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win. Several hours later it included in the nightly news a 15-second mention of the win, while failing to report her actual accomplishments aside for "a children's charity." Rather than traditional channels, therefore, the news and reactions to it spread on multiple blogs. Nasrin Alavi, author of We Are Iran, brings the statistics of www.damasanj.com, a website which works out which stories are most talked about in the
Iranian blogosphere, which found that Ebadi dominated the top ten Rankings.8 Most were congratulatory, and sought to provide bios and facts on the nature of Ebadi's work, which the traditional press had failed to print. Bloggers went a step farther when they organized a reception for Ebadi at the Teheran airport upon her return on October 14, 2003. They called for people to celebrate her victory, as well as use the venue to protest the current situation of women's rights and oppression. Rather than the media, it was bloggers that provided up to date pictures of the reception to the public. Thousands of people attended, proving that bloggers could translate to actual events. Eventually this forced the government to respond to Ebadi's Prize in a more serious light: it cast Ebadi as an apostate and a member of a foreign conspiracy against Iran.
224:
can communicate with men openly as contributors of commentators on each other's blog, even having virtual boyfriends online. They can talk about premarital sex, underground parties, alcohol and other youth activities often frowned upon or considered illegal. It also allows for following fashion trends, music, and feminist news. For example, one blogger addresses the issue of prostitution under the regime, which is formally denied. "22 August 2003: some facts: The rate of runaway girls has grown 20 times between the periods of 1986-1999, with the average age of girls now 14.7...the average age of prostitutes has dropped from 27 to 20 years." Due to the extremely high education rate of women, females even surpassing males in enrollment in university, access and literacy are readily available. Some popular female bloggers include 2003 student uprisings Iran In 2003 there were a series of student uprisings throughout the country, despite widespread repression during 1999 riots. largely reported on blogs, providing news and updates for others, while it was not being reported by the press. This allowed for more organized, planned protests. Eventually they too were repressed, but not without using the internet and blogs as a means to defy authority.
132:
jailed since the 1979 revolution. The Press Law was also formally extended to "all internet publications" which may include blogs, requiring the authors to get licenses. According to ONI, with the sophisticated system of internet filtering developed by Iran, the websites
Blogger and Persianblog are often blocked. Yet in response to the vitality of the Iranian blogosphere, the government decided to pursue other tactics simultaneously, announcing in late 2008 its intention to create thousands of pro government blogs, including one by the president himself. Thus the internet, and in particular blogs became an important front in informal political debate, declarations, and dissatisfaction.
177:
became a central source of information. For example, Dr. Marajan Haj-Ahmadi's blog became one of the most read, as she was based in the bordering city of Kerman and was able to report from the area and provide information as to the medical inadequacies. Others included Baba's blog, an anonymous ex-newspaper journalist who entered the region to provide accurate news reports from the disaster zone. The survivors of the Bam earthquake also began protesting due to lack of governmental support, which went unreported in the official news but the shooting of two individuals at a Friday prayer was reported by bloggers.
215:
to other bloggers to use this medium to increase international outrage at the
Iranian regime. It also seeks to provide a lens from which to see the Iranian people as separate from their repressive government. Additionally, many blogs being read are written abroad by diasporic communities of Iranians throughout the globe. Many of their families left during the Brain-drain following the Islamic revolution in 1979 and after, creating a dedicated politically motivated and educated author base. These people use their native or adopted languages in addition to Persian.
775:
37:
freedom of the press by
Reporters without Borders. Yet the internet provided a new means for widespread readership which was, up until 2004, was mostly unregulated, providing an outlet for mostly youth to express themselves freely. In 2009, due to the contentious nature of the presidential elections, and the rise of the green party movement, internet crackdowns have become far more strict. Despite
152:
backed presidential candidate
Ahmadinejad. In 2008 he was arrested while visiting family in Iran and was sentenced to 19 and a half years in prison, banned from political party membership for five years, and ordered to repay earnings of around $ 44,500 for "propagating against the regime" and "co-operating with hostile states." In 2010 he was temporarily released on bail of 1.5 million dollars.
92:"11 July 2003: On occasion something happens in life that makes you want to believe in miracles. Like today! Coming across a copy of Kieslowski's Three colours Blue/ White/ Red among the videos at home- without anyone remembering having borrowed it from a friend... This was one of those majestic miracles that only a higher being can bestow on a special someone like me. Thank You God!"
761:
531:
January: Judicial authorities arrest "at least half a dozen journalists and bloggers" as part of is thought to be "a pre-emptive campaign ... to thwart protests" connected to the campaigns for the early March parliamentary election. This despite the fact that none of the bloggers "seem to have been
214:
More recently, Persian has become just one of many
Iranian blog languages. English in particular is used. This is both because it is a relatively well known second language due to high education levels, and to expose the outside world to the goings on in Iran. Several influential bloggers made a plea
176:
caused particular outrage and made clear the necessity for blogging as a news source. While the regime was ill-equipped to deal with the disaster where an estimated 30,000 people lost their lives. The aftermath was tremendous in damages, and a lack of journalists to cover the quake. Blogs, therefore,
96:
The viewing of movies in ones home is forbidden, as are most western films. More explicit expressions of dissent as also common: "25 November 2002: Every Day new intrigues and tyrannies by our repressive turbaned rulers...And crazy
Muslims around the world that bring nothing but carnage and shame...I
223:
Some of the most popular
Iranian bloggers are women. The outlet often provides a means to escape the need to identify oneself openly, particularly as family honor can be associated with women. The internet provides a means to talk about the restrictions on women, including the mandatory Hijab. Women
205:
While blogging remains a key form of political protest, in the 2009 uprisings, Facebook began to take a more central role. The physical, rather than virtual protests spread through word-of-mouth rather than blogs. When possible, instances of police abuse were captured on mobile phone videos and then
66:
surpassed 64,000. Some believe that the influence of these blogs have been exaggerated, in that their authors are predominantly upper and upper-middle class. However, the education system in Iran gives access to education and therefore new technologies, computers and the internet as a whole to large
36:
Early 2001 was the beginning of emergence of a blogging culture, which rapidly developed. the
Iranian government, which had strict controls in place for the print media and had shut down as many as 100 print newspapers. Iran has been listed consistently as among the bottom countries in violation of
163:
The power of the
Iranian blogs was demonstrated in 2003, with the Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi winning the Nobel Peace Prize. Because her human rights work had much to do with representing women, children, and dissidents against the regime, the official Iranian news failed to report the
83:
Blogging in Iran took on political importance as the regime continued its crackdown on journalists. The Iranian press is highly regulated, especially under the Press Law, which according to the UNHCR, "forbids the publication of ideas that are contrary to Islamic principles or detrimental to public
49:
and Iranian blogs have also become a trend as a means to be part of an international online community. Blogs may be used as a virtual means of social protest without assembly, such as when thousands of bloggers renamed their blogs Akbar Ganji for a week in 2005, in support of the arrested critic of
196:
The translation from a virtual page into actual human mobility lent legitimacy to the blogger movement, as well as proving it to be a resilient form of networking that had practical applications. It also proved the fears of the government in that it began to resemble a movement rather than simply
151:
In 2006 he went back to the middle east, visited Egypt and met with Egyptian blogger when the Egyptian blogosphere was also at its peak activity. In the same tour Hissein visited Israel publicly, seeking to mend relations between Iran and Israel, which are sworn enemies. In the same year, he also
131:
In 2009, internet users and particularly bloggers and online journalists were targeted for arrest and violence after the contested re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad who won by a landslide, inciting fraud allegations. Critical publications were shut down and the largest number of journalists were
520:
January: the Cyber Police unit, known by the acronym FATA, is created. The unit was created to "control which sites Iranians are able to visit, to prevent spying and protect the public from 'immoral' material. The United States, they charge, is waging a 'soft war' against Iran by reaching out to
120:
started the Iran Media Development Project, to support new media in Iran, following on from earlier projects such as Jadid Media funded by the Netherlands. In 2006 it created a secure training and mentoring website for aspiring Iranian and Afghan bloggers and journalists, with an online magazine
87:
Because as many as 100 publications were shut down in the early 2000s, many sought alternative outlets for reporting and freedom of expression. This often came about in critiques of the regime, which was relatively unregulated until 2004. Implicit and explicit condemnation is common, such as is
185:
Bloggers like 'Shineh' got involved in a variety of NGOs organizing their own collection points and the transportation of aid in many parts of Iran. They were sometimes able to notify their fellow bloggers of the whereabouts of survivors relocated to hospitals in urban centers. They organized
206:
uploaded to YouTube, most famously the video of Neda Agha Soltan being shot to death in the streets of Teheran. These videos were shared on Facebook, fueling the protests. Originally blocked by the government in 2006, it had been unblocked in 2009, just months before the protests.
521:
Iranians online and inciting them to overthrow their leaders" The unit has focused both on bloggers critical of Iran's leaders, and non-political activities such as a group of youths who had created a "hot or not" contest on Facebook rating profile pictures of boys and girls
50:
the regime. Hossien Derakhshan, the unofficial "godfather" of the blogosphere, set his up in Canada in September 2001. He was later arrested. In 2011, Iranian authorities executed more than 600 people and imprisoned more journalists and bloggers than any other country.
564:
1 December: Iranian's national police chief, Ismael Ahmadi-Moqaddam dismisses General Saeed Shokrian, commander of FATA (the cybercrimes police unit), for negligence in Beheshti's death, stating "Tehran's FATA should be held responsible for the death of Sattar
550:
31 October: Beheshti issues "an official letter to the head of the prison" stating: "I, Sattar Beheshti, was arrested by FATA and beaten and tortured with multiple blows to my head and body, ... I want to write that if anything happens to me, the police are
44:
Nonetheless, as of 2009, according to the CIA world factbook, 8.214 million internet users in Iran, ranked 35th in the world. Blogs range from updates on art and critiquing movies, to following injustices of political prisoners. Diasporic
112:
In 2004 the government began to arrest and charge bloggers as political dissidents. It also began demanding shutdowns and screening of internet service providers, a big step in restriction that had been relatively unregulated.
104:
in Ukraine might induce foreign attempts to support a similar revolution in Iran, by building civil society networks and empowering activists as had happened in Ukraine. This was compounded by the 2006 announcement by the
180:
In her book "We are Iran: The Persian Blogs" Nasrin Alavi claims that the earthquake was a turning point for blogs being organizing forces as well as partnering with NGO's rather than governmental organizations:
1619:
532:
politically active or to have published anything that might be considered seditious". The arrests were not made public in the government media and specific charges against the bloggers were "unclear".
694:
148:
blog, and took off in 2001 with his simple instruction manual on how to set up and write a Persian-language blog. In 2003 his blog became highly political, encouraging opposition through writing.
723:
Sreberny, Annabelle (2007). 'Becoming Intellectual: The Blogestan and Public Political Space in the Islamic Republic', British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol.34, No. 3, pp. 267–286
346:
11 October - Blogging courses starts in the holy city of Qom, the traditional home of Iran's religious establishment. They are run by the newly established office of religious weblog expansion.
1516:
28:
found 64,000 Persian language blogs. In that year the Islamic government also began to arrest and charge bloggers as political dissidents and by 2005 dozens of bloggers had been arrested.
1741:
265:
13 June - PersianBlog.com, the first free blog service in Persian, is launched. Persianblog.com co-founded by Sahand Ghanoun, Behrang Fouladi, Ata Khalighi Sigaroudi, and Reza Hashemi.
109:
that it was creating a $ 75 million fund to "reach out to the people of Iran". This caused the Iranian government to closely monitor foreign support for bloggers and journalists.
24:, (in Canada), in 2001. Derakhshan also provided readers with a simple instruction manual in Persian on how to start a blog. In 2004, a census of blogs around the world by the
1067:
689:
41:
to create blogs to express their thoughts on the internet, the Iranian government strictly controls the internet making it tough for anyone to express their view online.
1729:
878:
1629:
478:
97:
swear to god...if it weren't for clergy like Eshkavari who keep telling us that what they do is not Islam...I would abandon this little faith once and for all"
1308:
1252:
734:
1712:
1754:
1700:
1279:
1680:
543:(FATA) for "actions against national security on social networks and Facebook", after posting a criticism of the Islamic Republic addressed to the
1808:
419:, credited with starting the blogging revolution in Iran and frequently called "the father of Persian blogs" was arrested at his family home in
983:
1833:
661:
1491:
1466:"Document - Iran: Incommunicado detention/ fear of torture or other ill-treatment/ possible prisoner of conscience: Hossein Derakhshan (m)"
1024:
510:, he was alleged to have written and used software to combat filtering and to host and support websites and blogs that defend human rights.
16:
Following a crackdown on Iranian media beginning in 2000, many Iranians turned to weblogging to provide and find political news. The first
1802:
667:
561:, where Beheshti was reportedly held for one night, issued a letter "claiming that signs of torture were visible on the blogger's body".
1075:
710:
703:
1604:
333:
5 January - Saeed Mortazavi, Tehran's Chief prosecutor, ordered major ISPs to filter PersianBlog and other blogging service websites.
879:
http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/publications/reports/3157-ctrl-alt-delete-iran-039-s-response-to-the-internet.html?p=36#.T6QYEJ9YveU
623:
609:
1042:
745:
84:
rights." This includes imprisonment for "propaganda," which remains undefined, and for offenses that are "an insult to religion."
1089:
303:, then Vice President for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, starts Webnevesht, the first blog by a member of the Iranian cabinet.
720:
PetrossianL, Celine (2006). Liberating the Silenced: Iranian Bloggers in the Diaspora, California State University, Northridge.
1303:
808:
1247:
412:
28 January - Parsweblog.com, the first free blog service based on wordpress in Persian, is launched by Mohammad hasan abbasi
144:, commonly referred to as the "blogging godfather" or the "blogfather," moved to Canada in 2000. His blog became the first
856:
423:, not long after arriving there. He was allowed four calls to his family, each lasting about one minute, during November.
1435:
427:
suggested that he was likely to face charges of "insulting religion", but he had not yet been charged as of mid-December.
1828:
1436:"Online journals are under fire in Iran, but bloggers there and around the world refuse to let their voices be silenced"
657:
589:
11 September - Dorsablog.com, the free blog service in Persian, is launched. Dorsablog.com co-founded by Hossein Hezami.
647:
798:
442:
1838:
1665:
1651:
507:
1248:"Three journalists transferred to notorious "special wing" of Evin prison; exiled journalist's father arrested"
1134:
877:"Cntrl+Alt+Delete: Irans Response to the Internet." Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. Web. 05 Apr. 2012
128:
Circa 2006 estimates suggested there were about 500,000 to 800,000 blogs in Iran, though not all were active.
1526:
902:
727:
917:
841:
438:
374:
117:
1547:
803:
554:
6 November: authorities tell Beheshti's family "to collect his body". He reportedly died two days earlier.
991:
1469:
424:
106:
1110:"Iran Blogger Hossien Derakhshan Temporarily Released." BBC News. BBC, 9 Dec. 2010. Web. 20 Apr. 2012.
1194:
774:
575:
May: the Iranian government announced the arrest of eight women involved in online modeling without a
1495:
576:
662:
A Case Study of Iranian English Language Weblogs, inside and outside of the Islamic Republic of Iran
300:
173:
1569:
579:. Mehdi Abutorabi, a blogger who managed a publishing tool called Persian Blog, was also detained.
1759:
1624:
1574:
540:
496:
467:
416:
239:
141:
62:(National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education)blog census found the number of blogs in
21:
682:
506:-Maleki, often described as 'genius' blogger, was sentenced to 15 years in prison. According to
1180:
711:"Promises and Perils of Weblogistan: Online Personal Journals and the Islamic Republic of Iran"
1600:
619:
605:
399:
367:
337:
320:
249:
101:
1407:
278:
31 March - Persianblog service lists its weblog updates in the global weblogs.com directory.
1361:
1335:
1017:
788:
450:
449:
phase, and that among the accusations were that Derakhshan had allegedly written about the "
434:
385:
145:
63:
46:
17:
675:
1465:
780:
536:
503:
446:
890:
125:
for the trainees supported by a radio programme for young people in Iran, called ZigZag.
1111:
1152:
671:
648:"The Vulgar Spirit of Blogging": On Language, Culture, and Power in Persian Weblogestan
544:
286:
1097:
1822:
1381:
793:
641:
Middle East Review of International Affairs, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
122:
1517:"Iranian 'Blogfather' Hossein Derakhshan is arrested on charge of spying for Israel"
829:
1412:
1313:
474:
363:
14 August - President Ahmadinejad starts his multilingual blog with one long entry.
156:
343:
October Blog Herald estimate: 700,000 Iranian blogs, of which about 10% are active
1257:
914:
766:
558:
268:
10 November - BlogSky.com, the second free blog service in Persian, is launched.
955:
636:
1713:
Pattern of Intimidation Is Seen in Arrests of Iranian Journalists and Bloggers
1439:
756:
482:
441:
confirmed Derakhshan's arrest, said that Derakhshan was in the custody of the
357:
279:
728:
Mapping Iran's Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere
186:
hospital visits, charity sales, and recruited volunteers ready to help in Bam
1521:
463:
1 January: Iranian's own video sharing site "IranianYouTube.com" was created
38:
903:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/22/iran-authorities-defiant-rights-record
430:
November: Revolutionary Guards announced their plan to launch 10000 blogs.
1730:'Murder': Some Accountability in Iranian Blogger Sattar Beheshti's Death
1233:
739:
Center for Communication and Civic Engagement, University of Washington
539:, a relatively minor figure" among Iran's bloggers, is arrested by the
378:
1018:
Generating new media and new participation in Iran: The Case of ZigZag
1764:
1715:| By RICK GLADSTONE and ARTIN AFKHAMI | nytimes.com| January 25, 2012
420:
388:, the first female vice president of Iran starts her blog in Persian.
293:
1181:"Hamshahri (Internet Version of Tehran's Persian Daily) Nov. 5 2002"
683:
The Impact of the Weblog: A Case Study of The United States and Iran
248:
5 November - Instructions on "How to make a blog in Persian" using
58:
The broad usage of weblogs in Iran was staggering. As of 2004, the
1755:"Iran's Hard-Liners Crack Down on Models Not Wearing Head Scarves"
1597:
Liberation Technology: Social Media and the Struggle for Democracy
59:
25:
1809:
Blogging in Iran: The Electronic Manifestation of Persian Thought
1548:"The judiciary system confirmed the arrest of Hossein Derakhshan"
1234:"Dave Winer announces addition of persian weblogs to weblogs.com"
690:
Publicly Intimate Online: Iranian Web Logs in Southern California
616:
We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People
1742:
Head of Tehran’s Cybercrimes Unit Is Fired Over Death of Blogger
921:
1599:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 145–146,
1135:"The Myths And Realities Of New Media In Iran's Green Movement"
1043:"BBC Trains Iranian Journalists through ZigZag Online Magazine"
735:"Blogging Outside Iran: A Tool for Internal Democratic Change?"
398:
24 December: Almost a year after starting her blog in Persian,
323:
arrested for writing about the arrests of three other bloggers.
252:'s free service is published, in response to readers' requests.
1198:
1153:"The land of Goder and Ferfer, blogging with a Persian accent"
402:
starts her blog in English, under the title "Persian Paradox".
1786:
695:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
1219:
1096:. BBC World Service Trust. 18 November 2006. Archived from
941:
Alavi, Nasrin. "We are Iran" p. 110 Soft Skull Press, 2005.
918:"Persianblog.com - persian girls Resources and Information"
1666:"One blogger freed on bail, another blogger denied parole"
1620:"Canadian-Iranian blogger sentenced to 19 years in prison"
1016:
Godfrey, Anna; Thelwall, Michael; Eneyat, Mahmood (2008).
557:
circa 10 November: 41 prisoners from Ward 350 of Tehran's
1492:"Iranian blogger Hossein Derakhshan "arrested" In Tehran"
245:
25 September - The blog using manual coding is published.
1813:
210:
Language: the Use of English and other foreign languages
1460:
1458:
1456:
604:
by Nasrin Alavi (Soft Skull Press /November 28, 2005)
1570:"Iranian President Asks Court to Reconsider Spy Case"
1112:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11962032
313:
16 January - Protesting MPs on sit-in start a weblog.
238:
7 September - The first Persian blog is published by
1011:
1009:
1701:
Jailed Blogger Not Tortured Before Death, Iran Says
949:
947:
868:
Alavi, Nasrin. "We are Iran" Soft Skull Press, 2005
704:
The Iranian Weblog Research Project: Survey Results
1744:| By THOMAS ERDBRINK| nytimes.com| 1 December 2012
984:"Refworld | Freedom of the Press 2010 - Iran"
844:By Nasrin Alavi, (Soft Skull Press, 2005) p.1, 341
470:remained under detention and had not been charged.
197:disconnected expressions of personal experiences.
1280:"From Iran's Fiery Leader, a Slightly Tamer Blog"
956:"Journalists Targeted for Traveling Outside Iran"
100:Iranian officials became concerned that the 2004
746:Ctrl+Alt+Delete: Iran's Response to the Internet
637:Cyberdissent: The Internet in Revolutionary Iran
1814:Dorsablog : Iranian free blogging platform
1668:. Reporters Without Borders. November 15, 2010.
715:The Middle East Review of International Affairs
183:
1220:"Itiran (Iran's first online IT News service)"
360:among 10 most common languages among bloggers.
859:By Nasrin Alavi, (Soft Skull Press, 2005) p.1
547:and allegedly receiving threatening messages.
8:
1628:. Toronto. 28 September 2010. Archived from
1336:"Iran's clerics caught up in blogging craze"
1309:International Freedom of Expression Exchange
1253:International Freedom of Expression Exchange
1175:
1173:
832:| By Clark Boyd| 21 February 2005| bbc.co.uk
726:Kelly, John and Bruce Etling (April 2008).
370:is released from prison, after serving term.
1550:(in Persian). BBC Persian. 30 December 2008
292:26 September - Cafe Blog opens in northern
1725:
1723:
1721:
1595:Diamond, Larry; Plattner, Marc F. (2012),
913:Alavi, Nasrin. " We are Iran" p 226 email
316:6 June - Persian Blogging festival starts.
1068:"Trust launches Iran youth radio program"
479:Mir-Hossein Mousavi campaign headquarters
336:27 January/12 February - Iranian blogger
262:2 June - Cappuccino magazine is launched.
1652:"'Genius' Blogger Sentenced To 15 Years"
978:
976:
20:blog is thought to have been created by
1703:| By THOMAS ERDBRINK |November 12, 2012
1123:Alavi, Nasrin. "We are Iran" P. 280-289
852:
850:
825:
823:
819:
477:broadcast live footage of the raids to
75:Blogs often give a sense of anonymity.
1696:
1694:
1490:Gharbia, Sami Ben (18 November 2008).
1074:. BBC. 23 October 2006. Archived from
1030:from the original on 19 November 2017.
39:43% of the internet is using wordpress
1732:| Golnaz Esfandiari| 14 November 2012
1654:. Radio Free Europe. October 8, 2010.
709:Hendelman-Baavur, Liora (June 2007).
289:, journalist and blogger is arrested.
282:, names Iran a hot place for weblogs.
7:
1681:"Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat"
88:evident in the following excerpts.
1803:Interactive Persian blogosphere map
1133:Esfandiari, Golnaz (12 June 2010).
1023:(Report). BBC World Service Trust.
954:Memarian, Omid (13 February 2007).
1515:Theodoulou, Michael (2008-11-20).
1382:"Iran's president launches weblog"
499:received a 19½ year jail sentence.
14:
1304:"Blogger Mojtaba Saminejad freed"
688:Alexanian, Janet A. (Nov. 2006).
340:briefly released, then rearrested
1679:Wan, William (29 October 2011).
1041:Glaser, Mark (18 October 2007).
830:The price paid for blogging Iran
773:
759:
635:Rahimi, Babak (September 2003).
618:by Dan Gillmor (O'Reilly, 2004)
1139:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
960:Inter Press Service News Agency
676:The Power and Politics of Blogs
646:Doostdar, Alireza (Dec. 2004).
356:Persian language was listed by
67:numbers of lower-class people.
1787:"Dorsablog news official blog"
809:International rankings of Iran
702:Halevi, Jordan. (March 2006).
681:Simmons, Erin A. (Jun. 2005).
1:
445:, that his case was in early
377:won city council election in
1834:Mass media in Iran by medium
1568:Fathi, Nazila (2009-04-19).
1406:Perrone, Jane (2003-12-18).
1312:. 2005-01-31. Archived from
1278:Fathi, Nazila (2007-12-11).
1256:. 2004-09-14. Archived from
1434:Heller, Z.P. (2005-02-22).
1334:Tait, Robert (2006-10-11).
1090:"Guinea pigs speak Persian"
799:Internet censorship in Iran
733:Nafisi, Arman (June 2008).
443:Islamic Revolutionary Court
319:November - Iranian blogger
1857:
658:Jensen, Peder Are Nøstvold
508:Reporters Without Borders
1525:. London. Archived from
1362:
1363:رشد وبلاگ نويسی در دنيا
1195:"Please visit the HTTP"
1072:BBC World Service Trust
697:, Duke University Press
652:American Anthropologist
439:Judicial system of Iran
375:Mehrnoush Najafi Ragheb
118:BBC World Service Trust
804:Communications in Iran
242:, using manual coding.
201:Transition to Facebook
194:
159:nobel peace prize news
140:Born in Iran in 1975,
94:
1470:Amnesty International
437:, the speaker of the
425:Amnesty International
107:U.S. State Department
90:
1805:- Harvard University
1496:Global Voices Online
577:mandatory head scarf
79:Political importance
1829:Blogging by country
1685:The Washington Post
901:Human rights watch
301:Mohammad-Ali Abtahi
174:2003 Bam earthquake
1760:The New York Times
1632:on October 1, 2010
1625:The Globe and Mail
1575:The New York Times
1284:The New York Times
1100:on 4 January 2007.
891:The World Factbook
744:IHRDC (May 2009).
672:Drezner, Daniel W.
497:Hossein Derakhshan
468:Hossein Derakhshan
417:Hossein Derakhshan
240:Hossein Derakhshan
142:Hossein Derakhshan
136:Hossein Derakhshan
22:Hossein Derakhshan
602:The Persian Blogs
400:Massoumeh Ebtekar
368:Mojtaba Saminejad
338:Mojtaba Saminejad
321:Mojtaba Saminejad
219:Women in blogging
102:Orange Revolution
1846:
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1078:on 6 April 2008.
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994:on 16 April 2013
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386:Masoumeh Ebtekar
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1360:فراستی, ميد.
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1316:on 2008-05-28
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607:
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600:We Are Iran:
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594:Related books
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551:responsible".
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172:The December
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123:Sina Motalebi
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1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
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1708:
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1660:
1646:
1636:28 September
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1623:
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1579:. Retrieved
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1552:. Retrieved
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1520:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1472:. 2009-12-15
1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1413:The Guardian
1411:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1388:. 2006-08-14
1385:
1376:
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1344:. Retrieved
1340:The Guardian
1339:
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1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
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1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
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1203:. Retrieved
1199:the original
1189:
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1159:. 2009-12-07
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1098:the original
1093:
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1076:the original
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1050:. Retrieved
1046:
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992:the original
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963:. Retrieved
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909:
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535:30 October:
475:Vahid Online
466:late April:
415:1 November:
384:4 December:
222:
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204:
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184:
179:
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157:Shirin Ebadi
150:
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127:
116:In 2005 the
115:
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91:
86:
82:
74:
57:
43:
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15:
1368:BBC Persian
857:We Are Iran
842:We Are Iran
767:Iran portal
559:Evin prison
541:Cyberpolice
502:8 October:
285:20 April -
1823:Categories
1581:2009-04-20
1554:2008-12-31
1533:2009-04-19
1501:2009-04-20
1476:2009-04-20
1446:2009-04-19
1420:2009-03-19
1392:2010-04-26
1346:2010-04-26
1320:2009-03-18
1289:2009-03-18
1264:2009-03-18
1205:2008-08-02
1163:2010-01-11
1047:MediaShift
998:26 January
928:2014-01-15
815:References
565:Beheshti".
483:Gheytarieh
451:Pure Imams
373:December:
358:Technorati
280:Dave Winer
121:edited by
1522:The Times
447:discovery
1416:. London
1386:BBC News
1342:. London
1157:DW-World
1025:Archived
753:See also
717:, 11(2).
228:Timeline
191:(p. 260)
189:—
965:18 June
654:106(4).
643:, 7(3).
485:online.
379:Hamedan
250:Blogger
146:Persian
64:Persian
47:Persian
32:History
1771:17 May
1765:Tehran
1603:
1094:iLearn
1052:10 May
622:
608:
473:June:
421:Tehran
294:Tehran
71:Appeal
1028:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
699:26(1)
60:NITLE
54:Scope
26:NITLE
1773:2016
1638:2010
1601:ISBN
1054:2019
1000:2022
967:2019
670:and
620:ISBN
606:ISBN
584:2018
570:2016
526:2012
515:2011
490:2010
458:2009
407:2008
393:2007
351:2006
328:2005
308:2004
273:2003
257:2002
233:2001
481:in
168:Bam
1825::
1763:.
1757:.
1720:^
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453:".
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