259:. Migrating cells are able to polarize the formation of blebs so blebbing only occurs on the leading edge of the cell. A 2D moving cell is able to use adhesive molecules to gain traction in its environment while blebs form at the leading edge. By forming a bleb, the center of mass of the cell shifts forward and an overall movement of cytoplasm is accomplished. Cells have also been known to accomplish 3D bleb-based movement through a process called chimneying. In this process, cells exert pressure on the top and bottom substrates by squeezing themselves, causing a bleb on the leading edge to grow and the cell to have a net movement forward.
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proteins link the two structures. When this integrity is compromised, the addition of pressure is able to make the membrane bulge out from the rest of the cell. The presence of only one or two of these factors is often not enough to drive bleb formation. Bleb formation has also been associated with increases in
153:
Bleb initiation is affected by three main factors: high intracellular pressure, decreased amounts of cortex-membrane linker proteins, and deterioration of the actin cortex. The integrity of the connection between the actin cortex and the membrane are dependent on how intact the cortex is and how many
169:
flows, leading to the expansion of the bulge of membrane by increasing the surface area through tearing of the membrane from the cortex, during which time, actin levels decrease. The cytoplasmic flow is driven by hydrostatic pressure inside the cell. Before the bleb is able to expand, pressure must
328:
Blebbing also has important functions in other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and physical or chemical stresses. Blebs have been seen in cultured cells in certain stages of the cell cycle. These blebs are used for cell locomotion in
238:
Two types of blebs are recognized in apoptosis. Initially, small surface blebs are formed. During later stages, larger so-called dynamic blebs may appear, which may carry larger organelle fragments such as larger parts of the fragmented apoptotic
111:
from the plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, allowing the flexibility required for the cell to separate into individual bulges or pockets of the intercellular matrix. Most commonly, blebs are seen in
365:.Blebbistatin allosterically inhibits myosin II by binding near the actin-binding site and ATP-binding site. This interaction stabilizes a form of myosin II that is not bound to actin, thus lowering the affinity of
198:
depolymerizing drug, which in both cases eventually led to blebbing of the cell membrane. Artificially increased levels of myosin contractility were also shown to induce blebbing in cells. Some viruses, such as the
227:. During apoptosis (programmed cell death), the cell's cytoskeleton breaks up and causes the membrane to bulge outward. These bulges may separate from the cell, taking a portion of
1357:
Straight AF, Cheung A, Limouze J, Chen I, Westwood NJ, Sellers JR, Mitchison TJ (March 2003). "Dissecting temporal and spatial control of cytokinesis with a myosin II Inhibitor".
1144:
Tixeira R, Caruso S, Paone S, Baxter AA, Atkin-Smith GK, Hulett MD, Poon IK (March 2017). "Defining the morphologic features and products of cell disassembly during apoptosis".
377:-membrane interface and prevents the build up of intracellular pressure needed for blebbing. Blebbistatin has been investigated for its potential medical uses to treat
286:
from the cells. In many aspects, it can be seen as apoptosis of part of a cell. The secretion process generally initiates with secretory granules accumulating in an
206:, have been shown to induce blebbing in cells as they bind to surface proteins. Although the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood, this process is crucial to
1311:
Rauscher AÁ, Gyimesi M, Kovács M, Málnási-Csizmadia A (September 2018). "Targeting Myosin by
Blebbistatin Derivatives: Optimization and Pharmacological Potential".
667:"Blebs produced by actin-myosin contraction during apoptosis release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins before secondary necrosis occurs"
312:
1611:
36:
about prokaryotic blebs under the heading "membrane vesicles" -- actin's generally not involved and there are three classes by taxonomy. See
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161:
Bleb formation can be initiated in two ways: 1) through local rupture of the cortex or 2) through local detachment of the cortex from the
1631:
461:"Bleb Formation in Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 Cancer Cell Line Is Positively Regulated by the Lipid Signalling Phospholipase D2 (PLD2)"
37:
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rapidly until destruction of cortex-membrane bonds causes blebbing. Breakage of cortex-membrane bonds has also been caused by
1687:
401:, leading to the development of new derivatives to solve these problems. Some notable derivatives include azidoblebbistatin,
149:
undergoes actomyosin contractions. The disruption of the membrane-actin cortex interactions are dependent on the activity of
107:
of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. It is characterized by the decoupling of the
1105:"Recent developments in the nomenclature, presence, isolation, detection and clinical impact of extracellular vesicles"
1009:
Mercer J, Helenius A (April 2008). "Vaccinia virus uses macropinocytosis and apoptotic mimicry to enter host cells".
170:
build enough to reach a threshold. This threshold is the amount of pressure needed to overcome the resistance of the
361:
was shown to inhibit the formation of blebs. This agent was discovered in a screen for small molecule inhibitors of
1257:
Limouze J, Straight AF, Mitchison T, Sellers JR (2004). "Specificity of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of myosin II".
1189:"Apoptotic and necrotic blebs in epithelial cells display similar neck diameters but different kinase dependency"
182:
Bleb formation has been artificially induced in multiple lab cell models using different methods. By inserting a
1667:
59:
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Vermeulen K, Van
Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN (October 2005). "Apoptosis: mechanisms and relevance in cancer".
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1618:
Hagmann J, Burger MM, Dagan D (June 1999). "Regulation of plasma membrane blebbing by the cytoskeleton".
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373:. By interfering with myosin function, blebbistatin alters the contractile forces that impinge on the
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333:. The types of blebs vary greatly, including variations in bleb growth rates, size, contents, and
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Charras G, Paluch E (September 2008). "Blebs lead the way: how to migrate without lamellipodia".
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Charras G, Paluch E (September 2008). "Blebs lead the way: how to migrate without lamellipodia".
644:
267:
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Wickman GR, Julian L, Mardilovich K, Schumacher S, Munro J, Rath N, et al. (October 2013).
341:, a generally detrimental process. However, cell organelles do not spread into necrotic blebs.
294:") of the cell, which subsequently disintegrates to release secretory granules into the lumen.
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Barros LF, Kanaseki T, Sabirov R, Morishima S, Castro J, Bittner CX, et al. (June 2003).
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116:(programmed cell death), but they are also seen in other non-apoptotic functions, including
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Tinevez JY, Schulze U, Salbreux G, Roensch J, Joanny JF, Paluch E (November 2009).
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Bleb growth is driven by intracellular pressure (abnormal growth) generated in the
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Drug Stops Motor
Protein, Shines Light on Cell Division - FOCUS March 21, 2003
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Kovács M, Tóth J, Hetényi C, Málnási-Csizmadia A, Sellers JR (August 2004).
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19990615)73:4<488::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-P
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Charras GT, Yarrow JC, Horton MA, Mahadevan L, Mitchison TJ (May 2005).
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eventually consume these fragments and the components are recycled.
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content. It also plays an important role in all five varieties of
334:
195:
78:
1467:
Charras GT, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ, Mahadevan L (March 2008).
362:
120:
secretion (cell secretion by disintegration of part of a cell).
426:
Smith A, Parkes MA, Atkin-Smith GK, Tixeira R, Poon IK (2017).
1103:
van der Pol E, Böing AN, Gool EL, Nieuwland R (January 2016).
18:
1518:
Charras GT, Hu CK, Coughlin M, Mitchison TJ (November 2006).
885:"Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells"
614:
612:
619:
Charras GT (September 2008). "A short history of blebbing".
87:, blebbing is the first phase (left) of cell disassembly.
1520:"Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs"
278:
wherein secretory cells accumulate material at their
959:"The role and regulation of blebs in cell migration"
793:"The role and regulation of blebs in cell migration"
1413:"Mechanism of blebbistatin inhibition of myosin II"
158:contractility and local myosin activity increases.
569:"Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing"
1563:"Membrane tether formation from blebbing cells"
231:with them, to become known as apoptotic blebs.
165:. This generates a weak spot through which the
8:
1259:Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility
318:Histology of apocrine cells, H&E stain.
223:Blebbing is one of the defined features of
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505:"Role of cortical tension in bleb growth"
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389:. However, blebbistatin is known to be
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842:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
735:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
16:Bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell
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1231:English: 2D structure of blebbistatin
1109:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
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1469:"Life and times of a cellular bleb"
1417:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
428:"Cell disassembly during apoptosis"
255:, blebs serve an important role in
1561:Dai J, Sheetz MP (December 1999).
567:Fackler OT, Grosse R (June 2008).
459:Ponuwei GA, Dash PR (2016-12-01).
353:Chemical structure of blebbistatin
14:
957:Paluch EK, Raz E (October 2013).
791:Paluch EK, Raz E (October 2013).
465:Achievements in the Life Sciences
38:bacterial outer membrane vesicles
1620:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
633:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02059.x
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965:. Cell adhesion and migration.
963:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
799:. Cell adhesion and migration.
797:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1313:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1193:Cell Death and Differentiation
671:Cell Death and Differentiation
1:
1587:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77168-7
357:In 2004, a chemical known as
282:ends, and this material then
186:into a cell, the cell can be
128:, is the formation of blebs.
1524:The Journal of Cell Biology
1493:10.1529/biophysj.107.113605
573:The Journal of Cell Biology
1709:
1614:. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
1325:10.1016/j.tibs.2018.06.006
247:Function in cell migration
1271:10.1007/s10974-004-6060-7
1228:Optopharma (2017-07-03),
1158:10.1007/s10495-017-1345-7
1074:10.1007/s00277-005-1065-x
975:10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.005
809:10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.005
478:10.1016/j.als.2016.11.001
405:-nitroblebbistatin, and
137:Initiation and expansion
1379:10.1126/science.1081412
1031:10.1126/science.1155164
530:10.1073/pnas.0903353106
432:WikiJournal of Medicine
324:Miscellaneous functions
1668:MBInfo - Bleb Assembly
1430:10.1074/jbc.M405319200
1206:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401236
354:
88:
34:is missing information
1688:Programmed cell death
1536:10.1083/jcb.200602085
621:Journal of Microscopy
585:10.1083/jcb.200802081
445:10.15347/wjm/2017.008
352:
82:
1062:Annals of Hematology
409:-aminoblebbistatin.
363:nonmuscle myosin IIA
194:and injection of an
178:Artificial induction
103:) is a bulge of the
1579:1999BpJ....77.3363D
1567:Biophysical Journal
1485:2008BpJ....94.1836C
1473:Biophysical Journal
1423:(34): 35557–35563.
1371:2003Sci...299.1743S
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1023:2008Sci...320..531M
909:10.1038/nature03550
901:2005Natur.435..365C
683:10.1038/cdd.2013.69
521:2009PNAS..10618581T
515:(44): 18581–18586.
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306:Apocrine secretion
268:Apocrine secretion
263:Apocrine secretion
219:Apoptotic function
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214:Cellular function
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151:myosin-ATPase
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32:This article
30:
26:
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1683:Cell anatomy
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1235:, retrieved
1230:
1223:
1196:
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1182:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1115:(1): 48–56.
1112:
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576:
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512:
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431:
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387:nerve injury
375:cytoskeleton
359:blebbistatin
356:
327:
292:apical snout
291:
287:
266:
253:lamellipodia
250:
241:cell nucleus
237:
222:
208:endocytosing
184:micropipette
181:
160:
147:actin cortex
140:
125:
121:
109:cytoskeleton
100:
96:
93:cell biology
90:
65:
33:
1440:10831/92817
399:fluorescent
288:apical bleb
251:Along with
1677:Categories
1237:2021-11-23
413:References
345:Inhibition
1146:Apoptosis
649:205341971
487:2078-1520
391:cytotoxic
272:secretion
229:cytoplasm
225:apoptosis
188:aspirated
167:cytoplasm
145:when the
143:cytoplasm
132:Formation
114:apoptosis
85:apoptosis
60:talk page
1648:24190801
1640:10733343
1605:10585959
1554:17088428
1511:17921219
1449:15205456
1395:38625401
1387:12637748
1341:51864413
1333:30057142
1287:22355306
1279:15548862
1215:12761577
1174:34648758
1166:28102458
1131:26564379
1090:26936920
1082:16041532
1047:41898225
1039:18436786
993:23786923
927:15902261
870:36022784
862:18628785
827:23786923
763:36022784
755:18628785
701:23787996
641:18755002
603:18541702
549:19846787
379:fibrosis
339:necrosis
284:buds off
204:Vaccinia
201:poxvirus
122:Blebbing
118:apocrine
54:31942073
46:23123555
1596:1300608
1575:Bibcode
1545:2064524
1502:2242777
1481:Bibcode
1367:Bibcode
1359:Science
1019:Bibcode
1011:Science
984:3989058
918:1564437
897:Bibcode
818:3989058
692:3770329
594:2426937
540:2765453
517:Bibcode
126:zeiosis
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397:, and
385:, and
383:cancer
367:myosin
280:apical
156:myosin
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1644:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1337:S2CID
1283:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1086:S2CID
1043:S2CID
866:S2CID
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645:S2CID
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371:actin
369:with
335:actin
196:actin
124:, or
101:snout
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1383:PMID
1329:PMID
1275:PMID
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1162:PMID
1127:PMID
1078:PMID
1035:PMID
989:PMID
923:PMID
858:PMID
823:PMID
751:PMID
697:PMID
637:PMID
599:PMID
545:PMID
483:ISSN
407:para
403:para
99:(or
97:bleb
95:, a
50:PMID
48:and
42:PMID
1628:doi
1591:PMC
1583:doi
1540:PMC
1532:doi
1528:175
1497:PMC
1489:doi
1435:hdl
1425:doi
1421:279
1375:doi
1363:299
1321:doi
1267:doi
1201:doi
1154:doi
1117:doi
1070:doi
1027:doi
1015:320
979:PMC
971:doi
913:PMC
905:doi
893:435
850:doi
813:PMC
805:doi
743:doi
687:PMC
679:doi
629:doi
625:231
589:PMC
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535:PMC
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