419:(CPM), with an exchange of letters showing that the latter misunderstood the repressions to be greenlit by the former. The CPY struggled in these earlier years to assert itself over the affairs of the CPM, which was subject to considerable factionalism at the time. To make matters worse, the CPY's former representative in Macedonia with considerable understanding of the regional situation,
495:
Additionally, some 100,000 people were imprisoned in the post-1944 period for violations of the law for the "protection of
Macedonian national honor," and some 1,260 Bulgarian sympathizers were allegedly killed. (Troebst, 1997: 248-50, 255-57; 1994: 116-22; Poulton, 2000: 118-19). For more see:
356:
identity. The number of dead "traitors" and "collaborators" due to organized killings of
Bulgarians during Bloody Christmas and afterwards is unclear, but some sources put the number of victims at 1,200. The idea was to weaken the Bulgarian intelligentsia in Macedonia, to eradicate the Bulgarian
302:
from 7 to 9 January 1945. Thousands of others who retained their pro-Bulgarian sympathies or views, suffered severe repression as a result. However many people accused of pro-Bulgarian orientation, (in most cases they were pro-Independence and anti-Yugoslav), were also arrested, sentenced on
221:
388:
provided victims for the campaign. In several cities in Vardar
Macedonia which were set up people's courts, issuing death sentences over citizens charged of "great-Bulgarian chauvinism". In
840:
920:
870:
214:
850:
451:
362:
365:, which legalized the persecution of people who openly expressed Bulgarian self-identification. Special courts were also set up to protect Macedonia's national honour.
895:
207:
48:
528:
The most poignant example of
Communist Party of Macedonia excess was Bloody Christmas: a series of pro-Bulgarian Macedonian purges that started in January 1945.
58:
860:
880:
915:
314:, briefly annexed to Bulgaria during the war, were persecuted using charges of "great-Bulgarian chauvinism". This chapter of Macedonian history was a
438:
or went missing. As a result of the purge, up to 100,000 people were deported, displaced, imprisoned, persecuted or sent to concentration camps in
885:
875:
762:
752:
890:
318:
subject for conversation until the late 1980s, and, as a result, decades of official silence created a reaction in the form of numerous
384:
and other villages, more
Bulgarians were executed. Most of the bodies were disposed of in Lake Prespa. Nearly all inhabited places in
352:, accusations surfaced that new authorities were involved in retribution against people who did not support the formation of the new
865:
656:
505:
416:
910:
349:
299:
855:
801:
726:
678:
636:
616:
596:
576:
556:
535:
466:
412:
53:
530:
For more see: James
Horncastle, The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019,
835:
905:
900:
28:
845:
291:
121:
456:
420:
401:
189:
136:
131:
43:
609:
Thinking About
Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates About the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo
498:
Collective Memory, National
Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question
471:
461:
396:
in the same period, seven
Bulgarians were sentenced to death. Ten Bulgarians were sentenced to death in
111:
101:
174:
169:
279:
251:
184:
91:
179:
392:. in 1945 alone, 18 trials were held with 226 defendants, 22 of whom were sentenced to death. In
267:
239:
194:
106:
797:
758:
722:
674:
652:
632:
612:
592:
572:
552:
531:
501:
353:
319:
164:
668:
708:. Sofia: (in Bulgarian) St. Kliment Ohridski University Publishing House. Chapters 25 and 26
385:
311:
126:
342:
116:
81:
358:
96:
829:
423:, had been recalled earlier in November 1944 and replaced with the less knowledgable
159:
424:
334:
154:
629:
Essence of
Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, and Greek Foreign Policy
589:
Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996
816:
693:. (in Bulgarian) Sofia:St. Kliment Ohridski University Publishing House. pp.80-82
778:
377:
373:
323:
703:
357:
self-identification of parts of the population, and to speed-up the process of
439:
431:
381:
369:
338:
330:
307:
435:
327:
295:
819:
393:
86:
705:
Macedonianism and Macedonia's Resistance Against It Kosta Tsarnushanov
691:
The Macedonian Question and the Bulgarian-Yugoslav Relations 1944-1949
405:
397:
389:
780:
The New National Liberation Struggle in Vardar Macedonia 1944-1991
315:
430:
According to Bulgarian sources, between 1945 and 1947 over 4,700
739:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Macedonia and Macedonian Affairs
368:
During the terror of January 1945, on the road between
822:. Estimates, calculations, and sources by R.J. Rummel.
796:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.227.
754:
The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949
611:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.281.
415:(CPY) expressed discontent with these actions of the
452:
Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honour
363:
for the protection of the Macedonian national honour
290:) was a campaign in which several hundred people of
794:State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples
649:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992
549:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia
337:sentiments of parts of the local population, the
294:descent were killed as collaborationists by the
841:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
721:. Sofia: Galik Publishing House. pp.179-201.
670:Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
215:
8:
921:Yugoslav Partisan war crimes in World War II
871:Political repression in Communist Yugoslavia
783:. Sofia:Macedonian Scientific Institute. p.3
851:1945 in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia
222:
208:
17:
500:. Westport: Connecticut: Praeger. p.104.
896:Aftermath of World War II in Yugoslavia
520:
488:
361:. At the end of 1944, a law was passed
306:After the end of the Second World War,
145:
72:
34:
25:
7:
303:fabricated charges and imprisoned.
861:Yugoslav Macedonia in World War II
14:
916:World War II crimes in Yugoslavia
751:Horncastle, James (3 June 2019).
408:, nine were sentenced to death.
341:communists started a process of
310:in the so-called "new lands" in
350:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
300:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
1:
886:January 1945 events in Europe
881:Bulgaria–Yugoslavia relations
876:Political and cultural purges
651:, C. Hurst & Co. p. 122.
627:Zahariadis, Mickolaos (2005)
467:Bulgarians in North Macedonia
413:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
380:mountain near the village of
298:communist authorities in the
757:. Rowman & Littlefield.
741:(in Bulgarian) Orbel. p.298.
571:. C. Hurst & Co. p.118.
417:Communist Party of Macedonia
64:Bloody Christmas (Macedonia)
719:Macedonian Bloody Christmas
937:
891:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
817:Statistics of Yugoslavia's
551:. Scarecrow Press. p.287.
496:Roudometof, Victor (2002)
348:From the start of the new
333:purposes. To wipe out the
29:World War II in Yugoslavia
737:Serafimov, Tsanko (2004)
607:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2005)
421:Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo
283:
271:
255:
243:
866:Anti-Bulgarian sentiment
717:Angelov, Veselin (2003)
569:Who Are the Macedonians?
54:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
777:Gotsev, Dimitar (1998)
547:Bechev, Dimitar (2009)
911:World War II massacres
667:Phillips, John (2004)
647:Djokić, Dejan (2003).
457:Macedonian nationalism
376:, and on the hills of
44:Bleiburg repatriations
856:Macedonian Bulgarians
591:. Peter Lang. p.84/
587:Kostov, Chris (2010)
567:Poulton, Hugh (2000)
472:Gotse Delchev Brigade
462:Macedonian Bulgarians
792:Rae, Heather (2002)
673:. I.B. Tauris. p.40
631:. Peter Lang. p.85.
292:Macedonian Bulgarian
49:Expulsion of Germans
483:Informational notes
21:Part of a series on
836:Yugoslav Macedonia
689:Michev, D. (1994)
320:data manipulations
906:Massacres in 1945
901:Conflicts in 1945
764:978-1-4985-8505-7
354:ethnic Macedonian
232:
231:
928:
846:1945 in Bulgaria
804:
790:
784:
775:
769:
768:
748:
742:
735:
729:
715:
709:
700:
694:
687:
681:
665:
659:
645:
639:
625:
619:
605:
599:
585:
579:
565:
559:
545:
539:
525:
508:
493:
386:Vardar Macedonia
312:Vardar Macedonia
285:
273:
257:
245:
236:Bloody Christmas
224:
217:
210:
59:Purges in Serbia
18:
936:
935:
931:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
826:
825:
813:
808:
807:
791:
787:
776:
772:
765:
750:
749:
745:
736:
732:
716:
712:
701:
697:
688:
684:
666:
662:
646:
642:
626:
622:
606:
602:
586:
582:
566:
562:
546:
542:
526:
522:
512:
511:
494:
490:
480:
448:
343:nation-building
228:
199:
190:Velika Pisanica
141:
107:Keva's pit cave
68:
27:
12:
11:
5:
934:
932:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
828:
827:
824:
823:
812:
811:External links
809:
806:
805:
785:
770:
763:
743:
730:
710:
695:
682:
660:
640:
620:
600:
580:
560:
540:
519:
518:
510:
509:
487:
486:
479:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
447:
444:
359:Macedonisation
248:Kărvava Koleda
244:Кървава Коледа
230:
229:
227:
226:
219:
212:
204:
201:
200:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:
67:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
933:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
821:
818:
815:
814:
810:
803:
799:
795:
789:
786:
782:
781:
774:
771:
766:
760:
756:
755:
747:
744:
740:
734:
731:
728:
724:
720:
714:
711:
707:
706:
699:
696:
692:
686:
683:
680:
676:
672:
671:
664:
661:
658:
657:1-85065-663-0
654:
650:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
604:
601:
598:
594:
590:
584:
581:
578:
574:
570:
564:
561:
558:
554:
550:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
516:
507:
506:0-275-97648-3
503:
499:
492:
489:
485:
484:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
277:
276:Karvav Bozhik
269:
265:
264:Bloody Bozhik
261:
260:Krvava Koleda
256:Крвава Коледа
253:
249:
241:
237:
225:
220:
218:
213:
211:
206:
205:
203:
202:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
144:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
76:
71:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
39:
38:
33:
30:
24:
20:
19:
16:
793:
788:
779:
773:
753:
746:
738:
733:
718:
713:
704:
698:
690:
685:
669:
663:
648:
643:
628:
623:
608:
603:
588:
583:
568:
563:
548:
543:
527:
523:
514:
513:
497:
491:
482:
481:
429:
425:Miha Marinko
411:The central
410:
367:
347:
335:Bulgarophile
305:
287:
275:
272:Кървав Божик
263:
259:
247:
235:
233:
122:Kočevski Rog
63:
26:Aftermath of
15:
374:Lake Prespa
324:nationalist
288:Krvav Božiḱ
284:Крвав Божиќ
35:Main events
830:Categories
802:052179708X
727:9548008777
679:186064841X
637:0820479039
617:0521616905
597:3034301960
577:1850655340
557:0810855658
536:1498585051
478:References
440:Yugoslavia
432:Bulgarians
370:Lake Ohrid
331:propaganda
308:Bulgarians
280:Macedonian
252:Macedonian
538:, p. 107.
515:Citations
436:massacred
328:communist
268:Bulgarian
262:) or the
240:Bulgarian
175:Josipovac
170:Borovnica
102:Huda jama
73:Massacres
820:Democide
446:See also
378:Galičica
339:Yugoslav
296:Yugoslav
185:Knićanin
160:Sterntal
127:Pečovnik
112:Hrastnik
702:(1992)
400:and in
382:Oteševo
180:Krndija
165:Valpovo
155:Teharje
92:Gračani
87:Jazovka
800:
761:
725:
677:
655:
635:
615:
595:
575:
555:
534:
504:
406:Bitola
398:Prilep
390:Skopje
195:Gakovo
137:Zagreb
132:Osijek
117:Macelj
434:were
404:. In
402:Veles
316:taboo
146:Camps
97:Tezno
82:Foibe
798:ISBN
759:ISBN
723:ISBN
675:ISBN
653:ISBN
633:ISBN
613:ISBN
593:ISBN
573:ISBN
553:ISBN
532:ISBN
502:ISBN
394:Štip
372:and
326:and
322:for
234:The
832::
442:.
427:.
345:.
286:,
282::
278:;
274:,
270::
258:,
254::
250:;
246:,
242::
767:.
266:(
238:(
223:e
216:t
209:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.