-2322
1013:: 33–43.
429:chlordane
402:predators
352:parasite
311:nocturnal
304:Patagonia
292:hospitals
218:cockroach
216:of small
155:Species:
148:Blattella
107:Blattodea
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1830:2.926584
1791:10891567
1649:BugGuide
1580:Wikidata
1517:29403074
1369:30957375
1361:23704571
1177:26751480
1151:(1): 2.
1126:31165746
868:24766338
606:See also
571:Uncommon
551:Lifespan
462:adaptive
330:starches
250:Ethiopia
224:running
222:pronotum
186:Linnaeus
123:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1765:1997215
1700:1074540
1677:1174627
1586:Q466194
1535:on the
1508:6482461
1487:Bibcode
1341:Bibcode
1333:Science
1286:Bibcode
1204:Bibcode
1168:4808782
1145:Insects
1117:6549143
1088:Bibcode
1047:17 July
859:4083176
451:ootheca
378:ecdysis
374:instars
369:ootheca
348:of the
309:Though
244:History
214:species
212:, is a
143:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1895:994606
1817:102415
1778:121237
1739:402126
1726:101586
1713:BLTTGE
1687:859552
1641:201708
1515:
1505:
1452:
1422:
1367:
1359:
1312:
1304:
1230:
1222:
1175:
1165:
1124:
1114:
1106:
984:
954:
889:
866:
856:
802:
758:
731:
704:
677:
584:Genome
460:As an
340:, and
284:hotels
1890:WoRMS
1882:48282
1869:26689
1786:IRMNG
1721:EUNIS
1667:5WLVY
1654:70688
1365:S2CID
1310:S2CID
1228:S2CID
619:Notes
477:Roach
234:pests
1856:6973
1851:NCBI
1812:ITIS
1804:9408
1760:GBIF
1708:EPPO
1636:BOLD
1541:IFAS
1513:PMID
1450:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1357:PMID
1302:ISSN
1220:ISSN
1173:PMID
1122:PMID
1104:ISSN
1049:2013
982:ISBN
952:ISBN
887:ISBN
864:PMID
800:ISBN
756:ISBN
729:ISBN
702:ISBN
675:ISBN
577:Yes
497:Size
338:glue
334:soap
317:Diet
290:and
198:The
190:1767
1838:NBN
1799:ISC
1695:EoL
1662:CoL
1623:AFD
1610:ADW
1503:PMC
1495:doi
1349:doi
1337:340
1294:doi
1255:doi
1212:doi
1163:PMC
1153:doi
1112:PMC
1096:doi
1015:doi
854:PMC
846:doi
842:108
1914::
1892::
1879::
1866::
1853::
1840::
1827::
1814::
1801::
1788::
1775::
1762::
1749::
1736::
1723::
1710::
1697::
1664::
1651::
1638::
1625::
1612::
1597::
1582::
1539:/
1537:UF
1511:.
1501:.
1493:.
1481:.
1477:.
1464:^
1434:^
1382:^
1363:.
1355:.
1347:.
1335:.
1308:.
1300:.
1292:.
1282:21
1280:.
1276:.
1251:46
1249:.
1226:.
1218:.
1210:.
1200:21
1198:.
1194:.
1171:.
1161:.
1147:.
1143:.
1120:.
1110:.
1102:.
1094:.
1082:.
1078:.
1027:^
1011:81
1009:.
966:^
862:.
852:.
840:.
836:.
574:No
358:.
336:,
306:.
278:,
188:,
1519:.
1497::
1489::
1483:2
1458:.
1428:.
1377:)
1373:(
1371:.
1351::
1343::
1316:.
1296::
1288::
1261:.
1257::
1234:.
1214::
1206::
1179:.
1155::
1149:7
1128:.
1098::
1090::
1084:9
1051:.
1021:.
1017::
990:.
960:.
920:.
895:.
870:.
848::
808:.
764:.
737:.
710:.
683:.
202:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
