202:
Limbs lay all over the place. Only my work helped me forget what I was seeing. I stopped to reload my camera. I noticed that my shoes were soaked with blood. I walked across the railway tracks, and made many long scenes with the burning overhead bridge in the background. Then I saw a man pick up a baby from the tracks and carry him to the platform. He went back to get another badly injured child. The mother lay dead on the tracks. As I filmed this tragedy, I heard the sound of planes returning. Quickly, I shot my remaining few feet on the baby. I ran toward the child, intending to carry him to safety, but the father returned. The bombers passed overhead. No bombs were dropped."
29:
477:
wrote that the train station was still smoking when Wong arrived. Aforementioned
Japanese revisionists do not deny the bombing, nor that Chinese civilians were killed and wounded, but claim the presentation of the photograph as a fake allows for the easy interpretation that there are further falsehoods in the historical record. In the article, Nobukatsu and Higashinakano do not mention the additional Wong photo published in
209:, where he showed enlargements to Malcolm Rosholt, saying, "Look at this one!" Wong later wrote that the next morning's newspapers reported that some 1,800 people, mostly women and children, had been waiting at the railway station, and that the IJN aviators had likely mistaken them for a troop movement. The Shanghai papers said that fewer than 300 people survived the attack. In October,
453:
323:
painted a version of the photograph, the earliest of his many paintings based on photographs; the original artwork has not been located and may be lost. Warhol's
Disaster Series in the 1960s was a return to that format, to interpretations of the highly visible works produced by photojournalists. In
476:
argue that the photograph shows a man setting first one then two children on the railroad tracks for the purpose of making a "pitiable sight" for
American viewers, to ready American citizens for war against Japan. Nobukatsu argues that Wong added smoke to make the image more dramatic, but Rosholt
243:
newspapers and affiliates, some 25 million copies. A further 1.75 million non-Hearst newspaper copies showed the image in the U.S., and 4 million more people saw it as a matte reproduction in other newspapers. Some 25 million people saw it internationally. It first appeared in
201:
Wong descended from the rooftop to the street, where he got into his car and drove quickly toward the ruined railway station. When he arrived, he noted carnage and confusion: "It was a horrible sight. People were still trying to get up. Dead and injured lay strewn across the tracks and platform.
432:
said the man was a rescue worker who was posing the baby and the boy for the photographer. Wong described the man as the baby's father, coming to rescue his children as the
Japanese aircraft returned following the bombing. Japanese propagandists drew a connection between what they claimed was a
158:
and George
Krainukov, captured many images of the fighting, including the gruesome aftermath of an aerial bombing made by three Japanese aircraft against two prominent hotels on Nanking Road on Saturday, August 14, 1937, or "Bloody Saturday". Wong was a Chinese man who owned a camera shop in
393:
86:, also known as Wong Hai-Sheng or Wang Xiaoting, did not discover the identity or even the sex of the injured child, whose mother lay dead nearby. The baby was called Ping Mei. One of the most memorable war photographs ever published, and perhaps the most famous
264:. A "tidal wave of sympathy" poured out from America to China, and the image was widely reproduced to elicit donations for Chinese relief efforts. Catalyzed by the image, the U.S., the United Kingdom and France protested Japanese bombing of Chinese civilians in
280:—he railed against the Japanese as "disgraceful, ignoble, barbarous, and cruel, even beyond the power of language to describe." Americans used terms such as "butchers" and "murderers" against the Japanese. Subsequent to Shanghai's surrender, IJN Admiral
425:
on
December 21, 1937, showing a man bent over a child of perhaps five years of age, both near the crying baby. The man was alleged to be Wong's assistant Taguchi who was arranging the children for best photographic effect. An article in
448:
magazine featured the famous photo in a picture book, and wrote in the caption, "It has been said that this is staged, but it is evident from various points that this is no more than a fabricated rumor."
205:
Wong never discovered the name of the burned and crying baby, whether it was a boy or a girl, or whether they survived. The next morning, he took the film from his Leica camera to the offices of
179:, a newsreel producer. At 4 pm, 16 IJN aircraft appeared, circled, and bombed war refugees at Shanghai's South Station, killing and wounding civilians waiting for an overdue train bound for
410:
of $ 50,000 on Wong's head: an amount equivalent to $ 1,060,000 in 2024. Wong was known to be against the
Japanese invasion of China and to have leftist political sympathies, and he worked for
78:
demonstrating
Japanese wartime atrocities in China. The photograph was widely published, and in less than a month had been seen by more than 136 million viewers. The photographer,
175:
building to take photographs of the bombing attack. At 3 pm, no aircraft were to be seen, and most of the newsmen dispersed, except H. S. "Newsreel" Wong, a cameraman working for
433:
falsified image and the general news accounts by U.S. and
Chinese sources reporting on the fighting in Shanghai, with the aim of discrediting all reports of Japanese atrocities.
239:
audiences, estimated a month later to number 50 million people in the U.S. and 30 million outside of the U.S. and the still image of the crying baby was printed in
364:
projected the famous image against a white curtain, using the faintness of the projection to signify the diminution of its impact over time. The photograph appeared in the
509:
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496:
in June. He operated under
British protection, but continued death threats from Japanese nationalists drove him to leave Shanghai with his family and to relocate to
1478:
261:
353:
in the 1970s and died of diabetes at his home at the age of 81 on March 9, 1981. In 2010, Wong was honored as a pioneering Asian-American journalist by the
707:
116:. The famous still image, taken from the Leica, is not often referred to by name—rather, its visual elements are described. It has also been called
1483:
384:
in 2006. The "searing image" was said by National Geographic author Michael S. Sweeney to have served as the "harbinger of Eastern militarism".
370:
354:
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472:, published an article entitled "Manipulation of Documentary Photos in China: Fanning Flames of Hate in the USA" in which Nobukatsu and
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154:, Japanese military forces advanced upon and attacked Shanghai, China's most populous city. Wong and other newsreel men, such as
62:) is a black-and-white photograph taken on 28 August 1937, a few minutes after a Japanese air attack struck civilians during the
17:
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magazine on October 4, 1937, at which point it was estimated that 136 million people had seen it. On the facing page in
71:
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1407:
744:
342:
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171:(IJN) were to bomb the blockade at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, August 28, 1937, so many of these gathered atop the
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who was famous for saying to his newsmen, "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war" in relation to the
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readers as one of ten "Pictures of the Year" for 1937. In 1944, Wong's newsreel sequence was used within the
876:
Great moments in news photography: from the historical files of the National Press Photographers Association
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At the time, Japanese nationalists called the photograph a fake, and the Japanese government put a
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images: a French man grimacing in tears as his country's soldiers abandon France in June 1940, and
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supported his earlier opinion that Wong borrowed the baby and staged the photograph. In 1975,
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269:
45:
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Exploding the Myth:The Problem of Photographic "Evidence" (Photos from The Rape of Nanking)
28:
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482:
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magazine which shows the baby crying on a medical stretcher as it is given first aid by a
427:
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210:
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In 1999, the Association for Advancement of Unbiased View of History, a nationalist and
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at a cocktail party: "I see your American newspapers have nicknamed me the Babykiller."
329:
832:"The Camera Overseas: 136,000,000 People See This Picture of Shanghai's South Station"
365:
1437:
1250:
1113:
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361:
337:
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164:
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75:
1088:. Studies in the fine arts. Vol. 54 (2 ed.). UMI Research Press. pp.
252:
magazine, another photograph showed the baby on a stretcher receiving medical care.
333:
307:
273:
113:
1005:. American Foreign Relations. Vol. 2 (5 ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p.
745:"Manipulation of Documentary Photos in China: Fanning Flames of Hate in the USA"
320:
296:
172:
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was influenced by the image, being convinced to abandon his longtime stance of
260:
The "unforgettable" image became one of the most influential photos to stir up
194:
99:
83:
1316:
Through the looking glass: China's foreign journalists from opium wars to Mao
843:
689:
488:
Wong filmed more newsreels covering Japanese attacks in China, including the
497:
493:
265:
224:
838:. Vol. 3, no. 14. Time, Inc. October 4, 1937. pp. 102–103.
560:. New York: Back Bay Books / Little, Brown and Company. pp. 176–177.
1220:
National Geographic concise history of the world: an illustrated timeline
751:. Association for Advancement of Unbiased View of History. Archived from
332:, set the photo's influence in America as high as two of the most iconic
180:
109:
87:
452:
1187:
167:. An international group of journalists learned that aircraft from the
1386:. Nissan Institute-Routledge Japanese studies. Verso. pp. 72–75.
1283:
From the front: the story of war featuring correspondents' chronicles
999:
Paterson, Thomas G.; Clifford, John Garry; Hagan, Kenneth J. (1999).
918:
Bomb, book and compass: Joseph Needham and the great secrets of China
350:
235:
airliner. Beginning in mid-September 1937, the newsreel was shown to
228:
53:
1223:. National Geographic Traveler. National Geographic Books. p.
944:
Cold War orientalism: Asia in the middlebrow imagination, 1945–1961
558:
The China Mirage - The Hidden History of American Disaster in Asia
451:
391:
106:
27:
585:
Projections of war: Hollywood, American culture, and World War II
70:. Depicting a Chinese baby crying within the bombed-out ruins of
163:
began to retreat from the city, leaving a blockade across the
1342:"The Japanese Colonial Eye: Science, Exploration, and Empire"
396:
Another of Wong's Shanghai baby photographs was published by
231:
and from there, the film was flown to New York City aboard a
1168:. Asian American Journalists Association. December 24, 2010
971:
The power of photography: how photographs changed our lives
676:
Cameron, Mrs. Richard; Malcolm Rosholt (January 21, 1972).
105:
Wong shot footage of the bombed-out South Station with his
712:(2 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. pp. 74–75.
90:
scene of the 1930s, the image stimulated an outpouring of
645:
Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq
112:
camera, and he took several still photographs with his
1248:
Hamilton, John Maxwell (1988). "Red Star Over China".
616:
Stilwell and the American experience in China, 1911–45
1375:
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1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1119:
So long until tomorrow: from Quaker Hill to Kathmandu
382:
Concise History of the World: An Illustrated Timeline
98:
called the iconic image "one of the most successful '
94:
anger against Japanese violence in China. Journalist
684:. Vol. 72, no. 2. Time, Inc. p. 27.
1414:. UCLA Film and Television Archive. Archived from
1249:
800:"Film: A Dragon Lady and a Quiet Cultural Warrior"
582:
1344:. In Christopher Pinney, Nicolas Peterson (ed.).
589:(2 ed.). Columbia University Press. p.
510:List of photographs considered the most important
1002:American Foreign Relations: A history since 1895
772:
770:
648:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 158–159.
188:I noticed that my shoes were soaked with blood.
947:. University of California Press. p. 177.
784:. Time, Inc. September 13, 1937. Archived from
731:
729:
186:
1033:Shanghai: The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City
806:, January 11, 2004. Retrieved on July 3, 2011.
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1166:"Honor Roll List: Pioneers, past and present"
709:Great news photos and the stories behind them
8:
1408:"Library Contents Listed Year-by-Year: 1938"
1077:
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869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
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456:The baby on a stretcher, receiving first aid
262:anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
1319:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 192.
1193:Making history: Wu Hung on contemporary art
895:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 219.
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
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701:
699:
637:
635:
328:, journalist and narrator for Hearst rival
1383:The past within us: media, memory, history
671:
669:
667:
665:
131:The Baby in the Shanghai Railroad Station
1474:American propaganda during World War II
1412:The 1930s: Prelude to War Video Library
892:Historical dictionary of war journalism
521:
418:. Another of Wong's photos appeared in
319:While in art school in the late 1940s,
1348:. Duke University Press. p. 117.
371:100 Photographs that Changed the World
355:Asian American Journalists Association
7:
1479:Second Sino-Japanese War photographs
1285:. National Geographic. p. 148.
1256:. Indiana University Press. p.
535:. Trafford Publishing. p. 262.
223:Wong sent the newsreel footage on a
1196:. Timezone 8 Limited. p. 142.
1057:US National Archives (2015-03-17),
1036:. HarperCollins. pp. 216–217.
678:"Letters to the Editors: The Child"
492:in May 1938 and aerial bombings in
74:, the photograph became known as a
215:magazine reported about 200 dead.
134:. The photograph was denounced by
14:
1060:Why We Fight: The Battle of China
380:included the photograph in their
1148:"'Newsreel' Wang succumbs at 81"
138:who claimed that it was staged.
18:Bloody Saturday (disambiguation)
360:In 2000, artist and journalist
1484:Photographs of children in war
529:Van der Veen, Maurits (2003).
72:Shanghai South railway station
58:
1:
1380:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2005).
1346:Photography's other histories
618:. Bantam Books. p. 214.
1494:Japanese war crimes in China
1281:Sweeney, Michael S. (2002).
614:Tuchman, Barbara W. (1972).
343:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
1464:Black-and-white photographs
1085:Andy Warhol's art and films
974:. Abbeville Press. p.
161:National Revolutionary Army
1510:
1082:Smith, Patrick S. (1986).
916:Winchester, Simon (2008).
778:"Cinema: Shanghai, Shambl"
402:magazine in December 1937.
233:Pan American World Airways
15:
941:Klein, Christina (2003).
889:Roth, Mitchel P. (1997).
346:, shot in February 1945.
49:
1459:Shanghai in World War II
968:Goldberg, Vicki (1991).
878:. T. Nelson. p. 74.
581:Doherty, Thomas (1999).
468:, a former professor at
429:The Japan Times and Mail
388:Allegations of falsehood
284:said to a reporter from
152:Second Sino-Japanese War
68:Second Sino-Japanese War
23:Photograph by H. S. Wong
1252:Edgar Snow, a biography
642:Dower, John W. (2010).
556:Bradley, James (2016).
412:William Randolph Hearst
291:The image was voted by
173:Butterfield & Swire
119:Motherless Chinese Baby
102:' pieces of all time".
920:. Viking. p. 49.
457:
403:
190:
169:Imperial Japanese Navy
36:
1313:French, Paul (2009).
1030:Dong, Stella (2001).
788:on September 2, 2010.
455:
395:
374:, published in 2003.
177:Hearst Metrotone News
136:Japanese nationalists
84:H. S. "Newsreel" Wong
31:
1469:Photography in China
1340:Low, Morris (2003).
1217:Kagan, Neil (2006).
874:Faber, John (1960).
741:Higashinakano, Shūdō
706:Faber, John (1978).
416:Spanish–American War
59:Xuèxīng de Xīngqíliù
16:For other uses, see
1122:. Morrow. pp.
474:Shūdō Higashinakano
377:National Geographic
302:The Battle of China
278:non-interventionism
142:Capturing the image
1418:on January 4, 2011
804:The New York Times
737:Nobukatsu, Fujioka
458:
404:
286:The New York Times
241:Hearst Corporation
148:Battle of Shanghai
80:Hearst Corporation
64:Battle of Shanghai
37:
1489:1930s photographs
1326:978-962-209-982-1
1203:978-988-99617-0-1
927:978-0-670-91378-7
655:978-0-393-06150-5
483:Chinese Boy Scout
466:Fujioka Nobukatsu
464:group founded by
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349:Wong retired to
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41:Bloody Saturday
35:, by H. S. Wong
33:Bloody Saturday
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1154:. May 1, 1981.
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