709:, where the spinodal is crossed "from above", i.e., via sudden depressurization. However, direct correspondence between the superheat limit and the spinodal has not been proven experimentally. In practical BLEVEs, the way the pressure vessel fails may influence decisively the way the expansion takes place, for example causing pressure waves and non-uniformities. Additionally, there may be stratification in the liquid, due to local temperature variations. Because of this, it is possible for BLEVEs to occur at temperatures less than those predicted with Reid's formula.
50:
3199:
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173:. The burst damaged the plant. However, no fire developed, as the mixture was not flammable. In the wake of the accident, researchers James B. Smith, William S. Marsh, and Wilbur L. Walls, who were employed with FM, came up with the terms "boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion" and its acronym "BLEVE". The expressions did not become of common use until the early 1970s, when the
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785:
impinging fire scenario, flammable vapors released in the BLEVE will ignite upon release, forming a fireball. The origin of the impinging fire may be from a release of flammable fluid from the vessel itself, or from an external source, including releases from nearby tanks and equipment. For example, rail
839:. The diameter of fireballs at San Juanico was estimated at 200–300 meters (660–980 ft), with a duration of around 20 seconds. Such massive fires can injure people at distances of hundreds of meters (e.g., 300 m (980 ft) at Feyzin and 400 m (1310 ft) at San Juanico).
779:
BLEVEs are often caused by an external fire near the storage vessel causing heating of the contents and pressure build-up. While tanks are often designed to withstand great pressure, constant heating can cause the metal to weaken and eventually fail. If the tank is being heated in an area where there
254:
For example, a tank of pressurized liquid water held at 350 °C (662 °F) might be pressurized to 10 MPa (1,500 psi) above atmospheric (or gauge) pressure. If the tank containing the water were to rupture, there would for a brief moment exist a volume of liquid water which would be
842:
An additional hazard from BLEVE-fireball events is the formation of secondary fires, by direct exposure to the fireball thermal radiation, as pool fires from fuel that does not get combusted in the fireball, or from the scattering of blazing tank fragments. Another secondary effect of importance is
762:
If a flammable substance, however, is subject to a BLEVE, it can ignite upon release, either due to friction, mechanical spark or other point sources, or from a pre-existing fire that had engulfed the pressure vessel and caused it to fail in the first place. In such a case, the burning vapors will
242:
If the pressurized vessel ruptures, the pressure which prevents the liquid from boiling is lost. If the rupture is catastrophic, i.e., the vessel becomes suddenly no longer capable of holding any pressure, then the liquid will find itself at a temperature far above its boiling point. This causes a
266:
At atmospheric pressure the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F). Liquid water at atmospheric pressure does not exist at temperatures higher than 100 °C (212 °F). At that moment, the water would boil and turn to vapor explosively, and the 350 °C (662 °F) liquid
784:
that vent off excess pressure, but the tank can still fail if the pressure is not released quickly enough. A pressure vessel is designed to withstand the set pressure of its relief valves, but only if its mechanical integrity is not weakened as it can be in the case of an impinging fire. In an
129:
at atmospheric pressure. Because the boiling point of a liquid rises with pressure, the contents of the pressurized vessel can remain a liquid as long as the vessel is intact. If the vessel's integrity is compromised, the loss of pressure drops the boiling point, which can cause the liquid to
315:
upon loss of containment. For example, at a pressure of approximately 1 MPa (150 psi), water boils at 177 °C (351 °F). Superheated water released from a closed container at these conditions will not generate a BLEVE, as homogeneous
307:. A liquid expanding along AA' does not cross the superheat-limit locus and will not BLEVE. Conversely, for sufficiently high temperatures, as in the BB' expansion, the superheat-limit locus is crossed and a BLEVE will occur.
2337:
763:
further expand, adding to the force of the explosion. Furthermore, a very significant amount of the escaped fluid will burn in a matter of seconds in a raising fireball, which will generate extremely high levels of
2548:
Railroad
Accident Report: Derailment of Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company's Train No. 584 and Subsequent Rupture of Tank Car Containing Liquefied Petroleum Gas – Waverly, Tennessee – February 22,
749:
from the expanding vapors is also possible, if the vapor cloud is not rapidly dispersed, as can be the case inside a building, or in a trough in the case of heavier-than-air gasses. The vapors can also be
298:
as a function of temperature. The minimum temperature above which a BLEVE can occur is the abscissa of the intersection between the atmospheric pressure horizontal line (blue) and a curve here called the
737:. Such materials can go through purely physical BLEVEs, not entailing flames or other chemical reactions. In the case of unignited BLEVEs of liquefied gases, rapid cooling due to the absorption of the
370:
1403:
1426:
3715:
2175:
267:
water turned to gas would take up significantly more volume (≈ 1,600-fold) than it did as liquid, causing a vapor explosion. Such explosions can happen when the superheated water of a
828:
travelled 1,200 meters (0.75 mi) in the air before landing, possibly the farthest ever for a BLEVE missile. Fragments can impact on other tanks or equipment, which may result in a
2062:
2270:
2034:
824:, three of the propelled fragments weighed in excess of 100 tons and were thrown 150–350 meters (490–1150 ft) from the source of the explosion. One bullet tank at
820:
Horizontal cylindrical ("bullet") tanks tend to rupture longitudinally. This causes the failed tank and its fragments to get propelled like rockets and travel long distances. At
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1895:
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is heated beyond 100 °C (212 °F). That container, because the boiling water pressurizes it, must be capable of holding liquid water at very high temperatures.
2421:
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is no liquid (such as near its top), it may rupture faster because the boiling liquid does not afford cooling in that area. Pressure vessels are usually equipped with
211:
Typically, a BLEVE starts with a vessel containing liquid held above its atmospheric-pressure boiling temperature. Many substances normally stored as liquids, such as
2888:
2118:
1930:
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According to Reid, BLEVE will occur, more in general, if the expansion crosses a "superheat-limit locus". In Reid's model, this curve is essentially the fluid's
2373:
1141:
247:
with extremely rapid expansion. Depending on temperatures, pressures and the material involved, the expansion may be so rapid that it can be classified as an
3703:
1589:
Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, S.A. (27 September 2006). "The
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE): Mechanism, Consequence Assessment, Management".
1126:
1395:
3318:
2749:
1436:
960:
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767:. While the blast effects can be devastating, a flammable substance BLEVE typically causes more damage due to the fireball thermal radiation than the
2971:
2307:
1546:
1538:
3682:
2165:
1991:
1063:
2627:
Planas-Cuchi, Eulàlia; Gasulla, Núria; Ventosa, Albert; Casal, Joaquim (2004). "Explosion of a Road Tanker
Containing Liquified Natural Gas".
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2871:
2530:
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1558:
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of vapor bubbles is not possible. There is no consensus about the minimal temperature above which a BLEVE will occur. A formula proposed by
3727:
3721:
2787:
2555:
1461:
1281:
174:
54:
2629:
2247:
1717:
Casal, J.; Arnaldos, J.; Montiel, H.; Planas-Cuchi, E.; Vílchez, J.A. (2001). "Modeling and
Understanding BLEVEs". In Fingas, Merv (ed.).
1492:
2108:
2569:
2282:
3223:
1935:
278:
The vaporization of liquid resulting in a BLEVE typically occurs within 1 millisecond after a catastrophic loss of containment.
3598:
2845:
1730:
1379:
1156:
993:
101:
2487:
1885:
2596:
Analysis of
Flammability Hazards Associated with the Use of Tear Gas at the Branch Davidian Complex – Waco, Texas – April 19, 1993
1748:
1252:
1204:
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3047:
2198:
1645:
718:
382:
321:
304:
142:
1746:
Heymes, Frederic; Eyssette, Roland; Lauret, Pierre; Hoorelbeke, Pol (September 2020). "An
Experimental Study of Water BLEVE".
1490:
Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, S.A. (July 2008). "The
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) Is Fifty... and Lives On!".
329:
2398:
2170:
1591:
873:
754:, in which case harm and possibly death can occur at relatively low concentrations and, therefore, even far from the source.
2602:
1451:
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3338:
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Fireballs can rise to significant heights above ground. They are spheroidal when developed and rise from the ground in a
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1115:
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49:
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2717:
751:
58:
1371:
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2417:
1237:
1226:
1028:
959:, New Jersey, U.S. – Seventy tanks of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for a total of 2600 tons, exploded at
3871:
3677:
3593:
3573:
3550:
3313:
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2994:
1023:
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are example of toxic gases that underwent BLEVE in past accidents and produced toxic clouds as a consequence.
2273:[The Largest Accident at the Duque de Caxias Refinery (RJ), Brazil: A Geographical-historical Study]
3921:
3520:
3485:
3333:
3283:
2336:(Report) (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Oficina Asesora para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Cartagena.
2207:
1152:
883:
864:
3916:
3661:
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the dispersion of a toxic gas cloud, if the vapors involved are toxic and do not catch fire upon release.
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33:
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3822:
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165:(FM) facility underwent a powerful explosion as a consequence of a rapid depressurization. It contained
3545:
3405:
3113:
2638:
1659:
1200:
1137:
1122:
1096:
825:
153:, further damage can be caused by the ensuing fire. However, BLEVEs do not necessarily involve fire.
1799:
1092:, Texas, U.S. – Multiple storage tanks holding 1500 tons of LPG exploded, killing seven people.
3906:
3588:
3495:
2242:
1133:
1048:
150:
1456:
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3303:
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3118:
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2654:
2008:
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1608:
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1307:
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1178:
1059:
956:
2800:
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28 July 1948, Ludwigshafen, Germany – Another tank car in the same plant, this time containing
915:
BLEVE killed 19 in the first accident recognized as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion.
3801:
3796:
3791:
3687:
3578:
3560:
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3288:
3198:
3183:
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2526:
2212:
2016:
1773:
1726:
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1683:
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1624:
1616:
1554:
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1517:
1465:
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1335:
1118:, San Luis Potosí, Mexico – A rail tank car carrying chlorine exploded, causing 29 fatalities.
1089:
1041:
814:
764:
706:
244:
223:
have boiling temperatures below room temperature when at atmospheric pressure. In the case of
197:
A material in liquid form at a temperature sufficiently above its normal atmospheric pressure
135:
2547:
2271:"O maior acidente da Refinaria Duque de Caxias (RJ) – Brasil: um estudo geográfico-histórico"
3785:
3123:
2980:
2758:
2646:
2559:
2518:
2000:
1890:
1757:
1667:
1600:
1501:
1320:
1081:
BLEVE and road accident involving hazardous materials, a vehicle laden with 25 tons of
1037:
978:
705:
as represented in a pressure–temperature diagram, and the BLEVE onset is a manifestation of
272:
118:
75:
40:
2745:"Modeling the Physical Effects of the LPG Tanker Accident That Occurred in Diyarbakır Lice"
3827:
3480:
3415:
3354:
3323:
3298:
3248:
3243:
3057:
3017:
2369:
2363:
The 100 Largest Losses 1978–2017: Large
Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon Industry
1922:
1543:
Guidelines for Vapor Cloud
Explosion, Pressure Vessel Burst, BLEVE, and Flash Fire Hazards
1325:
1164:
1085:
suffered a mechanical failure next to a crowded camping site. The BLEVE killed 216 people.
1008:
821:
722:
286:
228:
114:
44:
2797:
28th
International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS)
1648:(23 March 1979). "Possible Mechanism for Pressurized-Liquid Tank Explosions or BLEVE's".
717:
The term BLEVE is often associated to explosive fires from pressure vessels containing a
389:). The minimum BLEVE temperatures of some fluids, based on this formula, are as follows:
2642:
2477:
1663:
3646:
3623:
3608:
3470:
3410:
3380:
3349:
3293:
3253:
3188:
3178:
3073:
2522:
1019:
974:
refinery, 5100 tons of LPG stored in several tanks exploded, causing one fatality.
919:
836:
652:
295:
220:
212:
2915:
721:
liquid. However, a BLEVE can occur even with a non-flammable substance such as water,
204:
A containment vessel maintaining the pressure that keeps the substance in liquid form.
3911:
3900:
3853:
3843:
3641:
3613:
3530:
3148:
3138:
3108:
3052:
2855:
1233:
1168:
1012:
1000:
experienced a fire in which several casks underwent BLEVEs. There were 19 fatalities.
949:
726:
521:
198:
126:
1703:
3770:
3656:
3535:
3525:
3460:
3425:
3385:
3344:
3308:
3098:
3093:
3063:
1363:
1330:
1277:
1259:
938:
878:
781:
768:
312:
2889:"Analysis of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) Events at DOE Sites"
2595:
1671:
1604:
3490:
3445:
3435:
3328:
3273:
3238:
3133:
2713:
2057:
1722:
1189:
908:
730:
146:
122:
2004:
1761:
3750:
3603:
3103:
3088:
3068:
2961:
2949:
2933:
2921:
2829:
2796:
2714:
Williams Geismar Olefins Plant: Reboiler Rupture and Fire – Geismar, Louisiana
2650:
2411:; Collision in The Lower Mississippi River on 30 August 1979 with Loss of Life
1505:
1193:
1078:
806:
794:
317:
234:
2772:
2666:
2658:
2216:
2020:
2012:
1777:
1769:
1687:
1679:
1620:
1612:
1521:
1513:
1469:
1099:, Louisiana, U.S. – A BLEVE developed after a ship collision between MV
3672:
3500:
3465:
3455:
3440:
3420:
3395:
3168:
3163:
3128:
3083:
3031:
2332:[Emergencies in Recent History in the Cartagena District 1965–2021]
1289:
1082:
971:
927:
810:
742:
620:
248:
162:
110:
2763:
2744:
2447:
1695:
1628:
3765:
3475:
3430:
3153:
3143:
3042:
2686:
2514:
2330:
Emergencias de la historia reciente en el distrito de Cartagena 1965–2021
1303:
967:
923:
912:
852:
844:
790:
786:
702:
668:
572:
537:
166:
1989:
Prugh, Richard W. (1991). "Quantitative Evaluation of 'BLEVE' Hazards".
1196:
was the BLEVE of an LPG tank caused by the intervention of the military.
1266:
1222:
1211:
1144:
ever occurred, more than 500 people died when a series of BLEVEs hit a
1070:
1052:
989:
848:
734:
684:
604:
588:
502:
464:
291:
216:
131:
2918:– Description of circumstances required to cause a propane tank BLEVE.
1163:: The disintegration of the spacecraft was caused by the BLEVE of the
27:
Explosion of a vessel containing liquid above and beyond boiling point
2564:
1293:
1285:
1262:, Turkey – An LPG tank truck explosion caused the death of 34 people.
1241:
1104:
1004:
997:
931:
636:
553:
483:
445:
386:
268:
170:
17:
2511:
Assessment of Safety and Risk with a Microscopic Model of Detonation
1255:
killed two plant operators when a propane heat exchanger burst open.
2958:– BLEVEs of dozens of LPG canisters after a road accident in Moscow
2942:– Video of propane and isobutane BLEVEs from a train derailment at
3806:
3760:
2986:
2750:
Gazi University Journal of Science ‒ Part C: Design and Technology
1145:
429:
303:. This is roughly a straight line with its upper limit at the gas
233:
224:
2546:
United States. Interstate Commerce Commission (8 February 1979).
865:
Liquefied petroleum gas § Fire/explosion risk and mitigation
251:, fully capable of inflicting severe damage on its surroundings.
3755:
2113:
942:
934:(20%) mixture BLEVEd and caused a fireball. It killed 60 people.
2990:
2450:[Montaña Train Station, 40 Years On from the Tragedy].
1792:"Guide to Hot Water Heater Temperature Pressure Relief Valves"
311:
For a BLEVE to occur, the boiling liquid must be sufficiently
93:
2478:"PEMEX LPG Terminal, Mexico City, Mexico. 19th November 1984"
1218:(LNG) BLEVE, a tank truck exploded. Only the driver perished.
207:
A sudden loss of containment that rapidly drops the pressure.
3716:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
2211:(in French). Vol. 47e année, no. 273. p. 1.
1033:: 1000 tons of LPG exploded at a refinery, killing 28.
87:
2977:
Training video for emergency response personnel (archived)
1229:
at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases killed two people.
870:
Maintenance of pressure tanks to avoid damage or corrosion
193:
There are three key elements in the formation of a BLEVE:
2416:(Report). Report no. USCG 16732/01281. Washington, D.C.:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1863:
1861:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1819:
1817:
2862:(4th ed.). Kidlington, England and Waltham, Mass.:
365:{\displaystyle T_{\text{min,BLEVE}}=0.895\ T_{\text{C}}}
2168:[Several Projects Compromised Next to Suncor].
2049:"13 décembre 1926, 11 h 55 : L'explosion mortelle"
1140:: In the worst ever BLEVE accident, as well as one the
134:
to gas expanding rapidly. BLEVEs are manifestations of
2682:"10-year Anniversary of the Sunrise Propane Explosion"
2554:(Report). Report no. NTSB-RAR-79-1. Washington, D.C.:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1192:, Texas, U.S. – A contributor to the aftermath of the
1044:: An LPG-laden tank car BLEVEd, causing 13 fatalities.
2716:(Report). Report no. 2013-03-I-LA. Washington, D.C.:
1719:
The Handbook of Hazardous Materials Spills Technology
332:
102:
2630:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1493:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1273:, an LPG tank truck blast caused by a road accident.
805:
The main damaging effects of a BLEVE are three: the
90:
84:
81:
3836:
3815:
3743:
3696:
3632:
3559:
3368:
3206:
3024:
2718:
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
78:
2238:"Cheapside Street fire, Glasgow – 28th March 1960"
1545:(2nd ed.). New York, N.Y. and Hoboken, N.J.:
1284:: Following a fire, a process vessel containing a
1240:: An LPG tank truck road accident in the state of
364:
185:magazines started publishing articles using them.
3511:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2033:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
899:List of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
2860:Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1931:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
271:escapes through a crack in a boiler, causing a
1368:Critical Aspects of Safety and Loss Prevention
941:, Germany – A chlorine tank car exploded at a
3002:
1396:"What Firefighters Need to Know About BLEVEs"
8:
2448:"Estación Montaña, a 40 años de la tragedia"
2201:[Fire and Explosions at a Refinery]
2166:"Plusieurs projets compromis près de Suncor"
32:"Bleve" redirects here. For other uses, see
1749:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1427:"BLEVE: Facts, Risk Factors, and Fallacies"
1051:, Colombia – A process reactor burst in an
3319:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
3009:
2995:
2987:
2743:Durmuş, Ahmet; Çetinyokuş, Saliha (2022).
2300:"Memorial Monday – Kingman Explosion (AZ)"
2279:observatoriogeograficoamericalatina.org.mx
1244:caused 20 fatalities among the bystanders.
985:: An LPG rail tank car disaster killed 23.
391:
3704:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
2896:Energy Facility Contractors Group (EFCOG)
2834:Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
2762:
2563:
1310:, an LPG tank truck BLEVE that killed 41.
356:
337:
331:
262:Temperature of 350 °C (662 °F).
161:On 24 April 1957, a process reactor at a
3037:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1547:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
996:: A warehouse storing 3900 tons of
832:propagation of the accidental sequence.
285:
66:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
48:
3683:Listing and approval use and compliance
2304:National Fallen Firefighters Foundation
2199:"Feu et explosions dans une raffinerie"
1358:
1356:
1352:
1066:: An LPG tank car exploded, killing 16.
1011:: 1000 tons of LPG exploded at an
2490:from the original on 24 September 2023
2026:
1992:Journal of Fire Protection Engineering
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1867:
1852:
1835:
1823:
1127:Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster
793:from the open relief valve of another
55:Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery
3728:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
2178:from the original on 19 November 2015
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1269:, Italy – Two people perished in the
1214:, Spain – In the first ever reported
817:from the fireball, where one occurs.
7:
3879:
3722:National Fire Protection Association
2786:Cocchi, Giovanni (19–24 June 2022).
2556:National Transportation Safety Board
2458:from the original on 9 February 2024
2379:from the original on 21 January 2022
2250:from the original on 24 October 2020
2151:
2139:
2121:from the original on 7 February 2024
2095:
2083:
2065:from the original on 7 February 2024
1640:
1638:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1533:
1531:
1462:National Fire Protection Association
1282:2019 Philadelphia refinery explosion
813:, from the pressure vessel; and the
811:projection of fragments, or missiles
175:National Fire Protection Association
2694:from the original on 11 August 2018
2594:Havens, Jerry (12 September 2000).
2446:Valero, Francisco (3 August 2021).
1425:Peterson, David F. (1 April 2002).
3224:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
2724:from the original on 31 March 2021
2680:Lawlor, Maureen (10 August 2018).
2523:10.1016/B978-0-444-51332-8.X5000-9
2310:from the original on 21 March 2023
1941:from the original on 22 April 2019
789:have BLEVEd under the effect of a
294:, the orange curve represents its
25:
3599:Fire alarm notification appliance
2836:(2nd ed.). Oxford, England:
2608:from the original on 23 June 2019
2575:from the original on 31 July 2023
2427:from the original on 2 March 2022
2343:from the original on 15 June 2023
2197:Selwood, Brian (8 January 1957).
2164:Dubuc, André (18 November 2015).
1898:from the original on 17 July 2020
1886:"BLEVE – Response and Prevention"
1406:from the original on 26 July 2020
994:Cheapside Street whisky bond fire
992:, Scotland, United Kingdom – The
903:Notable BLEVE accidents include:
3878:
3867:
3866:
3197:
1015:refinery, causing 18 fatalities.
74:
3360:Vehicle fire suppression system
3048:Combustibility and flammability
2281:(in Portuguese). Archived from
2061:(in French). 13 December 2015.
2055:am: The Deadly Explosion].
1183:Memphis LPG tank truck disaster
2513:. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
2007:(inactive 18 September 2024).
1592:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1142:deadliest industrial disasters
1:
3710:Institution of Fire Engineers
3667:Fire Safety Evaluation System
3339:Personal protective equipment
2601:(Report). Fayetteville, Ark.
2098:, pp. appendix 1/10, 27.
1672:10.1126/science.203.4386.1263
1605:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.056
1450:Walls, W.L. (November 1978).
1238:Chala LPG tank truck disaster
125:sufficiently higher than its
3781:GHS precautionary statements
3619:Manual fire alarm activation
2887:Roberts, Michael W. (2000).
2051:[13 December 1926, 11:55
145:, as is the case with e.g.,
3652:Fire protection engineering
3584:Explosive gas leak detector
3401:Electromagnetic door holder
3234:External water spray system
2799:. Paper 197. Archived from
2483:Health and Safety Executive
1280:, Pennsylvania, U.S. – The
1111:. There were 12 fatalities.
963:. There were no fatalities.
741:is a hazard that can cause
385:of the fluid (expressed in
227:, a BLEVE could occur if a
113:caused by the rupture of a
3938:
3828:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
3219:Automatic fire suppression
3159:K-factor (fire protection)
2972:Toronto propane depot fire
2509:Leiber, Carl-Otto (2003).
2372:. March 2018. p. 15.
2368:(Report) (25th ed.).
2005:10.1177/104239159100300102
1923:"BLEVE Safety Precautions"
1762:10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.029
1253:Williams Olefins explosion
1064:Waverly tank car explosion
896:
874:Emergency depressurization
862:
38:
31:
3862:
3734:Underwriters Laboratories
3569:Aspirating smoke detector
3229:Detonation flame arrester
3195:
2951:Moscow Ring Road Accident
2651:10.1016/j.jlp.2004.05.005
1506:10.1016/j.jlp.2008.02.002
1299:suffered a massive BLEVE.
1227:Toronto propane explosion
911:, France – A 25 ton
775:Effect of impinging fires
399:
394:
243:portion of the liquid to
121:that is or has reached a
3678:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3594:Fire alarm control panel
3574:Carbon monoxide detector
3551:Standpipe (firefighting)
3314:Gaseous fire suppression
3079:Enthalpy of vaporization
2399:Marine Casualty Report:
2154:, p. appendix 1/32.
2142:, p. appendix 1/30.
1271:Borgo Panigale explosion
1251:, Louisiana, U.S. – The
1225:, Ontario, Canada – The
1203:, Wisconsin, U.S. – The
1181:, Tennessee, U.S. – The
1062:, Tennessee, U.S. – The
983:Meldrim Trestle Disaster
970:, Quebec, Canada – At a
809:from the explosion; the
739:enthalpy of vaporization
245:instantaneously vaporize
53:A BLEVE–fireball at the
3521:Pressurisation ductwork
3486:Firewall (construction)
3334:Passive fire protection
3284:Fire suppression system
2930:– Controlled BLEVE demo
2916:Exploding Propane Tanks
2109:"The Explosion of 1948"
2086:, p. appendix 1/9.
1725:. pp. 22.6–22.10.
1452:"Just What Is a BLEVE?"
1151:28 January 1986, above
1125:, Illinois, U.S. – The
952:, exploded killing 209.
884:Passive fire protection
3697:Industry organizations
3662:Fire-resistance rating
3541:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3516:Penetration (firestop)
3506:Packing (firestopping)
3214:Active fire protection
3174:Spontaneous combustion
2764:10.29109/gujsc.1147339
2401:MV Inca Tupac Yupanqui
1341:Rapid phase transition
1155:, Florida, U.S. – The
1040:, Arizona, U.S. – The
981:, Georgia, U.S. – The
879:Pressure relief valves
366:
308:
282:Superheat limit theory
239:
61:
34:Bleve (disambiguation)
3849:Template:Firefighting
3823:Arthur B. Guise Medal
3776:GHS hazard statements
3279:Fire sprinkler system
3259:Fire-retardant fabric
2864:Butterworth-Heinemann
2838:Butterworth-Heinemann
2789:The Bologna LPG BLEVE
1551:John Wiley & Sons
1372:Butterworth–Heinemann
1306:, South Africa – The
1216:liquefied natural gas
1148:LPG storage terminal.
1107:-laden barge TB
1075:Los Alfaques disaster
1055:BLEVE that killed 30.
367:
301:superheat-limit locus
289:
237:
57:, as rendered by the
52:
3633:Professions, trades,
3546:Smokeproof enclosure
3406:Electromagnetic lock
3114:Flammability diagram
3025:Fundamental concepts
2486:. 19 November 1984.
1894:. 26 November 2018.
1439:on 24 February 2012.
1205:Weyauwega derailment
1138:San Juanico disaster
1077:: In the worst ever
1024:1972 Reduc explosion
383:critical temperature
330:
290:In this diagram for
259:Atmospheric pressure
3589:Fire alarm call box
3496:Heat and smoke vent
2905:on 20 October 2012.
2643:2004JLPPI..17..315P
2243:Fire Brigades Union
1664:1979Sci...203.1263R
1658:(4386): 1263–1265.
1370:. London, England:
1185:killed nine people.
1134:San Juan Ixhuatepec
1101:Inca Tupac Yupanqui
922:, Romania – A rail
888:Water spray cooling
305:critical conditions
3561:Fire alarm systems
3376:Annulus (firestop)
3304:Flashback arrestor
3269:Fire-safe polymers
3264:Fire retardant gel
3119:Flammability limit
2946:(3 September 1983)
2806:on 6 February 2024
1721:. New York, N.Y.:
1464:. pp. 46–47.
1374:. pp. 43–45.
1308:Boksburg explosion
1302:24 December 2022,
1177:23 December 1988,
1132:19 November 1984,
1058:23 February 1978,
945:plant, killing 57.
918:24 December 1939,
907:13 December 1926,
769:blast overpressure
362:
324:to predict it is:
309:
240:
119:pressurized liquid
62:
3894:
3893:
3802:Safety data sheet
3797:List of S-phrases
3792:List of R-phrases
3688:Sprinkler fitting
3579:Circuit integrity
3451:Fire extinguisher
3289:Firefighting foam
3184:Thermal radiation
2970:– BLEVE from the
2944:Murdock, Illinois
2873:978-0-12-397189-0
2532:978-0-444-51332-8
1560:978-0-470-25147-8
1336:Explosive boiling
1129:killed 15 people.
1047:8 December 1977,
1042:Kingman explosion
893:Notable accidents
815:thermal radiation
765:thermal radiation
707:explosive boiling
699:
698:
359:
351:
340:
136:explosive boiling
16:(Redirected from
3929:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3869:
3786:Life Safety Code
3391:Compartmentation
3201:
3124:Flammable liquid
3011:
3004:
2997:
2988:
2981:Transport Canada
2964:
2952:
2936:
2924:
2906:
2904:
2898:. Archived from
2893:
2877:
2851:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2720:. October 2016.
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2565:10.21949/1510178
2553:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2515:Elsevier Science
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2418:U.S. Coast Guard
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2306:. 26 July 2021.
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2276:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2024:
1986:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1919:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1891:Transport Canada
1882:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:on 1 August 2012
1798:. Archived from
1788:
1782:
1781:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1586:
1565:
1564:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1435:. Archived from
1432:Fire Engineering
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1402:. 23 July 2020.
1392:
1386:
1385:
1360:
1321:Boiler explosion
1232:27 August 2012,
1221:10 August 2008,
1207:, no fatalities.
1095:30 August 1972,
1032:
1003:4 January 1966,
966:8 January 1957,
392:
371:
369:
368:
363:
361:
360:
357:
349:
342:
341:
338:
273:boiler explosion
221:industrial gases
105:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
41:Boiler explosion
21:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3858:
3832:
3811:
3739:
3692:
3634:
3628:
3555:
3481:Firestop pillow
3416:Emergency light
3369:Building design
3364:
3355:Tank blanketing
3324:Inerting system
3299:Flame retardant
3249:Fire protection
3244:Fire prevention
3202:
3193:
3058:Dangerous goods
3020:
3018:Fire protection
3015:
2962:
2950:
2935:Huge Explosions
2934:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2882:Further reading
2874:
2854:
2848:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2517:. p. 305.
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:. 10 May 1983.
2413:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2274:
2269:Costa, Pierre.
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2025:
1988:
1987:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1870:, p. 1542.
1866:
1859:
1855:, p. 1541.
1851:
1842:
1838:, p. 1539.
1834:
1830:
1826:, p. 1538.
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1646:Reid, Robert C.
1644:
1643:
1636:
1588:
1587:
1568:
1561:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1326:Steam explosion
1317:
1265:6 August 2018,
1188:19 April 1993,
1165:liquid hydrogen
1136:, Mexico – The
1114:1 August 1981,
1026:
1018:30 March 1972,
1009:Feyzin disaster
1007:, France – The
988:28 March 1960,
901:
895:
867:
861:
859:Safety measures
803:
777:
760:
723:liquid nitrogen
715:
713:Physical BLEVEs
653:Carbon dioxide
406:
380:
352:
333:
328:
327:
284:
238:BLEVE mechanism
229:pressure vessel
191:
159:
103:
77:
73:
47:
45:Steam explosion
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3924:
3922:Process safety
3919:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:Fire insurance
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3624:Smoke detector
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Flame detector
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Fire sprinkler
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Emergency exit
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Area of refuge
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Spark arrestor
3347:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Flame arrester
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Fire retardant
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3189:Water pressure
3186:
3181:
3179:Structure fire
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Dust explosion
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2959:
2947:
2931:
2919:
2911:
2910:External links
2908:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2830:Lees, Frank P.
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2778:
2757:(4): 748‒764.
2753:(in Turkish).
2735:
2705:
2672:
2637:(4): 315–321.
2619:
2586:
2538:
2531:
2501:
2469:
2454:(in Spanish).
2438:
2390:
2354:
2321:
2291:
2288:on 4 May 2016.
2261:
2229:
2189:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2040:
1952:
1909:
1872:
1857:
1840:
1828:
1813:
1783:
1738:
1731:
1709:
1634:
1599:(3): 489–519.
1566:
1559:
1527:
1500:(4): 485–487.
1482:
1442:
1417:
1387:
1380:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1276:21 June 2019,
1274:
1263:
1258:21 July 2014,
1256:
1247:13 June 2013,
1245:
1236:, India – The
1230:
1219:
1210:22 June 2002,
1208:
1199:4 March 1994,
1197:
1186:
1175:
1157:Space Shuttle
1153:Merritt Island
1149:
1130:
1121:23 July 1984,
1119:
1112:
1093:
1086:
1073:, Spain – The
1069:11 July 1978,
1067:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1020:Rio de Janeiro
1016:
1001:
986:
977:28 June 1959,
975:
964:
953:
946:
937:29 July 1943,
935:
916:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
881:
876:
871:
860:
857:
837:mushroom shape
802:
799:
776:
773:
759:
758:BLEVE–fireball
756:
714:
711:
703:spinodal curve
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
426:
425:
420:
415:
409:
408:
404:
398:
378:
355:
348:
345:
336:
296:vapor pressure
283:
280:
264:
263:
260:
213:carbon dioxide
209:
208:
205:
202:
190:
187:
163:Factory Mutual
158:
155:
141:If the gas is
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3934:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Types of fire
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3854:Template:HVAC
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Template:Fire
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Duct cleaning
3640:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Heat detector
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Smoke control
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
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3459:
3457:
3454:
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3434:
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3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
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3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Heat transfer
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Friction loss
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Fire triangle
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Conflagration
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:Propane BLEVE
2960:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2847:0-7506-1547-8
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
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2693:
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2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
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2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2394:
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2355:
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2322:
2309:
2305:
2301:
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2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2174:(in French).
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
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2097:
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2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:Mannan (2012)
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Mannan (2012)
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Mannan (2012)
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:Mannan (2012)
1820:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1796:InspectAPedia
1793:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1732:0-07-135171-X
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
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1467:
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1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1381:0-408-04429-2
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:Kletz, Trevor
1359:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
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1228:
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1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:compartments.
1173:
1172:external tank
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:30 May 1978,
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:5 July 1973,
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:7 July 1951,
954:
951:
950:diethyl ether
947:
944:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:containing a
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
905:
904:
900:
892:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
833:
831:
830:domino effect
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
782:relief valves
774:
772:
770:
766:
757:
755:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:liquid helium
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
558:
556:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
507:
505:
501:
500:
496:
493:
490:
488:
486:
482:
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477:
474:
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467:
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462:
458:
455:
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:
439:
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431:
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421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
403:
397:
393:
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388:
384:
377:
372:
353:
346:
343:
334:
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323:
319:
314:
306:
302:
297:
293:
288:
281:
279:
276:
274:
270:
261:
258:
257:
256:
252:
250:
246:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
203:
200:
199:boiling point
196:
195:
194:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
128:
127:boiling point
124:
120:
117:containing a
116:
112:
108:
107:
98:
71:
67:
60:
56:
51:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3884:
3872:
3771:Flame spread
3657:Fireproofing
3635:and services
3536:Smoke damper
3526:Safety glass
3461:Fire hydrant
3426:Fire curtain
3386:Booster pump
3345:Relief valve
3309:Fusible link
3099:Fire loading
3094:Fire control
3064:Deflagration
3036:
2900:the original
2895:
2885:
2859:
2833:
2808:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2788:
2781:
2754:
2748:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2541:
2510:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2452:Plurinominal
2451:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2409:Capt. Norman
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2303:
2294:
2283:the original
2278:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2206:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2169:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2056:
2043:
2029:cite journal
1996:
1990:
1943:. Retrieved
1929:
1900:. Retrieved
1889:
1831:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1795:
1786:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1718:
1712:
1655:
1649:
1596:
1590:
1542:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1457:Fire Journal
1455:
1445:
1437:the original
1430:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1367:
1331:Deflagration
1294:
1278:Philadelphia
1158:
1108:
1100:
939:Ludwigshafen
902:
841:
834:
819:
804:
778:
761:
747:Asphyxiation
731:refrigerants
716:
700:
554:
503:
484:
465:
446:
422:
417:
412:
401:
400:
395:
375:
373:
326:
310:
300:
277:
265:
253:
241:
219:, and other
210:
192:
183:Fire Journal
182:
179:Fire Command
178:
160:
147:hydrocarbons
140:
69:
65:
63:
29:
3491:Grease duct
3446:Fire escape
3436:Fire damper
3329:Intumescent
3274:Fire safety
3239:Fire bucket
3134:Flash point
2856:Mannan, Sam
2728:22 February
2612:10 February
2405:Panama City
2152:Lees (1996)
2140:Lees (1996)
2096:Lees (1996)
2084:Lees (1996)
2058:La Provence
1999:(1): 9–24.
1723:McGraw-Hill
1400:FireRescue1
1109:Panama City
1027: [
1022:, Brazil –
961:Port Newark
909:Saint-Auban
826:San Juanico
322:Robert Reid
313:superheated
169:mixed with
123:temperature
3907:Explosions
3901:Categories
3788:(NFPA 101)
3751:CE marking
3604:Fire drill
3207:Technology
3104:Fire point
3089:Fire class
3069:Detonation
2923:BLEVE Demo
2810:6 February
2698:8 February
2579:8 February
2494:8 February
2462:9 February
2431:9 February
2383:9 February
2347:9 February
2314:8 February
2254:8 February
2222:9 February
2208:La Tribune
2182:9 February
2125:7 February
2069:7 February
1902:8 February
1475:9 February
1410:8 February
1347:References
1194:Waco siege
1159:Challenger
1123:Romeoville
1090:Texas City
1079:tank truck
930:(80%) and
863:See also:
807:blast wave
797:tank car.
735:cryogenics
522:Ethyl eter
318:nucleation
177:'s (NFPA)
39:See also:
3744:Standards
3673:Fire test
3501:Occupancy
3466:Fire pump
3456:Fire hose
3441:Fire door
3421:Exit sign
3396:Crash bar
3169:Pyrolysis
3164:Pool fire
3129:Flashover
3084:Explosive
3032:Backdraft
2773:2147-9526
2667:0950-4230
2659:1873-3352
2217:0832-3194
2171:La Presse
2021:1042-3915
2013:1532-172X
1778:0957-5820
1770:1744-3598
1756:: 49–60.
1688:0036-8075
1680:1095-9203
1621:0304-3894
1613:1873-3336
1522:0950-4230
1514:1873-3352
1470:0015-2617
1290:isobutane
1201:Weyauwega
1097:Good Hope
1083:propylene
1049:Cartagena
928:butadiene
787:tank cars
743:frostbite
729:or other
719:flammable
621:Propylene
405:min,BLEVE
396:Substance
339:min,BLEVE
249:explosion
189:Mechanism
143:flammable
111:explosion
3873:Category
3837:See also
3766:EN 16034
3476:Firestop
3431:Fire cut
3154:Jet fire
3144:Gas leak
3060:(HAZMAT)
3043:Boilover
2858:(2012).
2832:(1996).
2722:Archived
2692:Archived
2687:CityNews
2603:Archived
2570:Archived
2488:Archived
2456:Archived
2422:Archived
2374:Archived
2338:Archived
2308:Archived
2248:Archived
2176:Archived
2119:Archived
2063:Archived
1936:Archived
1934:. 2016.
1896:Archived
1704:26468355
1696:17841142
1629:17113225
1541:(2010).
1404:Archived
1366:(1990).
1315:See also
1304:Boksburg
1161:disaster
1116:Cerritos
968:Montreal
924:tank car
920:Zărnești
913:chlorine
853:phosgene
845:Chlorine
795:derailed
791:jet fire
669:Ethylene
573:Chlorine
538:Phosgene
506:-Pentane
468:-Heptane
167:formalin
151:alcohols
109:) is an
3885:Commons
3718:(NCEES)
3039:(BLEVE)
2968:YouTube
2956:YouTube
2940:YouTube
2928:YouTube
2823:Sources
2639:Bibcode
1945:16 July
1806:12 July
1660:Bibcode
1651:Science
1297:-butane
1267:Bologna
1249:Geismar
1223:Toronto
1212:Tivissa
1179:Memphis
1071:Alcanar
1060:Waverly
1053:ammonia
1038:Kingman
990:Glasgow
979:Meldrim
849:ammonia
801:Hazards
685:Methane
605:Propane
589:Ammonia
557:-Butane
487:-Hexane
449:-Octane
381:is the
292:propane
217:propane
132:convert
3816:Awards
3730:(SFPE)
3724:(NFPA)
3706:(FEMA)
3669:(FSES)
2870:
2844:
2771:
2665:
2657:
2529:
2407:, Tug
2215:
2053:
2019:
2011:
1776:
1768:
1729:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1557:
1520:
1512:
1468:
1378:
1286:butene
1242:Kerala
1169:oxygen
1105:butane
1005:Feyzin
998:whisky
957:Newark
932:butene
822:Feyzin
637:Ethane
387:kelvin
374:where
350:
269:boiler
171:phenol
115:vessel
3807:UL 94
3761:EN 54
3712:(IFE)
3341:(PPE)
2903:(PDF)
2892:(PDF)
2804:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2769:eISSN
2655:eISSN
2606:(PDF)
2599:(PDF)
2573:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2425:(PDF)
2414:(PDF)
2403:, TB
2377:(PDF)
2370:Marsh
2366:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2334:(PDF)
2286:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2009:eISSN
1939:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1766:eISSN
1700:S2CID
1676:eISSN
1609:eISSN
1510:eISSN
1234:Chala
1146:Pemex
1031:]
972:Shell
752:toxic
695:–152
692:–102
430:Water
347:0.895
225:water
70:BLEVE
18:Bleve
3912:Fire
3756:EN 3
3736:(UL)
2868:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2812:2024
2730:2024
2700:2024
2663:ISSN
2614:2024
2581:2024
2549:1978
2527:ISBN
2496:2024
2464:2024
2433:2024
2385:2024
2349:2024
2316:2024
2256:2024
2224:2024
2213:ISSN
2184:2024
2127:2024
2114:BASF
2071:2024
2035:link
2017:ISSN
1947:2020
1904:2020
1808:2011
1774:ISSN
1727:ISBN
1692:PMID
1684:ISSN
1625:PMID
1617:ISSN
1555:ISBN
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