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In addition to these biological adaptations that have evolved to help blood-feeding arthropods locate hosts, there is evidence that RNA from host species may also be taken up and have regulatory consequences in blood feeding insects. A study on the yellow fever mosquito
339:) have eleven families with hematophagous habits (more than half of the 19 hematophagous arthropod taxa). About 14,000 species of arthropods are hematophagous, even including some genera that were not previously thought to be, such as moths of the genus
304:, the human bed bug. Facultative hematophages, meanwhile, acquire at least some portion of their nutrition from non-blood sources in at least one of the sexually mature forms. Examples of this include many mosquito species, such as
650:. Psychiatric cases of patients performing hematophagy also exist. Sucking or licking one's own blood from a wound to clean it is also a common human behavior, and in small enough quantities is not considered taboo. Finally, human
64:
mosquito obtaining a blood meal from a human host through its pointed proboscis. Note the droplet of blood being expelled from the engorged abdomen. This mosquito is a malarial vector with a distribution that ranges from Egypt to
964:
Furlan, Anthony J.; Eyding, Dirk; Albers, Gregory W.; Al-Rawi, Yasir; Lees, Kennedy R.; Rowley, Howard A.; Sachara, Christian; Soehngen, Mariola; Warach, Steven; Hacke, Werner; DEDAS Investigators (2006).
252:
that act as a razor to cut the skin), blood is acquired either by sucking action directly from the veins or capillaries, from a pool of escaped blood, or by lapping (again, in bats). To overcome natural
368:
has shown that human blood microRNA has-miR-21 are taken up during blood feeding and transported into the fat body tissues. Once in the fat body they target and regulate mosquito genes such as
349:
for locating the hosts (usually in the dark, as most hematophagous species are nocturnal and silent to avoid detection) have also evolved, such as special physical or chemical detectors for
522:
keeps fresh blood flowing to the site of an injury, actually preventing infection and increasing chances of full recovery. In a recent study a genetically engineered drug called
518:). Some doctors now use leeches to prevent the clotting of blood on some wounds following surgery or trauma. The anticoagulants in the laboratory-raised leeches'
320:
species, the female can survive without blood but must consume blood in order to produce eggs (obligatory hematophages are by definition also anautogenous).
310:, whose both males and females feed on pollen and fruit juice for survival, but the females require a blood meal to produce their eggs. Fly species such as
345:. Hematophagy in insects, including mosquitoes, is thought to have arisen from phytophagous or entomophagous origins. Several complementary
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Perdomo, Hugo D.; Hussain, Mazhar; Parry, Rhys; Etebari, Kayvan; Hedges, Lauren M.; Zhang, Guangmei; et al. (2021).
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feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by specializing on blood-filled female mosquitoes as their preferred prey. Some
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that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as
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622:
Many human societies also drink blood or use it to manufacture foodstuffs and delicacies. Cow blood mixed with
1639:
683:
433:
876:"Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy"
437:
1097:
Ribeiro JM (September 1995). "Blood-feeding arthropods: live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists?".
804:
Evolution of
Parasites. Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology (3rd), London, November 6, 1964
710:"Evarcha culicivora chooses blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes but other East African jumping spiders do not"
229:, mostly of mammals, birds, and fish. This type of feeding is known as phlebotomy (from the Greek words,
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1133:
346:
30:
This article is about the consumption of blood by animals. For the consumption of blood by humans, see
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medicines from studying substances in the saliva of several hematophagous species, such as leeches (
1654:
1508:
1019:
Scharfetter C, Hagenbuchner K (1967). "Blutdurst als
Symptom. Ein seltsamer Fall von Bluttrinken".
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161:, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of
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and capillary dilation have evolved in some hematophagous species. Scientists have developed
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Markwardt F (October 2002). "Hirudin as alternative anticoagulant--a historical review".
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Once phlebotomy is performed (in most insects by a specialized fine hollow "needle", the
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1350:
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917:"Human blood microRNA hsa-miR-21-5p induces vitellogenin in the mosquito Aedes aegypti"
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As a feeding practice, hematophagy has evolved independently in a number of arthropod,
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288:. Obligatory hematophagous animals cannot survive on any other food. Examples include
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of medical importance for being hematophagous, at least in some species, include the
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The phlebotomic action opens a channel for contamination of the host species with
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Hematophagous organisms have been used by physicians for beneficial purposes (
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parts and chemical agents for penetrating vascular structures in the skin of
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chemical solutions, in their saliva for instance, that they pre-inject—and
261:, inflammation, and pain sensation in the host, hematophagous animals have
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contained in the hematophagous organism. Thus, many animal and human
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967:"Dose Escalation of Desmoteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke (DEDAS)"
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819:"Multimodal floral cues guide mosquitoes to tansy inflorescences"
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has been a persistent object of literary and cultural attention.
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1122:
1042:"Saliva of hematophagous animals: source of new anticoagulants"
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543:
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131:
123:
137:"to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious
817:
Peach DA, Gries R, Zhai H, Young N, Gries G (March 2019).
646:, who drank the blood of the first enemy they killed in
769:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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are transmitted by hematophagous species, such as the
806:. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.: 29–45.
800:"The evolution of parasite-arthropod vector systems"
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1241:
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372:, which is a yolk protein used for egg production.
37:"Bloodsucker" redirects here. For other uses, see
626:, for example, is a mainstay food of the African
532:(a vampire bat) was shown to improve recovery in
44:"Sanguivore" redirects here. For the album, see
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8:
578:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
27:Ecological niche involving feeding on blood
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1040:Ciprandi A, Horn F, Termignoni C (2003).
982:
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638:, had ritual hematophagy, as well as the
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
316:can also be facultative hematophages. In
618:Food and drink prohibitions § Blood
880:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
767:The biology of blood-sucking in insects
700:
798:Mattingly PF (1965). Taylor AE (ed.).
708:Jackson, R. R.; Nelson, X. J. (2012).
1062:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
7:
576:adding citations to reliable sources
280:Hematophagy is classified as either
630:. Many places around the world eat
984:10.1161/01.STR.0000217403.66996.6d
25:
714:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
335:(insects with two wings, such as
331:and mammalian taxa. For example,
1312:
726:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00986.x
548:
171:) are hematophagous. The spider
90:sucking fresh blood from a sock
634:. Some societies, such as the
360:, heat, light, movement, etc.
1:
1099:Infectious Agents and Disease
213:, also practise hematophagy.
105:) is the practice by certain
84:Two butterflies of the genus
450:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
244:, which perforates skin and
132:
124:
39:Bloodsucker (disambiguation)
1049:Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter
410:eastern equine encephalitis
221:Hematophagous animals have
197:; and birds, including the
1697:
933:10.1038/s42003-021-02385-7
874:Peach DA, Gries G (2019).
843:10.1038/s41598-019-39748-4
615:
609:
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29:
1660:Category:Eating behaviors
1635:
1310:
669:Consumer-resource systems
1640:Antipredator adaptation
684:Transmission (medicine)
526:based on the saliva of
217:Mechanism and evolution
642:, a nomadic people of
438:St. Louis encephalitis
347:biological adaptations
91:
77:
66:
1027:(5). Basel: 288–310.
257:(blood coagulation),
83:
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1074:10.1055/s-2002-35292
572:improve this section
1655:Carnivorous protist
1509:Intraguild predator
835:2019NatSR...9.3908P
460:, and many others.
394:infectious diseases
313:Leptoconops torrens
294:, a South American
248:; in bats by sharp
129:"blood" and φαγεῖν
97:(sometimes spelled
61:Anopheles stephensi
1650:Carnivorous fungus
1300:Sexual cannibalism
1285:Animal cannibalism
1150:Feeding behaviours
823:Scientific Reports
765:Lehane MJ (2005).
679:Tick-borne disease
376:Medical importance
174:Evarcha culicivora
168:Hirudo medicinalis
153:. Some intestinal
92:
78:
67:
1668:
1667:
1645:Carnivorous plant
1521:Aquatic predation
1308:
1307:
1290:Human cannibalism
1033:10.1159/000126021
893:10.1111/eea.12852
674:Natural reservoir
608:
607:
600:
540:Human hematophagy
529:Desmodus rotundus
434:sleeping sickness
301:Cimex lectularius
291:Rhodnius prolixus
16:(Redirected from
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1514:Pursuit predator
1316:
1295:Self-cannibalism
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1120:
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1021:Psychiatr Neurol
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977:(5): 1227–1231.
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388:and blood-borne
351:sweat components
259:vasoconstriction
203:Hood mockingbird
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1012:Further reading
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159:Ancylostomatids
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1597:Hypercarnivore
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1351:Seed predation
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886:(2): 120–136.
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720:(2): 233–235.
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644:Eastern Europe
610:Main article:
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402:Chagas disease
398:bubonic plague
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1607:Mesocarnivore
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1602:Hypocarnivore
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1561:Filter feeder
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1499:Apex predator
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1264:Breastfeeding
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1259:Placentophagy
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1178:Egg predation
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632:blood sausage
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612:Blood as food
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557:This section
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516:hirudotherapy
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418:leishmaniasis
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366:Aedes aegypti
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307:Aedes aegypti
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271:anticoagulant
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250:incisor teeth
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199:vampire finch
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193:, especially
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33:
32:Blood as food
19:
18:Blood-sucking
1681:Haematophagy
1627:Trophallaxis
1531:Pivot feeder
1526:Lunge feeder
1504:Egg predator
1392:Phagocytosis
1242:reproductive
1213:Myrmecophagy
1203:Molluscivore
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879:
869:
826:
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812:
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766:
760:
717:
713:
703:
621:
594:
585:
570:Please help
558:
527:
524:desmoteplase
513:
485:assassin bug
463:Insects and
462:
422:Lyme disease
406:dengue fever
379:
370:vitellogenin
365:
362:
340:
322:
318:anautogenous
311:
305:
299:
296:assassin bug
289:
285:
281:
279:
239:
237:"cutting").
234:
230:
220:
195:vampire bats
172:
166:
130:
122:
103:hematophagia
102:
99:haematophagy
98:
94:
93:
85:
59:
46:
1448:Planktivore
1433:Detritivore
1428:Coprophagia
1418:Bacterivore
1413:Microbivory
1397:Myzocytosis
1356:Nectarivore
1346:Graminivore
1193:Lepidophagy
1188:Insectivore
1183:Hematophagy
921:Commun Biol
829:(1): 3908.
286:facultative
246:capillaries
233:"vein" and
121:words αἷμα
95:Hematophagy
1612:Parasitism
1546:Bait balls
1536:Ram feeder
1468:Plastivore
1463:Lithotroph
1453:Saprophagy
1376:Osteophagy
1366:Palynivore
1323:Herbivores
1254:Paedophagy
1228:Spongivore
1218:Ophiophagy
1158:Carnivores
927:(1): 856.
776:0511115539
735:10092/9753
695:References
664:Chupacabra
616:See also:
588:April 2023
536:patients.
477:tsetse fly
458:Zika fever
414:filariasis
282:obligatory
267:anesthesia
255:hemostasis
181:, such as
157:, such as
151:arthropods
117:(from the
47:Sanguivore
1617:Scavenger
1489:Predation
1458:Xenophagy
1438:Geophagia
1423:Fungivore
1371:Xylophagy
1361:Mellivory
1341:Frugivore
1336:Florivore
1233:Vermivore
1223:Piscivore
1208:Mucophagy
1198:Man-eater
902:1570-7458
652:vampirism
640:Scythians
559:does not
465:arachnids
442:tularemia
390:parasites
242:proboscis
211:oxpeckers
155:nematodes
1675:Category
1568:Browsing
1443:Omnivore
1385:Cellular
1331:Folivore
1090:23103375
1082:12420235
993:16574922
951:34244602
861:30846726
785:61354292
752:25520447
744:22032682
689:Zoonosis
658:See also
489:mosquito
473:blackfly
382:bacteria
342:Calyptra
329:nematode
187:candirus
183:lampreys
139:proteins
1583:Grazing
1482:Methods
1269:Weaning
1249:Oophagy
1173:Avivore
1111:8548192
1001:2547258
942:8270986
852:6405845
831:Bibcode
580:removed
565:sources
469:sandfly
426:malaria
386:viruses
333:Diptera
325:annelid
275:hirudin
263:evolved
191:mammals
165:(e.g.,
163:leeches
133:phagein
111:feeding
107:animals
49:(album)
1588:Forage
1578:Fodder
1406:Others
1109:
1088:
1080:
999:
991:
971:Stroke
949:
939:
900:
859:
849:
783:
773:
750:
742:
648:battle
628:Maasai
534:stroke
520:saliva
507:, and
481:bedbug
446:typhus
430:rabies
298:, and
231:phleps
209:, and
143:lipids
87:Erebia
75:bedbug
65:China.
1166:adult
1086:S2CID
1045:(PDF)
997:S2CID
748:S2CID
636:Moche
505:midge
497:louse
337:flies
235:tomos
227:hosts
223:mouth
147:worms
125:haima
119:Greek
115:blood
1473:Pica
1107:PMID
1078:PMID
989:PMID
947:PMID
898:ISSN
857:PMID
781:OCLC
771:ISBN
740:PMID
624:milk
563:any
561:cite
509:flea
501:mite
493:tick
185:and
179:fish
149:and
141:and
1070:doi
1029:doi
1025:154
979:doi
937:PMC
929:doi
888:doi
884:168
847:PMC
839:doi
730:hdl
722:doi
574:by
284:or
277:).
113:on
109:of
101:or
58:An
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