371:
242:
1469:. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood as carbonic acid, a weak acid; however, in large concentrations, it can affect the pH drastically. Whenever there is poor pulmonary ventilation, the carbon dioxide levels in the blood are expected to rise. This leads to a rise of carbonic acid, leading to a decrease in pH. The first buffer of pH will be the plasma proteins, since these can accept some H ions to try to maintain
1683:, and a high bicarbonate means that, although there is a high carbon dioxide level, there is metabolic compensation. As a result, one must be careful as to not artificially adjust breaths to lower the carbon dioxide. In such case, lowering the carbon dioxide abruptly means that the bicarbonate will be in excess and will cause a metabolic alkalosis. In such a case, carbon dioxide levels should be slowly diminished.
1481:> 45 mmHg), a condition known as respiratory acidosis occurs. The body tries to maintain homeostasis by increasing the respiratory rate, a condition known as tachypnea. This allows much more carbon dioxide to escape the body through the lungs, thus increasing the pH by having less carbonic acid. If a person is in a critical setting and intubated, one must increase the number of breaths mechanically.
338:. If a plastic blood gas syringe is used, the sample should be transported and kept at room temperature and analyzed within 30 min. If prolonged time delays are expected (i.e., greater than 30 min) prior to analysis, the sample should be drawn in a glass syringe and immediately placed on ice. Standard blood tests can also be performed on arterial blood, such as measuring
40:
1675:
effect. In acidaemia, the bicarbonate levels rise, so that they can neutralize the excess acid, while the contrary happens when there is alkalaemia. Thus when an arterial blood gas test reveals, for example, an elevated bicarbonate, the problem has been present for a couple of days, and metabolic compensation took place over a blood acidaemia problem.
253:
334:. Other syringes may need to be heparinised, by drawing up a small amount of liquid heparin and squirting it out again to remove air bubbles. Once the sample is obtained, care is taken to eliminate visible gas bubbles, as these bubbles can dissolve into the sample and cause inaccurate results. The sealed syringe is taken to a
361:
Derived parameters include bicarbonate concentration, SaO2, and base excess. Bicarbonate concentration is calculated from the measured pH and PCO2 using the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. SaO2 is derived from the measured PO2 and calculated based on the assumption that all measured hemoglobin is
956:
Contamination of the sample with room air will result in abnormally low carbon dioxide and possibly elevated oxygen levels, and a concurrent elevation in pH. Delaying analysis (without chilling the sample) may result in inaccurately low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels as a result of ongoing
1674:
The kidney and the liver are two main organs responsible for the metabolic homeostasis of pH. Bicarbonate is a base that helps to accept excess hydrogen ions whenever there is acidaemia. However, this mechanism is slower than the respiratory pathway and may take from a few hours to 3 days to take
1499:
in a critical care setting. The action to be taken is to calm the person and try to reduce the number of breaths being taken to normalize the pH. The respiratory pathway tries to compensate for the change in pH in a matter of 2–4 hours. If this is not enough, the metabolic pathway takes place.
412:
Both the pH-stat and alpha-stat strategies have theoretical disadvantages. α-stat method is the method of choice for optimal myocardial function. The pH-stat method may result in loss of autoregulation in the brain (coupling of the cerebral blood flow with the metabolic rate in the brain). By
408:α-stat (alpha-stat): The pH and other ABG results are measured at 37 °C, despite the patient's actual temperature. The goal is to maintain the arterial carbon dioxide tension at 5.3 kPa (40mmHg) and the pH at 7.40 when measured at +37 °C.
794:, and indicates whether the person has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate levels, the base excess is a calculated value intended to completely isolate the non-respiratory portion of the pH change.
1618:
1715:
is less reliably compared to arterial blood but may be used in some cases. The PO2 level of venous blood is always significantly lower that arterial and should be reported, labeled and interpreted as venous PO2.
1678:
In general, it is much easier to correct acute pH derangement by adjusting respiration. Metabolic compensations take place at a much later stage. However, in a critical setting, a person with a normal pH, a high
796:
There are two calculations for base excess (extra cellular fluid - BE(ecf); blood - BE(b)). The calculation used for the BE(ecf) = − 24.8 + 16.2 × (pH − 7.4). The calculation used for BE(b) = (1 − 0.014 ×
163:(SaO2) can be determined. Such information is vital when caring for patients with critical illnesses or respiratory disease. Therefore, the ABG test is one of the most common tests performed on patients in
214:
across the alveolar-capillary membrane. ABG testing also has a variety of applications in other areas of medicine. Combinations of disorders can be complex and difficult to interpret, so calculators,
1695:
which measures oxygen saturation transcutaneously and is non-invasive, arterial blood is seldom used for the determination of oxygenation outside the ICU. Acid base status can be determined with
2382:
2052:
Procedures for the
Collection of Arterial Blood Specimens; Approved Standard—Fourth Edition (Procedures for the Collection of Arterial Blood Specimens; Approved Standard—Fourth Edition )
397:
pH-stat: The pH and other ABG results are measured at the patient's actual temperature. The goal is to maintain a pH of 7.40 and the arterial carbon dioxide tension (paCO
1934:"Glass syringes are better than plastic for preserving arterial blood gas for oxygen partial pressure determination: an explanation based on nanomaterial composition"
2375:
323:) is also used, especially during emergency situations or with children. Blood can also be taken from an arterial catheter already placed in one of these arteries.
1513:
413:
increasing the cerebral blood flow beyond the metabolic requirements, the pH-stat method may lead to cerebral microembolisation and intracranial hypertension.
386:
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The bicarbonate concentration is also calculated. These results are usually available for interpretation within five minutes.
2949:
2368:
798:
1495:< 35 mmHg) occurs when there is too little carbon dioxide in the blood. This may be due to hyperventilation or else excessive breaths given via a
2944:
1711:
vein, such as a forearm vein. The values of pH and HCO3 of venous blood are close enough to arterial blood for direct comparison. The pCO2 of
2235:
2060:
2166:
from The
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
2680:
2351:
1792:
1504:
755:
2050:
374:
Detail of measurement chamber of a modern blood gas analyzer showing the measurement electrodes. (Cobas b 121 - Roche
Diagnostics)
969:
477:
2203:
326:
There are plastic and glass syringes used for blood gas samples. Most syringes come pre-packaged and contain a small amount of
2954:
2011:"Total Bilirubin Measurement by Photometry on a Blood Gas Analyzer: Potential for Use in Neonatal Testing at the Point of Care"
1745:
592:
1146:
1404:
2163:
2881:
2637:
1820:"Simple, easily memorised 'rules of thumb' for the rapid assessment of physiological compensation for acid-base disorders"
742:. As this value when given with blood gas results is often calculated by the analyzer, correlation should be checked with
2308:"Peripheral venous and arterial blood gas analysis in adults: are they comparable? A systematic review and meta‐analysis"
2306:
Byrne, Anthony L; Bennett, Michael; Chatterji, Robindro; Symons, Rebecca; Pace, Nathan L; Thomas, Paul S (January 2014).
1766:
2959:
175:
plus transcutaneous carbon-dioxide measurement is a less invasive, alternative method of obtaining similar information.
160:
2177:
2573:
2535:
1315:
1276:
1264:
2914:
1708:
1628:
2465:
2742:
1699:
precluding the pain and inconvenience of arterial blood sampling in most cases. When an indwelling arterial line
1258:
2615:
630:
370:
47:
2610:
2443:
1448:
1442:
1240:
1131:
1116:
1081:
1066:
539:
436:
A change in of 10 mEq/L will result in a change in pH of approximately 0.15 pH units in the same direction.
2288:
2876:
2730:
2568:
2530:
1730:
1340:
1290:
649:
275:
Hb, MetHb, COHb, HHb, CNHb, SHb ), Hematocrit, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Lactate and Urea. (Cobas b 221 -
2221:
2670:
2647:
2632:
2563:
1496:
1484:
1470:
1398:
1328:
1105:
977:
660:
513:
or H indicates if a person is acidemic (pH < 7.35; H >45) or alkalemic (pH > 7.45; H < 35).
288:
230:
80:
562:
indicates abnormal oxygenation of blood and a person is known as having hypoxemia. (Note that a low PaO
2939:
2868:
2725:
2713:
2690:
2545:
2413:
1735:
1466:
1366:
1354:
1319:
1167:
641:
246:
2706:
2701:
2598:
2438:
1421:
1360:
1334:
1002:
791:
739:
583:
393:: pH-stat method and alpha-stat method. Recent studies suggest that the α-stat method is superior.
222:
164:
2423:
1861:"Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial"
1048:
723:
308:
226:
2090:
Kofstad J (1996). "Blood Gases and
Hypothermia: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations".
2009:
Horn, Klaus; Gruber, Rudolf; Ugele, Bernhard; Küster, Helmut; Rolinski, Boris (1 October 2001).
2808:
2787:
2455:
2450:
2327:
2268:
2107:
2056:
2032:
1965:
1909:
1882:
1841:
1412:
1234:
1228:
1222:
774:
567:
307:
because it is easily accessible, can be compressed to control bleeding, and has less risk for
276:
199:
144:
137:
125:
2348:
1796:
2898:
2555:
2319:
2099:
2022:
1955:
1945:
1872:
1831:
1302:
1213:
483:
383:
241:
2891:
2886:
2355:
2066:
1613:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{0.03\times Pa{\ce {CO2}}}}\right)}
1270:
1186:
966:
316:
2307:
312:
27:
A test of blood taken from an artery that measures the amounts of certain dissolved gases
389:
Two methods have been used in medicine in the management of blood gases of patients in
2799:
2655:
2428:
2418:
2134:
2010:
1984:
1960:
1933:
1692:
1122:
1072:
1030:
996:
767:
743:
653:
634:
623:
612:
320:
284:
172:
129:
113:
1877:
1860:
2933:
2842:
2821:
2735:
2660:
2593:
2207:
1639:
1465:. In the context of arterial blood gases, the most common occurrence will be that of
1384:
878:
530:
378:
The machine used for analysis aspirates this blood from the syringe and measures the
304:
203:
195:
117:
2360:
426:
above or below 40 mmHg results in 0.008 unit change in pH in the opposite direction.
2847:
2816:
2719:
2620:
2408:
1712:
1704:
1696:
990:
707:
401:) at 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) at the actual patient temperature. It is necessary to add CO
292:
211:
2027:
1457:
The normal range for pH is 7.35–7.45. As the pH decreases (< 7.35), it implies
311:. The selection of which radial artery to draw from is based on the outcome of an
67:
53:
2665:
2625:
2605:
2540:
2502:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2400:
1740:
1657:
1436:
1430:
1192:
1057:
981:
782:
673:
645:
522:
390:
355:
347:
343:
331:
207:
191:
183:
179:
61:
1901:
39:
2585:
2525:
2512:
2433:
2392:
2103:
1950:
1296:
1249:
1209:
1039:
931:
703:
664:
187:
2331:
574:, a lack of oxygen in tissues or organs as opposed to arterial blood.) At a P
2757:
2752:
2747:
2675:
2473:
2181:
1836:
1819:
1725:
1462:
1390:
1372:
1346:
1284:
1198:
1173:
1024:
433:
will decrease by about 1 mmHg for every 1 mEq/L reduction in below 24 mEq/L
351:
300:
215:
2036:
1969:
1913:
1886:
1845:
486:, although various analysers and laboratories may employ different ranges.
182:
in the blood. Many blood-gas analyzers will also report concentrations of
2111:
2837:
2769:
2520:
1700:
1458:
790:
The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of
571:
17:
2777:
2323:
1670:
is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood in mmHg
1311:
1161:
1012:
339:
327:
168:
121:
930:
This is the sum of oxygen dissolved in plasma and chemically bound to
252:
116:. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the
2782:
1137:
1087:
148:
109:
256:
Modern, blood gas analyzer. This device is capable of reporting pH,
950:× 1.34 × Hgb) where hemoglobin concentration is expressed in g/dL.
526:
369:
296:
251:
240:
152:
133:
75:
622:
production and elimination: for a constant metabolic rate, the Pa
478:
Reference ranges for blood tests § Acid–base and blood gases
1859:
Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Naftel SA, Lewis MJ, Rodger MA (2003).
847:
455:↓ when pH > 7.4, it is a primary respiratory disorder. If pCO
257:
229:
for analysis. Newer equipment lets the analysis be done also as
2364:
1703:
is present, arterial blood is easy to obtain and still used.
136:
or another site is used. The blood can also be drawn from an
1096:
510:
379:
156:
2258:
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
1599:
1473:. As carbon dioxide concentrations continue to increase (
2180:. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from
1767:"Arterial Blood Gases - Indications and Interpretation"
467:↓ when pH < 7.4, it is a primary metabolic disorder.
233:, depending on the equipment available in each clinic.
1985:"How to take an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) - OSCE Guide"
2055:. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2004.
1516:
271:, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Hemoglobin (total and derivatives: O
447:& pH are moving in opposite directions i.e., pCO
2907:
2867:
2860:
2830:
2807:
2798:
2768:
2689:
2646:
2584:
2554:
2511:
2464:
2399:
1461:, while if the pH increases (> 7.45) it implies
303:or a doctor. Blood is most commonly drawn from the
74:
60:
46:
32:
1612:
629:is determined entirely by its elimination through
108:) measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as
648:) indicates underventilation (or, more rarely, a
766:the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a
2193:- Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator
2124:Stoelting: Basics of Anesthesia, 5th ed. p 321.
1908:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
801:) × (− 24.8 + (1.43 × Hgb + 7.7) × (pH − 7.4).
459:& pH are moving in same direction i.e., pCO
2376:
8:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1707:is generally used otherwise, usually from a
225:originally were sent from the clinic to the
2289:"Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport Charles L"
2222:"RCPA Manual: Base Excess (arterial blood)"
153:arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
2864:
2804:
2383:
2369:
2361:
1900:Hager, Heather H.; Burns, Bracken (2024),
405:to the oxygenator to accomplish this goal.
178:An ABG test can also measure the level of
2026:
1959:
1949:
1876:
1835:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1535:
1517:
1515:
1649:
1645:
1419:
1309:
1247:
1207:
1153:
1103:
1046:
975:
488:
218:, and rules of thumb are commonly used.
210:and critical-care medicine to determine
1757:
611:The carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pa
566:is not required for the person to have
29:
2135:"Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) In 4 Steps"
2085:
2083:
1938:International Journal of Nanomedicine
7:
2349:Online arterial blood gas calculator
1808:- Online arterial blood gas analysis
362:normal (oxy- or deoxy-) hemoglobin.
2681:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
934:as determined by the calculation: C
149:arterial partial pressure of oxygen
2950:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
1932:Wiwanitkit, Viroj (January 2006).
750:as directly measured (see below).
25:
245:Bench top analyzer ABL800 FLEX -
1983:Potter, Lewis (7 January 2014).
1793:"Arterial Blood Gas Interpreter"
206:. ABG testing is mainly used in
38:
2206:. June 13, 2002. Archived from
1795:. prognosis.org. Archived from
1773:. Reviewed by Dr Adrian Bonsall
1746:Arteriovenous oxygen difference
593:carbon dioxide partial pressure
472:Parameters and reference ranges
1571:
1551:
1505:Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
830:This is the total amount of CO
1:
2945:Diagnostic emergency medicine
2638:Comprehensive metabolic panel
2092:Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl
1878:10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00226-9
1765:Dr Colin Tidy (26 Jan 2015).
1503:Under normal conditions, the
667:) hyper- or overventilation.
2204:"Acid Base Balance (page 3)"
2178:"Altitude oxygen calculator"
2164:Normal Reference Range Table
1653:) at normal body temperature
706:problem is present (such as
582:of less than 60 mm Hg,
159:. In addition, the arterial
2574:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2536:Total iron-binding capacity
2028:10.1093/clinchem/47.10.1845
451:↑ when pH is <7.4 or pCO
102:arterial blood gas analysis
2976:
2915:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
2236:"ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)"
1629:acid dissociation constant
475:
463:↑when pH is >7.4 or pCO
2104:10.3109/00365519609088622
1951:10.2147/nano.2006.1.2.223
1007:
508:
143:An ABG test measures the
37:
1687:Arterial vs Venous Blood
1656:is the concentration of
879:millimolar concentration
865:, where α=0.226 mM/kPa,
702:ion indicates whether a
586:should be administered.
2444:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1837:10.1136/thx.2007.091223
1507:will give the blood pH
650:hypermetabolic disorder
618:) is an indicator of CO
540:oxygen partial pressure
422:A 1 mmHg change in PaCO
33:Arterial-blood gas test
2955:Respiratory physiology
2877:Elevated transaminases
2569:Thyroid function tests
2531:Transferrin saturation
2391:Clinical biochemistry
2176:Baillie K, Simpson A.
1731:Radial artery puncture
1614:
957:cellular respiration.
439:Assess relation of pCO
375:
287:is usually drawn by a
280:
249:
2671:Lactate dehydrogenase
2633:Basic metabolic panel
2564:ACTH stimulation test
1660:in the blood in mEq/L
1615:
1497:mechanical ventilator
1485:Respiratory alkalosis
1471:acid-base homeostasis
881:(mM) (mmol/L) and PCO
787:−2 to +2 mmol/L
763:21 to 27 mmol/L
661:respiratory alkalosis
373:
289:respiratory therapist
255:
244:
237:Sampling and analysis
231:point-of-care testing
2691:Liver function tests
2546:Transferrin receptor
2240:Brookside Associates
1902:"Artery Cannulation"
1818:Baillie, JK (2008).
1736:Chemical equilibrium
1691:Since the advent of
1514:
1467:respiratory acidosis
1320:LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
885:is expressed in kPa
834:, and is the sum of
642:respiratory acidosis
319:(or less often, the
165:intensive-care units
128:, but sometimes the
2960:Respiratory therapy
2707:Serum total protein
2702:Human serum albumin
2293:www.meddean.luc.edu
1601:
1569:
972:
853:by the formula: tCO
827:100–132 mg/dL
792:acid-base disorders
740:metabolic alkalosis
584:supplemental oxygen
283:Arterial blood for
2479:Arterial blood gas
2354:2013-03-12 at the
2324:10.1111/resp.12225
2139:www.edulanche.com/
2015:Clinical Chemistry
1610:
1589:
1555:
1049:ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
965:
773:of 5.33 kPa, full
724:metabolic acidosis
482:These are typical
376:
350:, dyshemoglobins,
336:blood gas analyzer
309:vascular occlusion
285:blood-gas analysis
281:
250:
247:Radiometer Medical
227:medical laboratory
90:arterial blood gas
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2856:
2855:
2809:Blood sugar level
2788:Pancreatic lipase
2626:Total cholesterol
2456:Serum osmolal gap
2451:Plasma osmolality
2062:978-1-56238-545-3
2021:(10): 1845–1847.
1871:(11): 1195–1199.
1604:
1592:
1558:
1520:
1455:
1454:
954:
953:
825:23–30 mmol/L
775:oxygen saturation
687:22–26 mEq/L
555:75–100 mmHg
384:partial pressures
277:Roche Diagnostics
200:carboxyhemoglobin
161:oxygen saturation
155:(PaCO2), and the
145:blood gas tension
138:arterial catheter
86:
85:
16:(Redirected from
2967:
2899:Hyperproteinemia
2865:
2805:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2336:
2335:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2065:. Archived from
2047:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1762:
1652:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1518:
1210:SERUM OSMOLARITY
1019:
1010:
973:
964:
877:is expressed in
876:
875:
874:
871:
845:
844:
843:
840:
777:and 37 Celsius.
737:
736:
735:
732:
721:
720:
719:
716:
701:
700:
699:
696:
684:
682:
681:
678:
663:, alternatively
644:, alternatively
608:35–45 mmHg
606:4.7–6.0 kPa
489:
484:reference ranges
291:and sometimes a
151:(PaO2), and the
70:
56:
42:
30:
21:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2903:
2892:Hypoalbuminemia
2887:Hypoproteinemia
2852:
2826:
2800:Small molecules
2794:
2764:
2685:
2642:
2580:
2550:
2507:
2497:
2460:
2395:
2389:
2356:Wayback Machine
2345:
2340:
2339:
2305:
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2262:
2257:
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2215:
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2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1931:
1930:
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1898:
1894:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1722:
1689:
1682:
1669:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1575:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1512:
1511:
1494:
1480:
1177:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1034:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
967:Pathophysiology
963:
949:
946:× 0.003) + (SaO
945:
941:
937:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
884:
872:
869:
868:
866:
864:
856:
851:
841:
838:
837:
835:
833:
826:
821:
817:
813:
771:
759:
747:
733:
730:
729:
727:
717:
714:
713:
711:
697:
694:
693:
691:
679:
676:
675:
672:
657:
638:
627:
621:
616:
607:
602:
598:
581:
577:
570:as in cases of
565:
561:
554:
549:
545:
498:Interpretation
480:
474:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:with pH: If pCO
442:
432:
425:
419:
404:
400:
368:
317:brachial artery
274:
270:
266:
261:
239:
66:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Cardiac marker
2652:
2650:
2648:Cardiovascular
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:Hemoglobin A1c
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2429:Renal function
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2344:
2343:External links
2341:
2338:
2337:
2318:(2): 168–175.
2298:
2280:
2260:
2251:
2227:
2213:
2210:on 2002-06-13.
2195:
2168:
2151:
2126:
2117:
2079:
2061:
2042:
2001:
1975:
1944:(2): 223–224.
1924:
1892:
1851:
1810:
1783:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1693:pulse oximetry
1688:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1635:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1492:
1478:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1006:
1000:
994:
987:
986:
962:
959:
952:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
882:
862:
854:
849:
831:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
803:
788:
785:
779:
778:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
751:
745:
688:
685:
669:
668:
655:
636:
625:
619:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
588:
587:
579:
575:
563:
559:
556:
553:10–13 kPa
551:
547:
543:
535:
534:
519:
515:
514:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
473:
470:
469:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
410:
409:
406:
402:
398:
367:
364:
321:femoral artery
272:
268:
264:
259:
238:
235:
173:pulse oximetry
169:levels of care
147:values of the
130:femoral artery
114:carbon dioxide
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
64:
58:
57:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2972:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Hyperuricemia
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2822:Hyperglycemia
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:AST/ALT ratio
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:transaminases
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Troponin test
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Triglycerides
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:Blood glucose
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2270:
2269:"Blood Gases"
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2184:on 2017-06-11
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2069:on 2015-05-11
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1830:(3): 289–90.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1799:on 2013-03-12
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1641:
1640:carbonic acid
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1565:
1560:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
985:
983:
979:
974:
971:
970:sample values
968:
960:
958:
933:
929:
920:
889:
888:
880:
860:
852:
829:
824:
809:
806:
805:
802:
800:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
772:
765:
762:
760:
754:
753:
749:
741:
725:
709:
705:
689:
686:
683:
671:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
628:
617:
610:
605:
594:
590:
589:
585:
573:
569:
557:
552:
541:
537:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
490:
487:
485:
479:
471:
438:
435:
428:
421:
420:
416:
414:
407:
396:
395:
394:
392:
387:
385:
381:
372:
365:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:, to prevent
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:radial artery
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
262:
254:
248:
243:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:methemoglobin
201:
197:
196:oxyhemoglobin
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:radial artery
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2882:Elevated ALP
2848:Hypouricemia
2817:Hypoglycemia
2753:Unconjugated
2718:
2478:
2401:Electrolytes
2315:
2311:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2272:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2216:
2208:the original
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:the original
2171:
2143:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2120:
2095:
2091:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2051:
2045:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1989:Geeky Medics
1988:
1978:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1917:, retrieved
1905:
1895:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:
1713:venous blood
1705:Venous blood
1697:venous blood
1690:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1632:
1622:
1502:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1456:
1420:
1310:
1248:
1208:
1154:
1106:ALVEOLAR GAS
1104:
1047:
982:ELECTROLYTES
976:
955:
858:
807:
795:
708:ketoacidosis
481:
411:
388:
377:
366:Calculations
360:
356:electrolytes
335:
325:
313:Allen's test
293:phlebotomist
282:
220:
212:gas exchange
192:electrolytes
177:
142:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
2940:Blood tests
2831:Nitrogenous
2666:CPK-MB test
2606:Lipid panel
2541:Transferrin
2489:Bicarbonate
2484:Base excess
2393:blood tests
2312:Respirology
2141:. EduLanche
1994:24 February
1865:Respir. Med
1791:Baillie K.
1741:Hemoximetry
1709:peripheral
1658:bicarbonate
1627:6.1 is the
927:/dL blood)
783:Base excess
652:), a low Pa
646:hypercapnia
633:. A high Pa
631:ventilation
391:hypothermia
348:hemoglobins
332:coagulation
208:pulmonology
180:bicarbonate
167:. In other
124:and a thin
62:MedlinePlus
2934:Categories
2758:Conjugated
2586:Metabolism
2526:Serum iron
2513:Iron tests
2434:Creatinine
2274:2023-04-18
2245:2017-01-02
2188:2006-08-10
2145:2016-05-13
2073:2015-04-27
1919:2024-06-28
1906:StatPearls
1803:2007-07-05
1777:2017-01-02
1752:References
1250:URINALYSIS
932:hemoglobin
894:Content (C
738:indicates
722:indicates
665:hypocapnia
506:7.34–7.44
476:See also:
417:Guidelines
190:, several
188:hemoglobin
157:blood's pH
2748:Bilirubin
2698:Proteins
2676:Myoglobin
2474:Anion gap
2466:Acid-base
2414:Potassium
2332:1323-7799
2098:: 21–26.
1726:Anion gap
1580:×
1566:−
1542:
1463:alkalosis
1449:CSF/S glu
1443:CSF/S alb
726:, a high
710:). A low
704:metabolic
591:Arterial
558:A low PaO
538:Arterial
352:bilirubin
301:paramedic
216:nomograms
18:Blood-gas
2861:Proteins
2838:Azotemia
2770:Pancreas
2556:Hormones
2521:Ferritin
2419:Chloride
2352:Archived
2037:11568098
1970:17722540
1914:29489243
1887:14635973
1846:18308967
1720:See also
1701:catheter
1459:acidosis
1195:= −0.36
744:total CO
572:Ischemia
492:Analyte
429:The PaCO
382:and the
2778:Amylase
2503:Lactate
2498:content
2424:Calcium
2112:8865418
1961:2426785
1771:Patient
1623:where:
1437:CSF glu
1431:CSF alb
1385:AST/ALT
1312:PROTEIN
1293:= 1.01
1279:= 0.95
1225:= 300
1099:= 7.40
921:94-100%
568:hypoxia
521:35–45 n
344:lactate
340:glucose
328:heparin
223:samples
184:lactate
132:in the
122:syringe
120:with a
81:24336-0
54:D001784
2783:Lipase
2409:Sodium
2330:
2110:
2059:
2035:
1968:
1958:
1912:
1885:
1844:
1824:Thorax
1451:= 0.6
1445:= 7.5
1407:= 1.0
1401:= 3.0
1399:AF alb
1393:= 0.2
1387:= 0.6
1375:= 0.5
1363:= 4.0
1349:= 0.7
1337:= 7.6
1331:= 100
1305:= 800
1267:= 100
1241:BUN:Cr
1231:= 295
1170:= 2.0
1164:= 9.5
1155:OTHER:
1143:= 105
1042:= 1.0
999:= 100
993:= 140
942:= (PaO
748:levels
495:Range
315:. The
267:, SatO
202:, and
126:needle
110:oxygen
68:003855
2908:Other
1638:) of
1439:= 60
1433:= 30
1415:= 60
1369:= 40
1357:= 71
1343:= 25
1299:= 60
1287:= 25
1261:= 80
1243:= 20
1214:RENAL
1201:= 16
1189:= 55
1149:= 10
1147:A-a g
1128:= 36
1093:= 95
1078:= 40
1063:= 24
1036:= 22
1015:= 150
1005:= 20
923:(mL O
857:= +
808:total
354:and
297:nurse
134:groin
100:, or
76:LOINC
2439:Urea
2328:ISSN
2108:PMID
2057:ISBN
2033:PMID
1996:2023
1966:PMID
1910:PMID
1883:PMID
1842:PMID
1577:0.03
1405:SAAG
1347:TBIL
1277:FENa
1273:= 5
1237:= 5
1179:= 1
1027:= 4
861:×PCO
846:and
814:(tCO
690:The
509:The
299:, a
295:, a
263:, pO
221:ABG
112:and
106:ABGA
98:test
48:MeSH
2869:LFT
2743:GGT
2731:AST
2726:ALT
2714:ALP
2616:HDL
2611:LDL
2320:doi
2100:doi
2096:224
2023:doi
1956:PMC
1946:doi
1873:doi
1832:doi
1557:HCO
1533:log
1526:6.1
1422:CSF
1413:SOG
1367:ALT
1361:Alb
1355:ALP
1341:AST
1329:LDH
1297:UCr
1291:USG
1271:UAG
1265:UCl
1259:UNa
1235:POG
1229:PCO
1223:PMO
1058:HCO
1040:PCr
1013:Glu
1003:BUN
978:BMP
910:, C
902:, C
867:HCO
848:PCO
836:HCO
818:(P)
799:Hgb
756:SBC
728:HCO
712:HCO
692:HCO
674:HCO
523:mol
503:pH
258:pCO
94:ABG
88:An
2936::
2494:CO
2326:.
2316:19
2314:.
2310:.
2291:.
2238:.
2154:^
2137:.
2106:.
2094:.
2082:^
2031:.
2019:47
2017:.
2013:.
1987:.
1964:.
1954:.
1940:.
1936:.
1904:,
1881:.
1869:97
1867:.
1863:.
1840:.
1828:63
1826:.
1822:.
1769:.
1679:CO
1666:CO
1664:Pa
1648:CO
1631:(p
1591:CO
1537:10
1519:pH
1491:CO
1489:Pa
1477:CO
1475:Pa
1391:BU
1373:BC
1335:TP
1316:GI
1303:UO
1285:UK
1199:AG
1193:BE
1187:CK
1174:PO
1168:Mg
1162:Ca
1123:CO
1097:pH
1073:CO
1031:CO
997:Cl
991:Na
961:pH
918:)
822:)
810:CO
768:CO
654:CO
635:CO
624:CO
613:CO
603:)
599:CO
595:(P
550:)
542:(P
533:)
529:(n
518:H
511:pH
380:pH
358:.
346:,
342:,
279:).
198:,
194:,
186:,
171:,
140:.
96:)
2496:2
2384:e
2377:t
2370:v
2334:.
2322::
2295:.
2277:.
2248:.
2224:.
2191:.
2148:.
2114:.
2102::
2076:.
2039:.
2025::
1998:.
1972:.
1948::
1942:1
1889:.
1875::
1848:.
1834::
1806:.
1780:.
1681:2
1668:2
1650:3
1646:2
1644:H
1642:(
1636:a
1633:K
1607:)
1595:2
1586:a
1583:P
1572:]
1561:3
1552:[
1546:(
1529:+
1523:=
1493:2
1487:(
1479:2
1424::
1322::
1318:/
1314:/
1252::
1216::
1212:/
1176:4
1140:2
1138:O
1135:A
1132:p
1125:2
1120:A
1117:p
1108::
1090:2
1088:O
1085:a
1082:p
1075:2
1070:a
1067:p
1060:3
1051::
1033:2
1025:K
1018:\
1009:/
984::
980:/
948:2
944:2
940:2
938:O
936:a
925:2
916:2
914:O
912:c
908:2
906:O
904:v
900:2
898:O
896:a
892:2
890:O
883:2
873:3
870:−
863:2
859:α
855:2
850:2
842:3
839:−
832:2
820:c
816:2
812:2
770:2
758:e
746:2
734:3
731:−
718:3
715:−
698:3
695:−
680:3
677:−
659:(
656:2
640:(
637:2
626:2
620:2
615:2
601:2
597:a
580:2
578:O
576:a
564:2
560:2
548:2
546:O
544:a
531:M
527:L
525:/
465:2
461:2
457:2
453:2
449:2
445:2
441:2
431:2
424:2
403:2
399:2
273:2
269:2
265:2
260:2
104:(
92:(
20:)
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