139:
56:
268:
114:
494:
31:
486:
call, jumping several times in a minute. The extravagant display also has a cost of calling attention of the predator, thus displaying increased nest predation. Predation is the main cause of breeding failure, and predator vocalizations can cause an immune-related reaction to this species. Nests are
481:
Social monogamous, extra-pair fertilizations, intraspecific parasitism, and quasi-parasitism are commonly found. During the breeding season, males defend small territories, about 13,0 - 72,5 m2, dominant males are normally lighter. The male has a jumping display, often performed for long periods,
472:
Adult blue-black grassquits are 10.2 cm (4.0 in) long and weigh 9.3 g (0.33 oz). They have a slender conical black bill. The male is glossy blue-black, with a black tail and wings; the white inner underwing is visible in flight or display. Female and immature birds have brown
500:
499:
496:
495:
1430:
501:
498:
1274:
Dias, Raphael Igor; Kuhlmann, Marcelo; Lourenço, Luciane R.; Macedo, Regina H. (2009-11-01). "Territorial
Clustering in the Blue-Black Grassquit: Reproductive Strategy in Response to Habitat and Food Requirements?".
487:
small cups of rootlets (diameter about 7.5 cm) found in herbaceous vegetation 10–50 cm high, clustered at a landscape, and placed preferably at high complex habitat spots. Nests are built by both sexes.
1318:
Aguilar, Thais M.; Dias, Raphael I.; Oliveira, Ailton C.; Macedo, Regina H. (2008-03-01). "Nest-site selection by Blue-black
Grassquits in a Neotropical savanna: do choices influence nest success?".
927:
Manica, Lilian T.; Graves, Jeff A.; Podos, Jeffrey; Macedo, Regina H. (2016-12-01). "Multimodal flight display of a neotropical songbird predicts social pairing but not extrapair mating success".
5262:
1174:
Caetano, João V.O.; Maia, Maya R.; Manica, Lilian T.; MacEdo, Regina H. (2014-11-01). "Immune-related effects from predation risk in
Neotropical blue-black grassquits (Volatinia jacarina)".
497:
5105:
421:
The blue-black grassquit was formerly placed with the buntings in the subfamily
Emberizinae rather than with the tanagers in Thraupinae within an expanded family
5144:
5237:
89:
5066:
5118:
653:(in Latin). Vol. Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus. Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 210.
1079:
Dias, Raphael I.; Castilho, Leonardo; Macedo, Regina H. (2010-11-01). "Experimental
Evidence that Sexual Displays are Costly for Nest Survival".
5257:
1486:
1389:
777:
695:
5272:
630:
Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
88:
843:
Burns, K.J.; Unitt, P.; Mason, N.A. (2016). "A genus-level classification of the family
Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes)".
5079:
5247:
5267:
5252:
5053:
351:
443:, 1817) – Mexico to Colombia and east through Venezuela and the Guianas to the Amazon basin; also Trinidad, Tobago and Grenada
334:; the male is glossy blue with some white under the wing. The female is brown above and pale buff with darker streaks below.
5123:
798:"Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds"
797:
880:"Breeding strategies of a socially monogamous neotropical passerine: extra-pair fertilizations, behavior, and morphology"
569:
Rising, James D. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
5004:
80:
1436:
5149:
796:
Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014).
734:
138:
5084:
1479:
1243:
1226:
5157:
1422:
896:
879:
376:
5162:
4956:
4991:
4918:
1417:
5196:
5009:
3966:
2223:
2190:
440:
361:
240:
3609:
547:
387:
and was used for a type of finch. The blue-black grassquit is now the only species placed in the genus
4523:
3921:
570:
490:
Blue-black grassquits will often form flocks when not breeding. They eat seeds, mostly on the ground.
367:. Linnaeus based his description on the "Jacarni" that was described in 1648 by the German naturalist
4983:
4965:
3986:
3854:
1718:
1472:
1088:
809:
4296:
4262:
633:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 314.
5242:
4597:
4577:
4385:
3800:
3629:
343:
324:
103:
4550:
3894:
1608:
482:
which gives rise to the local name "johnny jump-up". This is accompanied by a persistent wheezing
4405:
4158:
1849:
1794:
1574:
1360:
1300:
1256:
1207:
1059:
952:
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586:
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275:
217:
133:
5201:
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4013:
3820:
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3377:
2619:
68:
43:
5110:
3874:
2270:
5183:
5136:
5027:
4124:
1385:
1335:
1292:
1248:
1199:
1191:
1156:
1148:
1104:
1034:
993:
972:"Condition-dependent resource value affects male–male competition in the blue–black grassquit"
944:
901:
860:
825:
773:
691:
331:
5188:
4174:
3975:
3492:
3458:
1644:
1327:
1284:
1238:
1183:
1138:
1096:
1024:
983:
936:
891:
852:
817:
738:
720:(in German). Vol. Abt. 2 Bd. 1. Dresden and Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. Plate LXXIX.
578:
542:
4996:
1464:
55:
5170:
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2143:
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320:
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4829:
4731:
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3032:
2898:
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2356:
2339:
2332:
1973:
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1959:
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267:
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2738:
2717:
2602:
2557:
2152:
2098:
1907:
1679:
1331:
1100:
675:. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 132.
624:
590:
533:
450:
384:
347:
257:
123:
118:
5214:
1304:
1260:
1143:
1126:
1011:
Manica, Lilian T.; Macedo, Regina H.; Graves, Jeff A.; Podos, Jeffrey (2016-09-20).
956:
913:
715:
670:
628:
610:
5032:
4878:
4794:
4738:
4703:
4662:
4606:
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4099:
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3426:
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2408:
2294:
2260:
2235:
2172:
1893:
1755:
1665:
1442:
1211:
460:
408:
327:. A male was also observed in Graham County, Arizona on July 15 and July 17, 2023.
5058:
5019:
4970:
648:
1187:
87:
5092:
4950:
4801:
4787:
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4724:
4669:
4655:
4512:
4505:
4456:
4435:
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4394:
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4333:
4181:
4167:
4078:
3843:
3809:
3726:
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3712:
3663:
3649:
3541:
3512:
3447:
3360:
3297:
3179:
3165:
3137:
3123:
3109:
3075:
3041:
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2919:
2905:
2877:
2814:
2758:
2650:
2574:
2512:
2498:
2422:
2401:
2244:
2123:
2084:
2077:
2014:
1921:
1879:
1810:
1783:
1776:
1658:
1635:
1597:
1565:
1553:
1538:
1496:
821:
422:
306:
4941:
742:
5209:
4815:
4745:
4717:
4586:
4539:
4498:
4491:
4285:
4251:
4216:
4202:
4106:
4085:
4071:
4022:
3954:
3863:
3836:
3789:
3733:
3619:
3552:
3467:
3433:
3367:
3318:
3276:
3255:
3241:
3116:
3102:
3055:
3012:
2947:
2912:
2884:
2639:
2581:
2488:
2394:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2112:
2063:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
1994:
1945:
1936:
1914:
1858:
1838:
1824:
1762:
1727:
1707:
1693:
1651:
1458:
1354:
1053:
940:
878:
Carvalho, Carlos B. V.; Macedo, Regina H.; Graves, Jefferson A. (2006-08-01).
856:
429:
323:, and South America as far as northern Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay, and in
319:. It is a common and widespread bird that breeds from southern Mexico through
310:
1339:
1296:
1288:
1252:
1195:
1152:
1108:
1038:
997:
948:
905:
4683:
4627:
4620:
4532:
4463:
4428:
4230:
4223:
4133:
4092:
4064:
4050:
4036:
3910:
3782:
3775:
3747:
3684:
3585:
3521:
3481:
3440:
3405:
3391:
3332:
3304:
3290:
3248:
3234:
3214:
3207:
3172:
3158:
3151:
3130:
3086:
2992:
2933:
2823:
2731:
2686:
2629:
2609:
2481:
2450:
2415:
2363:
2301:
2287:
2049:
2005:
1741:
1686:
1624:
1532:
1029:
1013:"Vigor and skill in the acrobatic mating displays of a Neotropical songbird"
1012:
988:
971:
414:
403:
190:
150:
1203:
1160:
864:
829:
582:
5175:
4935:
4885:
4864:
4808:
4752:
4648:
4559:
4470:
4237:
4209:
4057:
3761:
3754:
3705:
3656:
3419:
3353:
3339:
3186:
2981:
2724:
2666:
2550:
2519:
2436:
2370:
2349:
2163:
2070:
1987:
1952:
1900:
1886:
1865:
1817:
1672:
1617:
1590:
1514:
1449:
170:
402:
Within the tanager family
Thraupidae the blue-black grassquit is in the
5071:
4978:
4836:
4773:
4710:
4367:
4244:
4147:
4043:
3903:
3829:
3691:
3677:
3384:
3269:
3200:
3021:
2954:
2595:
2464:
2429:
2387:
2280:
2253:
2091:
1803:
1769:
1583:
1526:
200:
81:
Recorded at Arthur
Nogueira (São Paulo State, Brazil) by Eurico Zimbres
64:
39:
5097:
4140:
4113:
3398:
2710:
2457:
2105:
2056:
1980:
1508:
160:
72:
47:
5045:
4912:
453:, 1766) – southeast Peru to east Brazil and south to north Argentina
5040:
4766:
4641:
3325:
2961:
2443:
2179:
1831:
1520:
492:
406:
Tachyphoninae and is a member of a clade that contains the genera
1125:
Carvalho, C. B. V.; Macedo, R. H. F.; Graves, J. A. (May 2007).
180:
30:
4916:
3952:
3583:
2800:
2221:
1551:
1468:
1227:"Lek-like mating system of the monogamous blue-black grassquit"
970:
Santos, Eduardo S.A.; Maia, Rafael; Macedo, Regina H. (2009).
1384:. Helm Field Guides. London: Christopher Helm. p. 630.
1244:
10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0404:LLMSOT]2.0.CO;2
897:
10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[579:BSOASM]2.0.CO;2
1127:"Reproduction of Blue-black Grassquits in central Brazil"
463:, 1849) – west Ecuador, west Peru, and northwest Chile
1225:
Almeida, Juliana B.; Macedo, Regina H. (2001-04-01).
3625:
3615:
3605:
3373:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2563:
2539:
2494:
2470:
2376:
2345:
2314:
2276:
2266:
391:
and was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist
5263:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the
Neotropics
4925:
4693:
4596:
4576:
4549:
4522:
4404:
4384:
4343:
4295:
4261:
4157:
4123:
4012:
3985:
3965:
3920:
3893:
3873:
3853:
3819:
3799:
3639:
3596:
3551:
3531:
3511:
3491:
3457:
3224:
3085:
3065:
3031:
3011:
2991:
2971:
2867:
2847:
2813:
2768:
2748:
2700:
2676:
2649:
2243:
2234:
2189:
2162:
2142:
2122:
2004:
1935:
1848:
1793:
1717:
1634:
1607:
1573:
1564:
548:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723396A132162576.en
1439:at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1356:Tiziu - Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)
1055:Tiziu - Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)
473:upperparts and dark-streaked buff underparts.
395:. The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin
1480:
8:
791:
789:
770:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
688:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
571:"Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)"
4913:
3962:
3949:
3593:
3580:
2810:
2797:
2240:
2231:
2218:
1570:
1561:
1548:
1487:
1473:
1465:
266:
112:
54:
29:
20:
1242:
1142:
1028:
987:
895:
772:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 404.
690:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 210.
664:
662:
660:
546:
1455:Audio recordings of Blue-black grassquit
379:is eastern Brazil. The specific epithet
5085:blue-black-grassquit-volatinia-jacarina
1380:Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy (2009).
515:
1120:
1118:
802:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
749:. International Ornithologists' Union
729:
727:
313:. It is the only member of the genus
7:
1437:Blue-black grassquit species account
669:Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970).
5238:IUCN Red List least concern species
1353:Carlos Biagolini-Jr. (2018-04-25),
1052:Carlos Biagolini-Jr. (2018-04-25),
929:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
534:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1431:Blue-black grassquit photo gallery
1382:Birds of South America: Passerines
14:
1332:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00142.x
1101:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01817.x
747:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2
672:Check-List of Birds of the World
611:"Rare Bird Alert: July 21, 2023"
137:
85:
1409:BirdLife species factsheet for
1363:from the original on 2021-12-12
1144:10.1590/S1519-69842007000200012
1062:from the original on 2021-12-12
523:BirdLife International (2018).
1497:finches, sparrows and tanagers
1:
342:The blue-black grassquit was
5258:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
1433:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1418:"Blue-black grassquit media"
1320:Journal of Field Ornithology
1188:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.07.003
1131:Brazilian Journal of Biology
650:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
373:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
309:bird in the tanager family,
5273:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
822:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006
5289:
768:Jobling, James A. (2010).
686:Jobling, James A. (2010).
346:by the Swedish naturalist
3961:
3948:
3592:
3579:
2809:
2796:
2230:
2217:
1560:
1547:
1503:
1443:Interactive range map of
941:10.1007/s00265-016-2208-x
857:10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2
541:: e.T22723396A132162576.
281:
274:
265:
246:
239:
134:Scientific classification
132:
110:
101:
62:
53:
37:
28:
23:
5248:Birds of Central America
1423:Internet Bird Collection
1289:10.1525/cond.2009.090142
5268:Birds described in 1766
5253:Birds of South America
2224:Nine-primaried oscines
2191:Nine-primaried oscines
717:Avium Systema Naturale
583:10.2173/bow.blbgra1.01
506:
5197:Paleobiology Database
1176:Behavioural Processes
1030:10.1093/beheco/arw143
989:10.1093/beheco/arp031
743:"Tanagers and allies"
504:
24:Blue-black grassquit
741:, eds. (July 2020).
383:is derived from the
297:blue-black grassquit
1093:2010Ethol.116.1011D
814:2014MolPE..75...41B
712:Reichenbach, Ludwig
325:Trinidad and Tobago
287:Linnaeus, 1766
104:Conservation status
5215:Volatinia-jacarina
4957:Volatinia jacarina
4927:Volatinia jacarina
3967:Catamblyrhynchinae
1450:IUCN Red List maps
1445:Volatinia jacarina
1411:Volatinia jacarina
1017:Behavioral Ecology
976:Behavioral Ecology
737:; Donsker, David;
527:Volatinia jacarina
507:
399:meaning "flying".
393:Ludwig Reichenbach
332:sexually dimorphic
302:Volatinia jacarina
250:Volatinia jacarina
5225:
5224:
5184:Open Tree of Life
4919:Taxon identifiers
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2696:
2695:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
1931:
1930:
1391:978-1-408-11342-4
1087:(11): 1011–1019.
935:(12): 2039–2052.
779:978-1-4081-2501-4
739:Rasmussen, Pamela
697:978-1-4081-2501-4
502:
457:V. j. peruviensis
293:
292:
221:
127:
90:
5280:
5218:
5217:
5205:
5204:
5192:
5191:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5126:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5087:
5075:
5074:
5062:
5061:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5023:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5000:
4999:
4987:
4986:
4984:C50D59CFF9C409ED
4974:
4973:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4914:
4524:Porphyrospizinae
3976:Catamblyrhynchus
3963:
3950:
3922:Xanthocephalinae
3627:
3617:
3607:
3594:
3581:
3493:Rhodinocichlidae
3459:Phaenicophilidae
3375:
2811:
2798:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2565:
2541:
2496:
2472:
2378:
2347:
2316:
2278:
2268:
2241:
2232:
2219:
1571:
1562:
1549:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1427:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
967:
961:
960:
924:
918:
917:
899:
875:
869:
868:
840:
834:
833:
793:
784:
783:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
731:
722:
721:
708:
702:
701:
683:
677:
676:
666:
655:
654:
645:Marcgrave, Georg
641:
635:
634:
621:
615:
614:
607:
601:
600:
598:
597:
566:
560:
559:
557:
555:
550:
520:
503:
432:are recognised:
365:Tanagra jacarina
330:This species is
288:
284:Tanagra jacarina
270:
252:
232:V. jacarina
216:
142:
141:
121:
116:
115:
92:
91:
58:
33:
21:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5213:
5208:
5200:
5195:
5187:
5182:
5174:
5171:Observation.org
5169:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5143:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5083:
5078:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5016:
5008:
5003:
4995:
4990:
4982:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4921:
4911:
4898:
4893:Wetmorethraupis
4823:Poecilostreptus
4689:
4592:
4572:
4545:
4518:
4400:
4380:
4339:
4291:
4257:
4153:
4119:
4008:
4003:Parkerthraustes
3987:Charitospizinae
3981:
3957:
3936:
3916:
3889:
3869:
3855:Dolichonychinae
3849:
3815:
3795:
3635:
3588:
3567:
3547:
3527:
3507:
3487:
3453:
3220:
3081:
3061:
3027:
3007:
2987:
2967:
2863:
2849:Calyptophilidae
2843:
2805:
2784:
2764:
2744:
2692:
2672:
2645:
2589:Rhynchostruthus
2381:Dysmorodrepanis
2226:
2205:
2185:
2158:
2144:Urocynchramidae
2138:
2118:
2000:
1927:
1844:
1789:
1719:Lagonostictinae
1713:
1630:
1603:
1556:
1543:
1499:
1493:
1416:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1010:
1009:
1005:
969:
968:
964:
926:
925:
921:
877:
876:
872:
842:
841:
837:
795:
794:
787:
780:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
733:
732:
725:
710:
709:
705:
698:
685:
684:
680:
668:
667:
658:
643:
642:
638:
623:
622:
618:
613:. 21 July 2023.
609:
608:
604:
595:
593:
568:
567:
563:
553:
551:
522:
521:
517:
512:
493:
479:
470:
437:V. j. splendens
369:Georg Marcgrave
357:Systema Naturae
352:twelfth edition
350:in 1766 in the
340:
321:Central America
286:
261:
254:
248:
235:
215:
136:
128:
117:
113:
106:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
86:
83:
69:São Paulo State
44:São Paulo State
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
5286:
5284:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5206:
5193:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5141:
5128:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5076:
5063:
5050:
5037:
5024:
5014:
5001:
4988:
4975:
4962:
4947:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4858:Stephanophorus
4854:
4847:
4844:Schistochlamys
4840:
4833:
4830:Pseudosaltator
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4732:Chalcothraupis
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4677:Trichothraupis
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4614:Coryphospingus
4610:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4443:Kleinothraupis
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4354:Compsothraupis
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4299:
4297:Hemithraupinae
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4265:
4263:Emberizoidinae
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3931:Xanthocephalus
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3602:
3600:
3598:incertae sedis
3590:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3475:Phaenicophilus
3471:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3284:Artemisiospiza
3280:
3273:
3266:
3263:Amphispizopsis
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3033:Mitrospingidae
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2899:Chlorothraupis
2895:
2892:Caryothraustes
2888:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2357:Coccothraustes
2353:
2343:
2340:Chrysocorythus
2336:
2333:Chlorodrepanis
2329:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1974:Onychostruthus
1970:
1967:Montifringilla
1963:
1960:Hypocryptadius
1956:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1735:Euschistospiza
1731:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1414:
1404:
1403:External links
1401:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1372:
1345:
1310:
1283:(4): 706–714.
1266:
1237:(2): 404–411.
1217:
1166:
1137:(2): 275–281.
1114:
1071:
1044:
1023:(1): 164–173.
1003:
982:(3): 553–559.
962:
919:
890:(3): 579–590.
870:
851:(3): 329–354.
835:
785:
778:
760:
723:
703:
696:
678:
656:
636:
625:Linnaeus, Carl
616:
602:
561:
514:
513:
511:
508:
478:
475:
469:
466:
465:
464:
454:
447:V. j. jacarina
444:
339:
336:
291:
290:
279:
278:
272:
271:
263:
262:
255:
244:
243:
237:
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51:
50:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5285:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:Sporathraupis
4848:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:Cnemathraupis
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4635:Heliothraupis
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4598:Tachyphoninae
4595:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4578:Sporophilinae
4575:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4485:Pseudospingus
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:Castanozoster
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4386:Orchesticinae
4383:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:Heterospingus
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:Chrysothlypis
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3801:Amblycercinae
3798:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:Pseudoleistes
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:Macroagelaius
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3630:Pyelorhamphus
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3533:Teretistridae
3530:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3502:Rhodinocichla
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:Chlorospingus
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3226:Passerellidae
3223:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3067:Nesospingidae
3064:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:Periporphyrus
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2858:Calyptophilus
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2838:Rhynchophanes
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:Plectrophenax
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2750:Peucedramidae
2747:
2741:
2740:
2739:Tmetothylacus
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:Dendronanthus
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:Pyrrhoplectes
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2153:Urocynchramus
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:Pseudonigrita
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:Stagonopleura
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:Glaucestrilda
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:Superfamily:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
790:
786:
781:
775:
771:
764:
761:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
719:
718:
713:
707:
704:
699:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
673:
665:
663:
661:
657:
652:
651:
646:
640:
637:
632:
631:
626:
620:
617:
612:
606:
603:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
562:
549:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
528:
519:
516:
509:
491:
488:
485:
476:
474:
467:
462:
458:
455:
452:
448:
445:
442:
438:
435:
434:
433:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Tupi language
382:
378:
377:type locality
374:
370:
366:
363:
362:binomial name
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:Carl Linnaeus
345:
337:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
305:) is a small
304:
303:
298:
289:
285:
280:
277:
273:
269:
264:
259:
253:
251:
245:
242:
241:Binomial name
238:
234:
233:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
213:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:Passeriformes
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
125:
120:
119:Least Concern
109:
105:
100:
82:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4926:
4891:
4884:
4879:Tephrophilus
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4795:Lophospingus
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4739:Chlorochrysa
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4704:Anisognathus
4702:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4663:Rhodospingus
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:Conothraupis
4605:
4585:
4567:Saltatricula
4565:
4558:
4551:Saltatorinae
4538:
4531:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4478:Poospizopsis
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4450:Microspingus
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4393:
4375:Sericossypha
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4332:
4325:
4320:Hemithraupis
4318:
4313:Chlorophanes
4311:
4304:
4284:
4279:Emberizoides
4277:
4272:Coryphaspiza
4270:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4196:Geospizopsis
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4112:
4105:
4100:Pinaroloxias
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4030:Camarhynchus
4028:
4021:
4001:
3996:Charitospiza
3994:
3974:
3929:
3909:
3902:
3895:Sturnellinae
3882:
3862:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3808:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3671:Amblyramphus
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3597:
3540:
3520:
3500:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3427:Spizelloides
3425:
3418:
3413:Rhynchospiza
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3347:Oreothraupis
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3194:Protonotaria
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3145:Limnothlypis
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3096:Basileuterus
3094:
3074:
3054:
3049:Mitrospingus
3047:
3040:
3020:
2980:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:Cardinalidae
2856:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2803:Emberizoidea
2770:Emberizoidea
2757:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:Motacillidae
2685:
2678:Fringillinae
2665:
2660:Chlorophonia
2658:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2568:Rhodacanthis
2566:
2556:
2549:
2544:Psittirostra
2542:
2534:Pseudonestor
2532:
2527:Procarduelis
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2480:
2475:Melamprosops
2473:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2409:Hesperiphona
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2300:
2295:Callacanthis
2293:
2286:
2279:
2269:
2261:Agraphospiza
2259:
2252:
2236:Fringillidae
2178:
2173:Anomalospiza
2171:
2151:
2131:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:Oreostruthus
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1756:Lagonosticta
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1666:Delacourella
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1616:
1609:Erythrurinae
1596:
1589:
1582:
1531:Infraorder:
1444:
1421:
1410:
1381:
1375:
1365:, retrieved
1355:
1348:
1326:(1): 24–31.
1323:
1319:
1313:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1134:
1130:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1064:, retrieved
1054:
1047:
1020:
1016:
1006:
979:
975:
965:
932:
928:
922:
887:
883:
873:
848:
844:
838:
805:
801:
769:
763:
751:. Retrieved
746:
716:
706:
687:
681:
671:
649:
639:
629:
619:
605:
594:. Retrieved
574:
564:
552:. Retrieved
538:
532:
526:
518:
489:
483:
480:
471:
456:
446:
436:
427:
420:
413:
409:Conothraupis
407:
401:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
355:
341:
329:
315:
314:
301:
300:
296:
294:
283:
282:
249:
247:
231:
230:
211:
210:
18:
5158:Neotropical
5093:iNaturalist
4951:Wikispecies
4802:Neothraupis
4788:Ixothraupis
4781:Iridosornis
4725:Calochaetes
4670:Tachyphonus
4656:Ramphocelus
4513:Xenospingus
4506:Urothraupis
4457:Nephelornis
4436:Donacospiza
4422:Cnemoscopus
4406:Poospizinae
4395:Orchesticus
4361:Cyanicterus
4334:Iridophanes
4182:Conirostrum
4168:Acanthidops
4159:Diglossinae
4079:Melanospiza
3844:Psarocolius
3810:Amblycercus
3727:Hypopyrrhus
3720:Gymnomystax
3713:Gnorimopsar
3664:Agelasticus
3650:Agelaioides
3562:See below ↓
3542:Teretistris
3513:Spindalidae
3448:Zonotrichia
3361:Passerculus
3298:Calamospiza
3180:Oreothlypis
3166:Myiothlypis
3138:Leiothlypis
3124:Helmitheros
3110:Catharopeza
3076:Nesospingus
3042:Lamprospiza
3002:See below ↓
2973:Emberizidae
2920:Granatellus
2906:Cyanocompsa
2878:Amaurospiza
2815:Calcariidae
2779:See below ↓
2759:Peucedramus
2651:Euphoniinae
2575:Rhodopechys
2513:Paroreomyza
2499:Orthiospiza
2423:Leucosticte
2402:Hemignathus
2245:Carduelinae
2200:See below ↓
2124:Prunellidae
2085:Plocepasser
2078:Philetairus
2015:Amblyospiza
1922:Taeniopygia
1880:Heteromunia
1850:Poephilinae
1811:Lepidopygia
1795:Lonchurinae
1784:Uraeginthus
1777:Spermophaga
1659:Cryptospiza
1636:Estrildinae
1598:Ortygospiza
1575:Amandavinae
1566:Estrildidae
1554:Passeroidea
1539:Passeroidea
735:Gill, Frank
575:www.hbw.com
554:12 November
468:Description
423:Emberizidae
307:Neotropical
218:Reichenbach
5243:Thraupidae
5232:Categories
5210:Xeno-canto
4816:Pipraeidea
4746:Chlorornis
4718:Buthraupis
4695:Thraupinae
4587:Sporophila
4540:Rhopospina
4499:Thlypopsis
4492:Sphenopsis
4345:Nemosiinae
4286:Embernagra
4252:Xenodacnis
4217:Melanodera
4203:Haplospiza
4107:Platyspiza
4086:Melopyrrha
4072:Loxipasser
4023:Asemospiza
4014:Coerebinae
3955:Thraupidae
3864:Dolichonyx
3837:Cassiculus
3821:Cassicinae
3790:Xanthopsar
3734:Lampropsar
3641:Agelaiinae
3620:Pandanaris
3553:Thraupidae
3468:Microligea
3434:Torreornis
3378:Pedinorhis
3368:Passerella
3319:Chondestes
3277:Arremonops
3256:Amphispiza
3242:Ammodramus
3117:Geothlypis
3103:Cardellina
3056:Orthogonys
3013:Icteriidae
2948:Pheucticus
2913:Cyanoloxia
2885:Cardinalis
2640:Xestospiza
2620:Vangulifer
2582:Rhodospiza
2489:Oreomystis
2395:Haemorhous
2319:Chloridops
2309:Carpodacus
2113:Sporopipes
2064:Histurgops
2043:Dinemellia
2036:Bubalornis
2029:Brachycope
2022:Anaplectes
1995:Pyrgilauda
1946:Carpospiza
1937:Passeridae
1915:Stizoptera
1859:Aidemosyne
1839:Spermestes
1825:Mayrimunia
1763:Pyrenestes
1728:Clytospiza
1708:Parmoptila
1694:Nesocharis
1652:Coccopygia
1525:Suborder:
1495:Genera of
1459:Xeno-canto
1367:2018-05-14
1277:The Condor
1066:2018-05-14
884:The Condor
753:26 October
596:2018-05-14
510:References
430:subspecies
360:under the
311:Thraupidae
201:Thraupidae
63:female at
4971:Volatinia
4684:Volatinia
4628:Eucometis
4621:Creurgops
4533:Incaspiza
4464:Piezorina
4429:Cypsnagra
4231:Phrygilus
4224:Nesospiza
4175:Catamenia
4134:Cyanerpes
4093:Phonipara
4065:Loxigilla
4051:Euneornis
4037:Certhidea
3911:Sturnella
3875:Icterinae
3783:Quiscalus
3776:Ptiloxena
3748:Molothrus
3685:Chrysomus
3610:Cremaster
3586:Icteridae
3522:Spindalis
3482:Xenoligea
3441:Xenospiza
3406:Pooecetes
3392:Pezopetes
3333:Melospiza
3305:Centronyx
3291:Atlapetes
3249:Ammospiza
3235:Aimophila
3215:Vermivora
3208:Setophaga
3173:Oporornis
3159:Myioborus
3152:Mniotilta
3131:Leucopeza
3087:Parulidae
2993:Icteridae
2934:Passerina
2824:Calcarius
2732:Motacilla
2687:Fringilla
2630:Viridonia
2610:Telespiza
2482:Mycerobas
2451:Loxioides
2416:Himatione
2364:Crithagra
2302:Carduelis
2288:Bucanetes
2271:Aidemedia
2050:Euplectes
2006:Ploceidae
1742:Granatina
1687:Mandingoa
1645:Brunhilda
1625:Erythrura
1533:Passerida
1507:Kingdom:
1340:1557-9263
1297:0010-5422
1253:0004-8038
1196:0376-6357
1182:: 58–63.
1153:1519-6984
1109:1439-0310
1039:1045-2249
998:1465-7279
949:0340-5443
906:0010-5422
808:: 41–77.
591:216219470
415:Creurgops
404:subfamily
389:Volatinia
344:described
316:Volatinia
226:Species:
212:Volatinia
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
5137:22723396
5111:11227341
4997:22723396
4992:BirdLife
4942:Q1099397
4936:Wikidata
4886:Thraupis
4865:Stilpnia
4809:Paroaria
4753:Cissopis
4649:Loriotus
4560:Saltator
4471:Poospiza
4238:Rowettia
4210:Idiopsar
4189:Diglossa
4125:Dacninae
4058:Geospiza
3762:Oreopsar
3755:Nesopsar
3706:Euphagus
3657:Agelaius
3420:Spizella
3354:Oriturus
3340:Melozone
3187:Parkesia
2982:Emberiza
2725:Macronyx
2667:Euphonia
2551:Pyrrhula
2520:Pinicola
2506:Palmeria
2437:Linurgus
2371:Drepanis
2350:Ciridops
2254:Acanthis
2164:Viduidae
2133:Prunella
2071:Malimbus
1988:Petronia
1953:Gymnoris
1901:Poephila
1887:Neochmia
1866:Bathilda
1818:Lonchura
1749:Hypargos
1673:Estrilda
1618:Chloebia
1591:Amandava
1515:Chordata
1513:Phylum:
1509:Animalia
1361:archived
1305:84877861
1261:59361668
1204:25038547
1161:17876437
1081:Ethology
1060:archived
957:40033522
914:86341179
865:27394344
830:24583021
714:(1849).
647:(1648).
627:(1766).
477:Behavior
451:Linnaeus
441:Vieillot
381:jacarina
338:Taxonomy
276:Synonyms
258:Linnaeus
197:Family:
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
124:IUCN 3.1
38:male at
5163:blbgra1
5072:2491741
5046:blbgra1
5020:blbgra1
4979:Avibase
4872:Tangara
4837:Rauenia
4774:Dubusia
4711:Bangsia
4368:Nemosia
4245:Sicalis
4148:Tersina
4044:Coereba
3904:Leistes
3884:Icterus
3830:Cacicus
3692:Curaeus
3678:Anumara
3385:Peucaea
3270:Arremon
3201:Seiurus
3022:Icteria
2955:Piranga
2596:Serinus
2465:Magumma
2430:Linaria
2388:Eophona
2326:Chloris
2281:Akialoa
2092:Ploceus
1873:Emblema
1804:Euodice
1770:Pytilia
1701:Nigrita
1584:Amadina
1527:Passeri
1519:Class:
1231:The Auk
1212:5412283
1089:Bibcode
845:Zootaxa
810:Bibcode
505:Display
397:volatus
371:in his
354:of his
260:, 1766)
207:Genus:
187:Order:
177:Class:
122: (
65:Manduri
40:Manduri
5202:372252
5189:946790
5150:135452
5124:563697
5054:EURING
4141:Dacnis
4114:Tiaris
3399:Pipilo
2711:Anthus
2603:Spinus
2458:Loxops
2106:Quelea
2057:Foudia
1981:Passer
1388:
1338:
1303:
1295:
1259:
1251:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1159:
1151:
1107:
1037:
996:
955:
947:
912:
904:
863:
828:
776:
694:
589:
484:jweeee
428:Three
375:. The
220:, 1850
73:Brazil
48:Brazil
5176:78956
5106:IRMNG
5098:10288
5059:18050
5041:eBird
5033:5BP6K
5017:BOW:
5010:68857
4767:Diuca
4642:Lanio
3699:Dives
3326:Junco
2962:Spiza
2927:Habia
2444:Loxia
2180:Vidua
1832:Padda
1301:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1208:S2CID
953:S2CID
910:S2CID
587:S2CID
461:Peale
5145:NCBI
5132:IUCN
5119:ITIS
5067:GBIF
5005:BOLD
1521:Aves
1386:ISBN
1336:ISSN
1293:ISSN
1249:ISSN
1200:PMID
1192:ISSN
1157:PMID
1149:ISSN
1105:ISSN
1035:ISSN
994:ISSN
945:ISSN
902:ISSN
861:PMID
849:4088
826:PMID
774:ISBN
755:2020
692:ISBN
556:2021
539:2018
412:and
295:The
181:Aves
5080:IBC
5028:CoL
4966:ADW
1457:on
1448:at
1328:doi
1285:doi
1281:111
1239:doi
1235:118
1184:doi
1180:109
1139:doi
1097:doi
1085:116
1025:doi
984:doi
937:doi
892:doi
888:108
853:doi
818:doi
579:doi
543:doi
5234::
5212::
5199::
5186::
5173::
5160::
5147::
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5121::
5108::
5095::
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1359:,
1334:.
1324:79
1322:.
1299:.
1291:.
1279:.
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1233:.
1229:.
1206:.
1198:.
1190:.
1178:.
1155:.
1147:.
1135:67
1133:.
1129:.
1117:^
1103:.
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1058:,
1033:.
1021:28
1019:.
1015:.
992:.
980:20
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951:.
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908:.
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573:.
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418:.
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