64:
40:
185:
535:
447:
504:
3160:
392:
249:
473:
another piece of corrugated iron. The Major Rice blockhouse could be erected in six hours by six trained men. With the change from square gabled roofs to a circular design, they were given the nickname "Pepperpot blockhouse". With mass production the cost to build a blockhouse dropped down to ÂŁ16, compared to several hundred pounds for masonry ones.
387:
or loopholes, and the uppermost storey would be roofed. If the structure was of timber, usually the upper storey would project outward from the lower so the upper storey defenders could fire on enemies attacking the lower storey, or perhaps pour water on any fires. When the structure had only one
468:
However the vast scale of
British strategy led the British to develop cheaper, double-skinned corrugated iron structures. These could be prefabricated, delivered to site by armoured train, and then have locally sourced rocks or rubble packed inside the double skin to provide improved protection.
472:
A circular design developed by Major Rice in
February 1901 had good all round visibility, and the lack of corners did away with the need for a substructure. Failure due to wood rot and splintering when hit by bullets or shrapnel were eliminated. The steel door to the blockhouse was sheltered by
283:
were built around the coasts of the
Maltese Islands, while a few others were built in the subsequent decades. Almost every battery and redoubt had a blockhouse, which served as gun crew accommodation and a place to store munitions.
575:(literally, "high bunkers"; better translated as "above ground bunkers", to distinguish them from the usual deep i.e. underground air raid shelters) and those that functioned as anti-aircraft artillery platforms were also called
465:. Around 441 were solid masonry blockhouses, many of which stand today. Different designs were used in the construction of these blockhouses, but most were either two or three story structures built using locally quarried stone.
419:
with the blockhouse at one corner, and possibly a second tower at the opposite corner. Many historical stone blockhouses have survived, and a few timber ones have been restored at historical sites. In New
Zealand, the
287:
Many of the batteries consisted of a semi-circular or polygonal gun platform, with one or two blockhouses at the rear. The blockhouses usually had musketry loopholes, and in some cases were linked together by
311:
Many of the redoubts consisted of a pentagonal platform with a rectangular blockhouse at the rear, although a few had semi-circular or rectangular platforms. Surviving redoubts with blockhouses include
103:, allowing its defenders to fire in various directions. It is usually an isolated fort in the form of a single building, serving as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess
204:
Early blockhouses were designed solely to protect a particular area by the use of artillery, and they had accommodation only for the short-term use of the garrison. The first known example is the
2554:
722:
915:
388:
storey, its loopholes were often placed close to the ceiling, with a bench lining the walls inside for defenders to stand on, so that attackers could not easily reach the loopholes.
516:
889:
645:
528:
558:, with foundations nine metres deep and a concrete roof six metres thick. It too was intended to serve as a strongpoint in defending against the feared invasion.
554:
in London is one of the sturdiest above-ground structures built during World War II. It was constructed in 1940–1941 as a bomb-proof operations centre for the
3200:
208:, built in 1398, which was of brick and had three storeys with the upper storeys pierced for six guns each. The major period of construction was in the
1267:
730:
320:, both of which have a pentagonal plan. A few of the redoubts consisted of a single tower-like blockhouse without a platform, and were known as
2370:
1219:
923:
897:
602:
1199:
1177:
1000:
973:
946:
476:
These blockhouses played a vital role in the protection of the railway lines and bridges that were key to the
British military supply lines.
3195:
2964:
2659:
313:
1101:
340:
Originally blockhouses were often constructed as part of a large plan, to "block" access to vital points in the scheme. But from the
2779:
2564:
3190:
2989:
1054:
551:
859:
833:
807:
1230:
1225:
2212:
1750:
1260:
344:
to the nineteenth century standard patterns of blockhouses were constructed for defence in frontier areas, particularly
500:
is that a bunker is constructed mostly below ground level while a blockhouse is constructed mostly above ground level.
232:
or gun platform, which could be semi-circular, rectangular or irregular in shape. The last blockhouse of this type was
2549:
1630:
228:. Often sited in pairs, the blockhouses were not built to a common design, but usually consisted of a stone tower and
193:
31:
403:
Blockhouses were normally entered via a sturdy, barred door at ground level. Most blockhouses were roughly square in
2145:
415:, to provide better all-around fire. In some cases, blockhouses became the basis for complete forts, by building a
305:
3205:
2594:
2219:
44:
3091:
2169:
76:
580:
3138:
2913:
2619:
2614:
2534:
2331:
2278:
2248:
2005:
1935:
1879:
1456:
1253:
617:
585:
566:
301:
579:. Some were over six stories high; several survive to this day because of the high cost of demolition. The
3163:
2979:
2569:
2466:
2351:
1535:
699:
640:
609:
63:
3116:
2954:
2736:
2489:
2226:
2049:
1378:
683:
213:
189:
605:(1922–1923), a network of blockhouses was constructed to protect the railways from guerrilla attacks.
39:
3185:
3101:
2629:
2255:
2054:
2020:
1420:
1302:
233:
2918:
2654:
2010:
1388:
493:
276:
272:
3040:
2649:
2624:
2609:
2604:
2454:
2434:
2231:
1792:
1659:
1403:
911:
885:
782:
718:
649:
524:
421:
341:
205:
100:
3096:
3055:
3030:
2903:
2584:
2424:
2271:
1857:
1735:
1413:
1356:
1195:
1173:
1169:
1157:
996:
969:
963:
942:
694:
555:
508:
132:
1191:
767:
3070:
3045:
2974:
2898:
2499:
2494:
2429:
1980:
1784:
1363:
674:
634:
429:
329:
317:
297:
253:
216:
between 1539 and 1545. They were built to protect important maritime approaches such as the
1109:
184:
2959:
2811:
2784:
2724:
2694:
2579:
2544:
2524:
2509:
2064:
2059:
2027:
1788:
1730:
1718:
1700:
1567:
1548:
1474:
1451:
1131:
678:
613:
534:
458:
446:
441:
131:. However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a
3128:
3123:
2789:
2774:
2709:
2699:
2574:
2559:
2459:
2449:
2414:
2288:
2081:
1778:
1745:
1709:
1525:
1383:
1347:
992:
Early
American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period
689:
293:
217:
116:
503:
3179:
3133:
3086:
2994:
2984:
2938:
2908:
2893:
2862:
2843:
2704:
2644:
2599:
2514:
2473:
2283:
1916:
1911:
1644:
1607:
1592:
1543:
1488:
1467:
1276:
629:
591:
357:
120:
96:
84:
56:
3111:
2969:
2933:
2888:
2872:
2800:
2753:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2529:
2346:
2207:
2174:
2039:
1975:
1950:
1862:
1836:
1804:
1798:
1740:
1679:
1649:
1497:
562:
489:
462:
391:
345:
209:
150:
104:
1058:
1021:"Britain's Last Castles – Masonry Blockhouses of the South African War, 1899–1902"
119:. A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a
990:
863:
837:
811:
492:, many types of blockhouses were built, when time allowed usually constructed of
154:
3010:
2867:
2836:
2818:
2806:
2748:
2743:
2684:
2679:
2639:
2539:
2504:
2400:
2303:
2074:
2044:
2034:
1940:
1829:
1637:
1446:
1393:
485:
451:
349:
257:
145:
48:
3035:
3015:
2855:
2827:
2758:
2634:
2589:
2519:
2439:
2336:
2241:
2181:
2118:
2069:
2015:
1965:
1960:
1945:
1904:
1852:
1810:
1755:
1597:
1560:
1513:
1190:, RTPI library series, vol. 3 (illustrated ed.), Routledge, p.
576:
571:
539:
372:
248:
1020:
2444:
2375:
2202:
2197:
2130:
1771:
1684:
1614:
1572:
1398:
1368:
1329:
1295:
664:
520:
425:
396:
384:
376:
112:
108:
17:
2928:
2923:
2848:
2689:
2407:
2382:
2365:
2295:
2236:
2164:
2157:
2000:
1888:
1762:
1582:
1577:
1553:
1481:
1461:
1441:
1408:
659:
654:
595:
543:
416:
225:
941:. Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History, Canadian Historic Site.
3060:
3025:
3020:
2358:
2341:
2326:
2310:
2262:
2190:
2135:
2125:
2093:
1995:
1970:
1955:
1725:
1669:
1587:
1434:
1427:
1373:
669:
412:
408:
364:
280:
229:
173:
124:
786:
515:
Some blockhouses like those constructed in
England in 1940 were built
3065:
2419:
1985:
1923:
1867:
1845:
1822:
1815:
1691:
1674:
1506:
1338:
1320:
1290:
497:
380:
368:
353:
237:
221:
160:
128:
80:
68:
52:
1214:
939:
Blockhouses in Canada, 1749–1841: a
Comparative Report and Catalogue
766:
Lord, Louis E.; Frantz, M. Alison; Roebuck, Carl (April–June 1941).
3106:
3050:
2794:
2319:
2150:
1990:
1311:
533:
502:
445:
390:
289:
268:
261:
247:
183:
62:
38:
1245:
2088:
1930:
1897:
1872:
1664:
1654:
1623:
1602:
442:
British response to
Guerrilla warfare during the Second Boer War
404:
172:
Blockhouses existed in ancient Greece, for example the one near
72:
1249:
1235:
1048:
1046:
723:"Illustrated Glossary of Terms used in Military Architecture"
565:
some massive blockhouses were built as air-raid shelters and
461:
the
British forces built a large number of fortifications in
271:'s coastal fortifications built in the 18th century by the
1240:
1188:
Planning for crime prevention: a transatlantic perspective
608:
Blockhouses and coordinated road systems were used in the
496:. The major difference between a modern blockhouse and a
594:
has a post-war block of flats built over it. During the
367:
where available, but were commonly made from very heavy
1168:(illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, p.
1079:
For the difference between blockhouses and bunkers see
531:
were constructed, of which about 6,500 still survive.
196:
near Plymouth, Devon, which is believed to date from
428:, is one of the few blockhouses to survive from the
3079:
3003:
2947:
2881:
2767:
2672:
2482:
2393:
2109:
2102:
1534:
1283:
1222:: Blockhouses during the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902)
1166:
Stages of emergency: Cold War nuclear civil defense
1226:Berlin Air-raid Shelters, Flak Towers and Bunkers
529:pillboxes and other hardened field fortifications
1186:Schneider, Richard Harold; Kitchen, Ted (2002),
1080:
1517:
1031:(6). The South African Military History Society
962:Spence, W. Jerome D.; Spence, David L. (1900).
729:. MilitaryArchitecture.com: 637. Archived from
646:British hardened field defences of World War II
99:, usually consisting of one or more rooms with
55:is the oldest remaining military blockhouse in
2079:
2025:
1843:
1689:
2734:
2464:
2293:
2269:
1886:
1877:
1834:
1558:
1354:
1345:
1261:
1084:
8:
2853:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2405:
2380:
2356:
2317:
2308:
2260:
2246:
2217:
2188:
2179:
2155:
2116:
1921:
1902:
1820:
1769:
1760:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1635:
1621:
1612:
1495:
1472:
1102:"A Review Of The Defence of Britain Project"
916:"18th Century Hospitaller Coastal Batteries"
598:the shelter was in use as a NATO foodstore.
1504:
1486:
1432:
1418:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
407:, but some of the more elaborate ones were
149:is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to
2106:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1014:
1012:
968:. Southern Historical Press. p. 271.
267:Blockhouses were an ubiquitous feature in
127:, or in modern times, be an underground
710:
383:, with all storeys being provided with
300:, which both have two blockhouses, and
965:A History of Hickman County, Tennessee
603:guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War
379:. They were usually two or even three
1088:
890:"ARX – Hospitaller Coastal Batteries"
7:
995:. Courier Corporation. p. 156.
517:in anticipation of a German invasion
2660:Weapons Storage and Security System
275:. Between 1714 and 1716, dozens of
1236:British World War 2 Fortifications
752:"blockhouse (n.), blockade (n.)",
561:In Berlin and other cities during
308:, which have a single blockhouse.
25:
3201:Concrete buildings and structures
989:Morrison, Hugh (1 January 1987).
686:in Point State Park in Pittsburgh
511:, St James' Park, London, in 2008
395:A 19th-century-era blockhouse in
3159:
3158:
1154:Vietnam War After Action Reports
860:"Blockhouse general description"
83:, has a strong resemblance to a
244:Coastal fortifications in Malta
87:western frontier log blockhouse
292:. Surviving batteries include
1:
2555:British "hedgehog" road block
1055:"Blockhouses of the Boer War"
1081:Schneider & Kitchen 2002
808:"Definition of a Blockhouse"
768:"Blockhouses in the Argolid"
569:platforms. They were called
375:arranged in the manner of a
180:Early blockhouses in England
3196:20th-century fortifications
2965:Cities with defensive walls
2550:Defensive fighting position
2465:
2270:
2080:
2026:
1887:
1878:
1844:
1835:
1690:
754:Online Etymology Dictionary
363:Blockhouses may be made of
210:maritime defence programmes
32:Blockhouse (disambiguation)
3222:
1156:, BACM Research, pp.
523:in shape and were called "
439:
328:that were built, only the
29:
3149:
2595:Hardened aircraft shelter
2570:Entry control point (ECP)
1136:In Search of Modern China
3092:Continuity of government
1241:The Fortress Study Group
1164:Davis, Tracy C. (2007),
1025:Military History Journal
920:MilitaryArchitecture.com
894:MilitaryArchitecture.com
158:and 18th-century French
2914:Motte-and-bailey castle
2620:Missile launch facility
2615:Main line of resistance
1310:
937:Young, Richard (1980).
618:Chinese Communist Party
581:Hochbunker PallasstraĂźe
567:anti-aircraft artillery
450:Sentinel Blockhouse in
314:Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq Redoubt
306:Saint Anthony's Battery
3191:Fortifications by type
2990:Military installations
2854:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2735:
2406:
2381:
2357:
2347:Scarp and Counterscarp
2318:
2309:
2294:
2261:
2247:
2218:
2189:
2180:
2156:
2117:
1922:
1903:
1821:
1770:
1761:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1636:
1622:
1613:
1559:
1518:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1473:
1433:
1419:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1301:
1220:Royal Engineers Museum
1152:BACM Research (2009),
700:Sangar (fortification)
641:Block House (Delaware)
610:encirclement campaigns
547:
512:
454:
400:
264:
256:, built in 1715–16 in
201:
88:
60:
2759:Floating water castle
2490:Admiralty scaffolding
1783:Fortified buildings (
888:(12 September 2014).
684:Fort Pitt Block House
537:
506:
449:
394:
251:
187:
107:or, in modern times,
77:Saint-Sylvain-d'Anjou
66:
42:
27:Type of fortification
3102:Subterranean warfare
2055:Viking ring fortress
1019:Tomlinson, Richard.
900:on 8 September 2018.
542:(Flak tower) in the
480:Concrete blockhouses
302:Saint Mary's Battery
30:For other uses, see
2919:Quadrangular castle
2655:Weapon storage area
2011:Quadrangular castle
1215:Pillbox Study Group
1112:on 23 November 2007
912:Spiteri, Stephen C.
886:Spiteri, Stephen C.
719:Spiteri, Stephen C.
494:reinforced concrete
43:Completed in 1750,
2650:Underground hangar
2435:Fire control tower
2232:Gunpowder magazine
1660:Butter-churn tower
1085:BACM Research 2009
1061:on 10 October 2017
834:"Blockhouse dates"
548:
519:; they were often
513:
455:
422:Cameron Blockhouse
401:
342:Age of Exploration
336:Age of exploration
265:
206:Cow Tower, Norwich
202:
89:
61:
3173:
3172:
3097:Military urbanism
3031:Fortified gateway
2904:Concentric castle
2668:
2667:
2585:Fire support base
2425:Coastal artillery
2300:(Spanish America)
1894:
1736:Concentric castle
1201:978-0-415-24136-6
1179:978-0-8223-3970-0
1002:978-0-486-25492-0
975:978-0-89308-242-0
948:978-0-660-10298-6
914:(10 April 2010).
695:Ostrog (fortress)
552:Admiralty Citadel
509:Admiralty Citadel
371:, sometimes even
273:Order of St. John
234:Cromwell's Castle
168:In ancient Greece
16:(Redirected from
3213:
3206:Military science
3162:
3161:
3155:
3046:National redoubt
2975:Fortified estate
2899:Circular rampart
2859:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2740:
2500:Anti-tank trench
2495:Air raid shelter
2470:
2430:Disappearing gun
2411:
2386:
2362:
2323:
2314:
2299:
2275:
2266:
2252:
2223:
2194:
2185:
2161:
2122:
2107:
2085:
2065:Bailey (or ward)
2031:
1936:Motte-and-bailey
1927:
1908:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1849:
1840:
1826:
1775:
1766:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1641:
1627:
1618:
1564:
1521:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1478:
1438:
1424:
1364:Circular rampart
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1204:
1182:
1160:
1140:
1139:
1132:Spence, Jonathan
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:. Archived from
1098:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:. Archived from
1050:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1016:
1007:
1006:
986:
980:
979:
959:
953:
952:
934:
928:
927:
926:on 20 June 2016.
922:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
896:. Archived from
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
862:. Archived from
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
836:. Archived from
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
810:. Archived from
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
772:
763:
757:
756:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
715:
675:Fort King George
635:Blockhouse No. 1
589:
527:". About 28,000
430:New Zealand Wars
332:survives today.
318:Briconet Redoubt
298:Ferretti Battery
254:Westreme Battery
21:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3153:
3145:
3075:
2999:
2943:
2877:
2812:Imperial castle
2785:Coercion castle
2780:Coastal defence
2763:
2725:Promontory fort
2695:Hillside castle
2664:
2580:Fallout shelter
2545:Concertina wire
2525:Border security
2478:
2389:
2098:
1731:Coercion castle
1719:Cheval de frise
1701:Chemin de ronde
1549:Albarrana tower
1530:
1475:Schwedenschanze
1452:Promontory fort
1279:
1274:
1211:
1202:
1185:
1180:
1163:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1087:, p. 209,
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1053:Hanslow, Mike.
1052:
1051:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
988:
987:
983:
976:
961:
960:
956:
949:
936:
935:
931:
910:
909:
905:
884:
883:
879:
869:
867:
858:
857:
853:
843:
841:
832:
831:
827:
817:
815:
806:
805:
801:
791:
789:
770:
765:
764:
760:
751:
750:
746:
736:
734:
717:
716:
712:
708:
679:Darien, Georgia
637:, New York City
626:
614:Chiang Kai-shek
583:
546:Vienna, Austria
538:A German-built
482:
459:Second Boer War
444:
438:
436:Second Boer War
338:
246:
182:
170:
141:
117:cruise missiles
105:siege equipment
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3129:Trench warfare
3126:
3124:Tunnel warfare
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Fortifications
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2790:Counter-castle
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Border barrier
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Lowland castle
2707:
2702:
2700:Hilltop castle
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Electric fence
2572:
2567:
2565:Dragon's teeth
2562:
2560:Czech hedgehog
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2474:Wire obstacles
2471:
2462:
2460:Polygonal fort
2457:
2452:
2450:Martello tower
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Border outpost
2412:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2289:Polygonal fort
2286:
2281:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1781:
1779:Flanking tower
1776:
1767:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Counter-castle
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1536:Post-classical
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1526:Vitrified fort
1523:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:Defensive wall
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:Fortifications
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1209:External links
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1183:
1178:
1161:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1138:. p. 403.
1123:
1093:
1083:, p. 87,
1072:
1042:
1008:
1001:
981:
974:
954:
947:
929:
903:
877:
866:on 5 June 2011
851:
840:on 5 June 2011
825:
814:on 5 June 2011
799:
758:
744:
733:on 3 June 2017
727:ARX Supplement
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
690:Martello tower
687:
681:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
643:
638:
632:
625:
622:
481:
478:
437:
434:
337:
334:
324:. Of the four
294:Mistra Battery
252:Blockhouse of
245:
242:
218:Thames Estuary
194:Mount Edgcumbe
192:blockhouse at
181:
178:
169:
166:
140:
137:
85:North American
67:Reconstructed
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3218:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:Urban warfare
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Civil defense
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Bastion forts
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:Z-plan castle
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:L-plan castle
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Bridge castle
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Refuge castle
2861:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Military base
2842:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Hunting lodge
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Moated castle
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Island castle
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:By topography
2671:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Submarine pen
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Hesco bastion
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Blast shelter
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Place-of-arms
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1917:Machicolation
1915:
1913:
1912:L-plan castle
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Bridge castle
1643:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1608:Bent entrance
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Battery tower
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Advanced work
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:Refuge castle
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:, p. 290
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
998:
994:
993:
985:
982:
977:
971:
967:
966:
958:
955:
950:
944:
940:
933:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
881:
878:
865:
861:
855:
852:
839:
835:
829:
826:
813:
809:
803:
800:
788:
784:
781:(2): 93–112.
780:
776:
769:
762:
759:
755:
748:
745:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
711:
705:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
631:
630:Battery tower
628:
627:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
593:
587:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
545:
541:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
453:
448:
443:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
358:United States
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
330:VendĂ´me Tower
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
263:
259:
255:
250:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
195:
191:
186:
179:
177:
175:
167:
165:
163:
162:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:fortification
94:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
58:
57:North America
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3157:
3112:Siege engine
3080:Other topics
3004:Related word
2970:Defense line
2934:Tower castle
2889:Bastion fort
2873:Urban castle
2801:Ganerbenburg
2799:
2754:Water castle
2730:Ridge castle
2715:Marsh castle
2530:Bomb shelter
2510:Belgian gate
2483:20th century
2394:19th century
2332:Retrenchment
2304:Punji sticks
2213:Entrenchment
2208:Device Forts
2175:Counterguard
2140:
2110:Early modern
2040:Tower castle
1976:Powder tower
1951:Outer bailey
1863:Inner bailey
1837:Gulyay-gorod
1805:Ganerbenburg
1803:
1799:Fujian tulou
1741:Corner tower
1680:Chamber gate
1650:Bridge tower
1498:Trou de loup
1187:
1165:
1153:
1135:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:the original
1105:
1096:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1024:
991:
984:
964:
957:
938:
932:
924:the original
919:
906:
898:the original
893:
880:
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
854:
842:. Retrieved
838:the original
828:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
802:
790:. Retrieved
778:
774:
761:
753:
747:
735:. Retrieved
731:the original
726:
713:
616:against the
607:
600:
570:
563:World War II
560:
549:
514:
490:World War II
483:
475:
471:
467:
463:South Africa
456:
402:
362:
346:South Africa
339:
326:tour-reduits
325:
322:tour-reduits
321:
310:
286:
266:
203:
197:
171:
164:(blockade).
159:
153:
151:Middle Dutch
144:
142:
135:or redoubt.
92:
90:
36:
3186:Blockhouses
3011:Castle town
2868:Toll castle
2837:Lustschloss
2819:Kaiserpfalz
2749:Spur castle
2744:Rock castle
2685:Hill castle
2680:Cave castle
2640:Spider hole
2540:Bremer wall
2505:Barbed tape
2401:Barbed wire
2075:Witch tower
2045:Tower house
2035:Toll castle
2021:Shield wall
1941:Murder hole
1830:Guard tower
1447:Pincer gate
1394:Faussebraye
1035:14 February
584: [
577:Flak towers
486:World War I
457:During the
452:Burgersdorp
350:New Zealand
236:, built in
95:is a small
49:Nova Scotia
45:Fort Edward
18:Block house
3180:Categories
3036:Gatekeeper
2856:Ordensburg
2828:Landesburg
2635:Sentry gun
2590:Flak tower
2520:Blast wall
2440:Gun turret
2337:Sally port
2242:Kotta mara
2182:Couvreface
2146:Breastwork
2141:Blockhouse
2119:Abwurfdach
2070:Watchtower
2060:Wall tower
2016:Shell keep
1966:Portcullis
1961:Peel tower
1946:Neck ditch
1905:Landesburg
1853:Half tower
1811:Gate tower
1756:Drawbridge
1598:Battlement
1514:Wagon fort
1357:Chengqiang
1146:References
1089:Davis 2007
870:28 January
844:28 January
818:28 January
592:Schöneberg
590:in Berlin-
572:Hochbunker
440:See also:
385:embrasures
356:, and the
214:Henry VIII
146:blockhouse
93:blockhouse
3139:Guerrilla
2882:By design
2630:Revetment
2445:Land mine
2376:Star fort
2203:Crownwork
2198:Covertway
2131:Barricade
1772:Embrasure
1685:Chartaque
1615:Bergfried
1573:Arrowslit
1399:Gatehouse
1369:City gate
1330:Castellum
1296:Acropolis
1231:Pillboxes
1065:9 October
665:Chartaque
556:Admiralty
525:pillboxes
521:hexagonal
426:Whanganui
413:octagonal
409:hexagonal
399:, Toronto
397:Fort York
377:log cabin
277:batteries
240:in 1651.
143:The term
139:Etymology
113:air force
109:artillery
101:loopholes
3164:Category
3154:See also
3041:Loophole
2929:Ringwork
2924:Ringfort
2849:Obstacle
2690:Hillfort
2610:Loophole
2408:Barbette
2383:Tenaille
2366:Sea fort
2296:Presidio
2256:Magazine
2237:Hornwork
2170:Cavalier
2165:Casemate
2158:Caponier
2001:Ringwork
1889:Detinets
1858:Hoarding
1763:Enceinte
1638:Bretèche
1583:Bartizan
1578:Barbican
1554:Alcazaba
1482:Stockade
1462:Ringfort
1442:Palisade
1414:Landwehr
1409:Hillfort
792:10 March
775:Hesperia
721:(2010).
660:Casemate
655:Caponier
624:See also
596:Cold War
544:Augarten
540:Flakturm
417:palisade
281:redoubts
258:Mellieħa
226:Plymouth
190:Henrican
121:fortress
69:European
3071:Vedette
3061:Schloss
3026:Festung
3021:Dungeon
3016:Château
2960:Castles
2768:By role
2625:Pillbox
2455:Outpost
2371:Station
2359:Schanze
2342:Sandbag
2327:Redoubt
2311:Ravelin
2279:Palanka
2263:Orillon
2249:Lunette
2191:Coupure
2136:Bastion
2126:Arsenal
2094:Zwinger
2006:Roundel
1996:Ricetto
1971:Postern
1956:Outwork
1880:Kremlin
1751:Curtain
1726:Citadel
1710:Chemise
1670:Caltrop
1588:Bastion
1561:Alcázar
1457:Rampart
1435:Oppidum
1428:Nuraghe
1374:Crannog
1348:Castros
1284:Ancient
670:Chardak
650:Pillbox
601:In the
484:During
424:, near
369:timbers
365:masonry
230:bastion
174:Mycenae
155:blokhus
133:battery
125:redoubt
71:wooden
3066:Trench
3056:Picket
2467:Sangar
2420:Bunker
2352:Sconce
2272:Ostrog
2220:Flèche
2103:Modern
2082:Yagura
2050:Turret
1986:Reduit
1924:Merlon
1868:Kasbah
1846:Gusuku
1823:Glacis
1816:Gabion
1785:church
1692:Chashi
1675:Castle
1519:Laager
1507:Vallum
1464:(Rath)
1339:Castra
1321:Burgus
1291:Abatis
1198:
1176:
1116:30 May
1106:Report
999:
972:
945:
787:146534
785:
498:bunker
381:floors
354:Canada
290:redans
238:Scilly
224:, and
222:Solent
220:, the
161:blocus
129:bunker
81:France
53:Canada
3107:Siege
3051:Palas
2995:Walls
2985:Forts
2948:Lists
2795:Fence
2737:Rocca
2605:Kabal
2320:Redan
2227:Gorge
2151:Canal
2028:Shiro
1991:Ribat
1981:Qalat
1793:Dzong
1789:house
1489:Sudis
1421:Limes
1379:Ditch
1312:Broch
1303:Agger
783:JSTOR
771:(PDF)
737:2 May
706:Notes
588:]
269:Malta
262:Malta
198:circa
123:or a
3117:list
2535:Buoy
2089:Yett
1931:Moat
1898:Ksar
1873:Keep
1665:Caer
1655:Burh
1631:Boom
1624:Berm
1603:Bawn
1568:Amba
1404:Gord
1196:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1118:2006
1067:2017
1037:2009
997:ISBN
970:ISBN
943:ISBN
872:2010
846:2010
820:2010
794:2022
739:2016
550:The
507:The
488:and
405:plan
373:logs
316:and
304:and
296:and
279:and
200:1545
188:The
73:keep
1389:Dun
1170:290
1158:263
677:in
612:of
411:or
212:of
115:or
75:at
47:in
3182::
3156::
1791:,
1787:,
1194:,
1192:87
1172:,
1134:.
1104:.
1045:^
1029:10
1027:.
1023:.
1011:^
918:.
892:.
779:10
777:.
773:.
725:.
648:-
620:.
586:de
432:.
360:.
352:,
348:,
260:,
176:.
111:,
91:A
79:,
51:,
1893:)
1885:(
1795:)
1522:)
1516:(
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
1120:.
1069:.
1039:.
1005:.
978:.
951:.
874:.
848:.
822:.
796:.
741:.
59:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
