259:
marketing, and communicate user benefits more effectively". On the technical side, Bluetooth 5 will quadruple the range by using increased transmit power or coded physical layer, double the speed by using optional half of the symbol time compared to
Bluetooth 4.x, and provide an eight-fold increase in data broadcasting capacity by increasing the advertising data length of low energy Bluetooth transmissions compared to Bluetooth 4.x, which could be important for
1175:
pattern. These 80 bits are not FEC encoded as usual but they are sent directly to the radio channel. It is followed by a header block ("FEC Block 1") which is always transmitted in S=8 mode. The header block only contains the destination address ("Access
Address" / 32 bit) and an encoding flag ("Coding Indicator" / 2 Bit). The Coding Indicator defines the Pattern Mapping used for the following payload block ("FEC Block 2") where S=2 is possible.
1179:
transmission power—is achieved at the expense of a lower data being at an eighth with 125 kbit. The old transmission packet format, as it continues to be used in the 1M PHY and 2M PHY modes, has been named "Uncoded" in
Bluetooth 5. The intermediate "LE Coded" S=2 mode allows for a 500 kbit data rate in the payload which is both beneficial for shorter latencies as well lower power consumption as the burst time itself is shorter.
161:
5881:
1085:
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888:
can be inferred for most parametrizations. While the discovery latencies of BLE can be approximated by models for purely periodic interval-based protocols, the random delay added to each advertising interval and the three-channel discovery can cause deviations from these predictions, or potentially lead to unbounded latencies for certain parametrizations.
1171:
for each input data bit. In mode S=8 there are eight symbols per data bit with a
Pattern Mapping P=4 producing contrasting symbol sequences – a 0 bit is encoded as binary 0011 and a 1 bit is encoded as binary 1100. In mode S=2 using P=1 the range doubles approximately, while in mode S=8 using P=4 it does quadruple.
1065:. The client may request a notification for a particular characteristic from the server. The server can then send the value to the client whenever it becomes available. For instance, a temperature sensor server may notify its client every time it takes a measurement. This avoids the need for the client to
1128:
reported that peripherals such as proximity beacons usually function for 1–2 years powered by a 1,000mAh coin cell battery. This is possible because of the power efficiency of
Bluetooth Low Energy protocol, which only transmits small packets as compared to Bluetooth Classic which is also suitable for
947:
A descriptor provides additional information about a characteristic. For instance, a temperature value characteristic may have an indication of its units (e.g. Celsius), and the maximum and minimum values which the sensor can measure. Descriptors are optional – each characteristic can have any number
896:
Bluetooth Low Energy has security instances such as the
Encrypted Advertising Data (EAD) feature allowing some or all of the application data payload that is transmitted in advertising packets, to be encrypted. A standard mechanism for the sharing of key material between a broadcasting device and the
887:
The discovery latency is therefore determined by a probabilistic process and depends on the three parameters (viz., the advertising interval, the scan interval and the scan window). The discovery scheme of BLE adopts a periodic-interval based technique, for which upper bounds on the discovery latency
883:
BLE devices are detected through a procedure based on broadcasting advertising packets. This is done using 3 separate channels (frequencies), in order to reduce interference. The advertising device sends a packet on at least one of these three channels, with a repetition period called the advertising
1157:
The traditional transmission of 1 Mbit in the
Bluetooth Basic Rate was renamed 1M PHY in Bluetooth 5. The new mode at a doubled symbol speed was introduced as the 2M PHY. In Bluetooth Low Energy every transmission starts on the 1M PHY leaving it to the application to initiate a switch to the 2M
267:
pairing, i.e. when they are not connected. For example, advertising packets allow a device to display to the user the name of another
Bluetooth device before pairing with it. Bluetooth 5 will increase the data length of this advertising packet. The length of this packet in Bluetooth 4.x was 31 bytes
1170:
Bluetooth 5 has introduced two new modes with lower data rate. The symbol rate of the new "Coded PHY" is the same as the Base Rate 1M PHY but in mode S=2 there are two symbols transmitted per data bit. In mode S=2 only a simple
Pattern Mapping P=1 is used which simply produces the same stuffing bit
258:
The
Bluetooth SIG officially unveiled Bluetooth 5 on 16 June 2016 during a media event in London. One change on the marketing side is that the point number was dropped, so it is now just called Bluetooth 5 (and not Bluetooth 5.0 or 5.0 LE like for Bluetooth 4.0). This decision was made to "simplify
311:
Bluetooth mesh profiles use Bluetooth Low Energy to communicate with other Bluetooth Low Energy devices in the network. Each device can pass the information forward to other Bluetooth Low Energy devices creating a "mesh" effect. For example, switching off an entire building of lights from a single
1178:
The new packet format of Bluetooth 5 allows transmitting from 2 up to 256 bytes as the payload in a single burst. This is a lot more than the maximum of 31 bytes in Bluetooth 4. Along with reach measurements this should allow for localisation functions. As a whole the quadrupled range—at the same
1174:
The "LE Coded" transmissions have not only changed the error correction scheme but it uses a fundamentally new packet format. Each "LE Coded" burst consists of three blocks. The switch block ("extended preamble") is transmitted on the LE 1M PHY but it only consists of 10 times a binary '00111100'
1149:
from about 1 MHz to about 2 MHz which makes for more interferences on the edge regions. The partitioning of the ISM frequency band has not changed being still 40 channels spaced at a distance of 2 MHz. This is an essential difference over Bluetooth 2 EDR which also doubled the
1132:
In contrast, a continuous scan for the same beacons in central role can consume 1,000 mAh in a few hours. Android and iOS devices also have very different battery impact depending on type of scans and the number of Bluetooth Low Energy devices in the vicinity. With newer chipsets and advances in
235:
determined various scenarios that contemporary wireless technologies did not address. The company began developing a wireless technology adapted from the Bluetooth standard which would provide lower power usage and cost while minimizing its differences from Bluetooth technology. The results were
247:
since its early stage, the technology was released to the public in October 2006 with the brand name Wibree. After negotiations with Bluetooth SIG members, an agreement was reached in June 2007 to include Wibree in a future Bluetooth specification as a Bluetooth ultra low power technology.
659:, similar to classic Bluetooth's Basic Rate scheme. The bit rate is 1 Mbit/s (with an option of 2 Mbit/s in Bluetooth 5), and the maximum transmit power is 10 mW (100 mW in Bluetooth 5). Further details are given in Volume 6 Part A (Physical Layer Specification) of the
884:
interval. For reducing the chance of multiple consecutive collisions, a random delay of up to 10 milliseconds is added to each advertising interval. The scanner listens to the channel for a duration called the scan window, which is periodically repeated every scan interval.
295:– specifications for how a device works in a particular application – for low energy devices. Manufacturers are expected to implement the appropriate specifications for their device in order to ensure compatibility. A device may contain implementations of multiple profiles.
1158:
PHY. In that case both sender and receiver will switch to the 2M PHY for transmissions. This is designed to facilitate firmware updates where the application can switch back to a traditional 1M PHY in case of errors. In reality the target device should be close to the
546:
In December 2020, the Bluetooth SIG released a draft specification for a wearable exposure notification service. This service allows exposure notification services on wearable devices to communicate with and be controlled by client devices such as smartphones.
516:
Announced in January 2020, LE Audio allows the protocol to carry sound and add features such as one set of headphones connecting to multiple audio sources or multiple headphones connecting to one source and also adds support for hearing aids. It introduces
2432:
As the MGMT interface is the only one to support the new Bluetooth Low Energy devices, BlueZ developers decided to drop support for the old interface once MGMT was completed. As a result, you need to be running Linux Kernel 3.4 or newer to use BlueZ
187:
With the May 2016 Bluetooth SIG branding information, the Bluetooth SIG began phasing out the Bluetooth Smart and Bluetooth Smart Ready logos and word marks and reverted to using the Bluetooth logo and word mark in a new blue colour.
298:
The majority of current low energy application profiles are based on the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT), a general specification for sending and receiving short pieces of data, known as attributes, over a low energy link. The
1814:
655:) as classic Bluetooth technology, but uses a different set of channels. Instead of the classic Bluetooth 79 1-MHz channels, Bluetooth Low Energy has 40 2-MHz channels. Within a channel, data is transmitted using
1293:
251:
The technology was marketed as Bluetooth Smart and integration into version 4.0 of the Core Specification was completed in early 2010. The first smartphone to implement the 4.0 specification was the
3763:
2699:
900:
All transmitted Bluetooth LE PDUs include a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) that is recalculated and checked by the receiving device for the possibility of the PDU having been changed in flight.
988:) for standard attributes. For efficiency, these identifiers are represented as 16-bit or 32-bit values in the protocol, rather than the 128 bits required for a full UUID. For example, the
472:
PXP – the proximity profile – allows a proximity monitor to detect whether a proximity reporter is within a close range. Physical proximity can be estimated using the radio receiver's
2673:
1870:
1822:
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had introduced Bluetooth Low Energy optimized chipsets by 2014. Devices with peripheral and central roles have different power requirements. A study by beacon software company
952:
Some service and characteristic values are used for administrative purposes – for instance, the model name and serial number can be read as standard characteristics within the
875:
More technical details may be obtained from official specification as published by the Bluetooth SIG. Note that power consumption is not part of the Bluetooth specification.
524:
Specifications on the implementation of Basic Audio Profile and Coordinated Set Identification was released in 2021, and the Common Audio Profile and Service in March 2022.
196:
The Bluetooth SIG identifies a number of markets for low-energy technology, particularly in the smart home, health, sport, and fitness sectors. Cited advantages include:
1712:
263:
applications where nodes are connected throughout a whole house. An 'advertising packet' in Bluetooth parlance is the information that is exchanged between two devices
2303:
1788:
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value, although this does not have absolute calibration of distances. Typically, an alarm may be sounded when the distance between the devices exceeds a set threshold.
1198:
2273:
1573:
866:
Mobile phones, gaming, headsets, stereo audio streaming, smart homes, wearables, automotive, PCs, security, proximity, healthcare, sports & fitness, etc.
486:
The phone alert status profile and alert notification profile allow a client device to receive notifications such as incoming call alerts from another device.
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5820:
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In 2011, the Bluetooth SIG announced the Bluetooth Smart logo so as to clarify compatibility between the new low energy devices and other Bluetooth devices.
1325:
3308:
1145:. Bluetooth LE has been traditionally transmitting 1 bit per symbol so that theoretically the data rate doubles as well. However, the new mode doubles the
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2703:
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8 and later (Windows 7 and earlier requires drivers from Bluetooth radio manufacturer supporting BLE stack as it has no built-in generic BLE drivers.)
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to counteract narrowband interference problems. Classic Bluetooth also uses frequency hopping but the details are different; as a result, while both
3503:
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and has no compatibility, but Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) and LE can coexist. The original specification was developed by
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5812:
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2748:
2445:
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offered by a Bluetooth Low Energy aware operating system will typically be based around GATT concepts. GATT has the following terminology:
1878:
1046:
Write operations always identify the characteristic by handle, but have a choice of whether or not a response from the server is required.
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2415:
1406:
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Mobile phones, gaming, smart homes, wearables, automotive, PCs, security, proximity, healthcare, sports & fitness, Industrial, etc.
1743:
5930:
5609:
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580:
Current mobile devices are commonly released with hardware and software support for both classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy.
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is similar to a notification, except that it requires a response from the client, as confirmation that it has received the message.
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224:
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52:
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over GATT Profile) allowing Bluetooth LE-enabled Wireless mice, keyboards and other devices offering long-lasting battery life.
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devices implement the appropriate specifications for their device to make use of proximity sensing capabilities supported by
327:) – for application layer definitions. Term "model" is used in mesh specifications instead of "profile" to avoid ambiguities.
450:"Electronic leash" applications are well suited to the long battery life possible for 'always-on' devices. Manufacturers of
2518:
1815:"Bluetooth® 5 Quadruples Range, Doubles Speed, Increases Data Broadcasting Capacity by 800% | Bluetooth Technology Website"
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The GATT protocol provides a number of commands for the client to discover information about the server. These include:
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1645:"BlueNRG-MS – Bluetooth Low Energy Network Processor supporting Bluetooth 4.1 core specification – STMicroelectronics"
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software, by 2014 both Android and iOS phones had negligible power consumption in real-life Bluetooth Low Energy use.
445:
60:
2281:
1096:
Bluetooth Low Energy is designed to enable devices to have very low power consumption. Several chipmakers including
937:
A collection of related characteristics, which operate together to perform a particular function. For instance, the
507:
The Battery Service exposes the Battery State and Battery Level of a single battery or set of batteries in a device.
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service. Services may also include other services as sub-functions; the main functions of the device are so-called
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observers that are intended to receive this data is also defined, so that the data may be decrypted when received.
604:
90:
67:, Bluetooth Low Energy is intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a
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Kindt, P. H.; Saur, M.; Balszun, M.; Chakraborty, S. (2017). "Neighbor Discovery Latency in BLE-Like Protocols".
2446:"Wireless Protocols – WiFi, Bluetooth, BT, BTLE, GPS, GPRS, 6loWPAN, Zigbee, RoweBots Bluetooth Stack – RoweBots"
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2118:
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919:
A device that initiates GATT commands and requests, and accepts responses, for example, a computer or smartphone.
635:
493:
information on a client device to be set from a server device, such as between a wristwatch and a mobile phone's
324:
317:
272:
255:, released in October 2011. A number of other manufacturers released Bluetooth Low Energy Ready devices in 2012.
82:
in 2006 under the name Wibree, which was integrated into Bluetooth 4.0 in December 2009 as Bluetooth Low Energy.
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service includes characteristics for a temperature measurement value, and a time interval between measurements.
779:
2066:"Bluetooth SIG Announces 'LE Audio' With Audio Sharing, Lower Data Consumption, Hearing Aid Support and More"
1049:'Long read' and 'Long write' operations can be used when the length of the characteristic's data exceeds the
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A device that receives GATT commands and requests, and returns responses, for example, a temperature sensor.
533:
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2013:
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service has the short code 0x180A, rather than 0000180A-0000-1000-... . The full list is kept in the
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The Bluetooth SIG released Mesh Profile and Mesh Model specifications officially on 18 July 2017.
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Bluetooth Smart indicates a low-energy–only device which requires either a Smart Ready or another
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scheme, Bluetooth Low Energy is classified as a system using digital modulation techniques or a
651:
Bluetooth Low Energy technology operates in the same spectrum range (the 2.400–2.4835 GHz
469:
FMP – the "find me" profile – allows one device to issue an alert on a second misplaced device.
172:
Bluetooth Smart Ready indicates a dual-mode device compatible with both classic and low energy
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1846:""Bluetooth 5" spec coming next week with 4x more range and 2x better speed [Updated]"
1789:"Bluetooth 5 Promises Four times the Range, Twice the Speed of Bluetooth 4.0 LE Transmissions"
1767:"iPhone 4S claims title of first Bluetooth 4.0 smartphone, ready to stream data from your cat"
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A data value transferred between client and server, for example, the current battery voltage.
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Adaptive frequency hopping, lazy acknowledgement, 24-bit CRC, 32-bit message integrity check
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2842:"Overview and evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: an emerging low-power wireless technology"
2563:
2526:
1744:"Bluetooth SIG unveils Smart Marks, explains v4.0 compatibility with unnecessary complexity"
1600:
1386:
1368:
1349:"Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology"
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1151:
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as its default codec. Compared with standard Bluetooth audio it offers longer battery life.
75:
56:
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1304:
STMicroelectronics went on to release a processor to support implementation of the standard
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the server, which would require the server's radio circuitry to be constantly operational.
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2700:"In terms of battery life, Android devices are more optimized for iBeacons than iPhones"
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on a 1 MHz channel while Bluetooth 5 continues to use just frequency shift keying.
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profile is an exception to this rule, being based on the General Access Profile (GAP).
300:
291:
Borrowing from the original Bluetooth specification, the Bluetooth SIG defines several
280:
211:
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610:
378:
351:
336:
There are many profiles for Bluetooth Low Energy devices in healthcare applications.
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98:
94:
2090:
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1939:
1871:"Bluetooth SIG Announces Mesh Networking Capability | Bluetooth Technology Website"
1450:
1259:
1117:
180:
2824:"Bluetooth 4.0 Core Specification" – GATT is described in full in Volume 3, Part G
2031:
1084:
133:(BR/EDR) protocol, but the two protocols can both be supported by one device: the
2651:
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4.3 and later. Android 6 or later requires location permission to connect to BLE.
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2652:"The Hitchhikers Guide to iBeacon Hardware: A Comprehensive Report by Aislelabs"
1604:
1213:
1142:
518:
459:
223:
201:
908:
All Bluetooth Low Energy devices use the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT). The
347:
HTP (Health Thermometer Profile) – for medical temperature measurement devices.
243:
and within the European project MIMOSA, and actively promoted and supported by
5791:
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455:
392:
275:
enables using Bluetooth Low Energy for many-to-many device communications for
173:
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118:
114:
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2993:
2764:"What is Bluetooth 5? Learn about the Bit Paths Behind the New BLE Standard"
1244:
1125:
1039:
A value may be read either by specifying the characteristic's UUID, or by a
490:
252:
134:
129:
Bluetooth Low Energy is distinct from the previous (often called "classic")
110:
64:
17:
2674:"How to find the best beacon hardware for everything from stores to cities"
972:
Services, characteristics, and descriptors are collectively referred to as
1988:"Inside iOS 7: iBeacons enhance apps' location awareness via Bluetooth LE"
137:
permits devices to implement either or both of the LE and BR/EDR systems.
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1477:"Bluetooth SIG Extends Bluetooth Brand, Introduces Bluetooth Smart Marks"
1233:
767:
727:
652:
569:
240:
141:
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uses, but the Bluetooth SIG have reserved a range of UUIDs (of the form
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1373:
731:
598:
451:
374:
144:
as classic Bluetooth, which allows dual-mode devices to share a single
2397:"BlackBerry Press Room – Official News, Events & Product Releases"
1043:
value (which is returned by the information discovery commands above).
5796:
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4104:
4099:
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3107:
2978:
2953:
1269:
1264:
373:
CSCP (Cycling Speed and Cadence Profile) – for sensors attached to a
564:
were announced by a number of manufacturers. These ICs commonly use
2558:
1193:
5781:
5718:
5026:
4505:
4360:
3895:
3758:
3598:
3142:
3137:
3082:
3066:
3043:
2898:
2855:
2840:
Gomez, Carles; Oller, Joaquim; Paradells, Josep (29 August 2012).
1347:
Gomez, Carles; Oller, Joaquim; Paradells, Josep (29 August 2012).
1203:
1141:
Bluetooth 5 has introduced a new transmission mode with a doubled
629:
616:
106:
102:
79:
3481:
340:
consortium promotes these in cooperation with the Bluetooth SIG.
5723:
3728:
3593:
3588:
2973:
1962:"Casio Bluetooth Low Energy Watch communicates with smartphones"
1913:
1596:
1595:. 2004 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference 19–22 September 2004.
1326:"Bluetooth Smart or Version 4.0+ of the Bluetooth specification"
1292:, and is the name of one of the projects funded by the European
1228:
1150:
data rate but was doing that by employing a π/4-DQPSK or 8-DPSK
1092:, as per The Hitchhikers Guide to iBeacon Hardware by Aislelabs.
1088:
Bluetooth Low Energy chipset power consumption when acting as a
675:
656:
473:
4827:
3485:
3159:
2902:
2726:"iBeacon Battery Drain on Apple vs Android: A Technical Report"
1644:
1294:
Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
55:(Bluetooth SIG) aimed at novel applications in the healthcare,
4969:
589:
568:
so updates to the specification can be accommodated through a
344:
BLP (Blood Pressure Profile) – for blood pressure measurement.
236:
published in 2004 using the name Bluetooth Low End Extension.
86:
2032:"The New Version of Bluetooth Is Here to Fix Your Headphones"
1622:
980:. Any implementer may pick a random or pseudorandom UUID for
200:
low power requirements, operating for "months or years" on a
2519:"PI-LatencyComp – Neighbor Discovery in BLE-Like protocols"
2327:"Windows Phone 8.1 for Developers–Introducing Bluetooth LE"
63:, security, and home entertainment industries. Compared to
1290:
Microsystems platform for mobile services and applications
722:
125 kbit/s, 500 kbit/s, 1 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s
534:
Digital contact tracing § Bluetooth proximity tracing
2500:"Bluetooth Low Energy Technology – Technical Information"
2350:"Windows.Devices.Bluetooth Namespace – UWP app developer"
960:
services, and the auxiliary functions they refer to are
1035:(from client to server) the values of characteristics:
366:
Profiles for sporting and fitness accessories include:
239:
After further development with partners, in particular
1591:
Honkanen, M.; Lappetelainen, A.; Kivekas, K. (2004).
391:
HRP (Heart Rate Profile) – for devices which measure
2749:"Bluetooth 5: More speeds, more range, new RF tests"
2379:"Bluetooth low energy overview – Android Developers"
1693:(Press release). Nokia. 12 June 2007. Archived from
1023:
Read all descriptors for a particular characteristic
804:
Minimum total time to send data (det. battery life)
5805:
5742:
5664:
5628:
5585:
5526:
5460:
5169:
4861:
4752:
4716:
4614:
4354:
4054:
3936:
3831:
3822:
3519:
3401:
3317:
3273:
3235:
3194:
3075:
3057:
3029:
2936:
2488:
Bluetooth 5 & BLE: Achieving maximum throughput
1719:. Reed Business Information Limited. Archived from
1537:"Brand Your Product – Bluetooth Technology Website"
1014:
Find secondary services for a given primary service
2367:Bluetooth Low Energy on Windows 7?: Stackoverflow
2531:10.24433/co.fec70c60-c265-4eea-9e37-8f7222ec5c92
1017:Discover all characteristics for a given service
2816:"Specifications – Bluetooth Technology Website"
2798:"Bluetooth 5 variations complicate PHY testing"
2113:
2111:
1932:"Smart Building – Bluetooth Technology Website"
2091:"Hearing Aid Audio Support Using Bluetooth LE"
1199:Bluetooth Low Energy denial of service attacks
759:56/128-bit and application layer user defined
4839:
3497:
3171:
2914:
8:
2196:"Coordinated Set Identification Service 1.0"
2170:"Coordinated Set Identification Profile 1.0"
560:Starting in late 2009, Bluetooth Low Energy
5854:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2779:"Exploring Bluetooth 5 -Going the Distance"
5890:
4846:
4832:
4824:
3828:
3504:
3490:
3482:
3178:
3164:
3156:
2921:
2907:
2899:
1031:(data transfer from server to client) and
1020:Find characteristics matching a given UUID
793:Wake latency (from a non-connected state)
2889:
2871:
2557:
2476:"Bluetooth Low Energy Regulatory Aspects"
1390:
1372:
847:0.01–0.50 W (depending on use case)
489:The time profile allows current time and
357:CGMP (Continuous Glucose Monitor Profile)
214:of mobile phones, tablets, and computers.
121:, natively support Bluetooth Low Energy.
27:Wireless personal area network technology
2702:. GigaOM. 14 August 2014. Archived from
2676:. GigaOM. 4 October 2014. Archived from
1688:"Wibree forum merges with Bluetooth SIG"
1083:
688:
400:RSCP (Running Speed and Cadence Profile)
222:
164:The previously used Bluetooth Smart logo
159:
51:technology designed and marketed by the
2601:"The Bluetooth LE Security Study Guide"
1317:
1281:
1008:Discover UUIDs for all primary services
465:Relevant application profiles include:
131:Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate
1576:. The Future of Things. Archived from
751:Not defined; implementation dependent
2595:
2593:
2546:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
1765:O'Brien, Terrence (12 October 2011).
1574:"Nokia's Wibree and the Wireless Zoo"
1451:"Is Wibree going to rival Bluetooth?"
397:LNP (Location and Navigation Profile)
7:
5900:
3207:Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
2777:Woolley, Martin (13 February 2017).
2414:Gustavo Padovan (22 February 2013).
1621:. MIMOSA FP6 project. Archived from
986:xxxxxxxx-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB
678:classify Bluetooth technology as an
538:Contact tracing § Mobile phones
68:
1844:Cunningham, Andrew (10 June 2016).
1666:"Bluetooth rival unveiled by Nokia"
770:and application layer user defined
657:Gaussian frequency shift modulation
418:ESP (Environmental Sensing Profile)
140:Bluetooth Low Energy uses the same
85:Mobile operating systems including
1742:Pollicino, Joe (25 October 2011).
1711:Reynolds, Melanie (12 June 2007).
25:
3252:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
2796:Dorine Gurney (29 January 2018).
2747:Allen Henley (21 November 2017).
2474:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
1572:Genuth, Iddo (16 November 2006).
1483:. 24 October 2011. Archived from
910:application programming interface
778:Adaptive fast frequency hopping,
661:Bluetooth Core Specification V4.0
5899:
5889:
5880:
5879:
5868:
5489:Free-space optical communication
2640:Bluetooth 4.0 Core Specification
1433:"bluetooth.com: Bluetooth Smart"
1011:Find a service with a given UUID
528:Contact tracing and notification
53:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
3246:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
2502:. Bluetooth SIG. Archived from
2064:Clover, Juli (6 January 2020).
2014:"Find Me Profile specification"
1593:Low end extension for Bluetooth
1129:audio and high bandwidth data.
684:direct-sequence spread spectrum
5956:Wireless communication systems
5941:Radio-frequency identification
1713:"Wibree becomes ULP Bluetooth"
1555:"Bluetooth Technology Website"
1027:Commands are also provided to
370:BCS (Body Composition Service)
142:2.4 GHz radio frequencies
49:wireless personal area network
1:
2605:Bluetooth® Technology Website
2252:Bluetooth® Technology Website
2226:Bluetooth® Technology Website
2200:Bluetooth® Technology Website
2174:Bluetooth® Technology Website
2148:Bluetooth® Technology Website
2123:Bluetooth® Technology Website
320:) – for base mesh networking.
74:It is independent of classic
5875:Telecommunication portal
5656:Telecommunications equipment
3440:Low probability of intercept
3409:PN (pseudorandom noise) code
3264:Time-hopping spread spectrum
2783:Bluetooth Technology Website
2416:"The big changes of BlueZ 5"
2278:Bluetooth Technology Website
1914:"Bluetooth Mesh and the IOT"
709:<100 m (<330 ft)
350:GLP (Glucose Profile) – for
338:The Continua Health Alliance
5392:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2728:. Aislelabs. 14 August 2014
2654:. Aislelabs. 3 October 2014
2095:Android Open Source Project
1605:10.1109/RAWCON.2004.1389107
1507:"Bluetooth Smart Marks FAQ"
446:Bluetooth Low Energy beacon
388:CPP (Cycling Power Profile)
362:Sports and fitness profiles
227:The now-defunct Wibree logo
210:compatibility with a large
135:Bluetooth 4.0 specification
69:similar communication range
5977:
5096:Telecommunications history
4808:IEEE Standards Association
2517:Kindt, Philipp H. (2017).
2248:"Common Audio Service 1.0"
2222:"Common Audio Profile 1.0"
1668:. BBC News. 4 October 2006
994:Bluetooth Assigned Numbers
844:1 W as the reference
666:Bluetooth Low Energy uses
531:
443:
403:WSP (Weight Scale Profile)
268:(for broadcast topology).
5931:Indoor positioning system
5863:
5704:Public Switched Telephone
5516:telecommunication circuit
5477:Fiber-optic communication
5222:Francis Blake (telephone)
5017:Optical telecommunication
4798:
3448:
3189:in digital communications
2144:"Basic Audio Profile 1.0"
1223:Indoor positioning system
879:Advertising and discovery
852:Peak current consumption
706:100 m (330 ft)
695:Basic/Enhanced Data Rate
5615:Orbital angular-momentum
5052:Satellite communications
4891:Communications satellite
3466:Statistical multiplexing
2835:Bluetooth radio versions
2625:See for example Apple's
2568:10.1109/tmc.2017.2737008
1966:M2M / IoT hints and tips
481:Alerts and time profiles
283:and other applications.
231:In 2001, researchers at
207:small size and low cost.
5494:Molecular communication
5317:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5146:Undersea telegraph line
4881:Cable protection system
4813:Category:IEEE standards
1098:Cambridge Silicon Radio
421:UDS (User Data Service)
43:, formerly marketed as
5636:Communication protocol
5422:Charles Sumner Tainter
5237:Walter Houser Brattain
5182:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4990:Information revolution
3424:Power spectral density
1901:Adopted specifications
1619:"Mimosa WebSite: Home"
1093:
796:Typically 100 ms
740:0.27–1.37 Mbit/s
728:Application throughput
715:Over the air data rate
619:3.4 and later through
228:
165:
5610:Polarization-division
5342:Narinder Singh Kapany
5307:Erna Schneider Hoover
5227:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5207:Alexander Graham Bell
4938:online video platform
3456:Digital communication
3318:Major implementations
3258:Chirp spread spectrum
2638:See sec 2.5.1 of the
2325:Brynte (4 May 2014).
1717:ElectronicsWeekly.com
1114:Cypress Semiconductor
1087:
1057:Finally, GATT offers
542:Exposure Notification
226:
183:in order to function.
163:
148:, but uses a simpler
5951:Ubiquitous computing
5452:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5412:Almon Brown Strowger
5382:Charles Grafton Page
5037:Prepaid mobile phone
4965:Electrical telegraph
2706:on 19 September 2018
2506:on 14 February 2014.
2456:on 30 September 2015
2422:on 23 September 2017
2401:press.blackberry.com
1599:. pp. 199–202.
1106:Nordic Semiconductor
1102:Dialog Semiconductor
976:, and identified by
332:Health care profiles
33:Bluetooth Low Energy
5402:Johann Philipp Reis
5161:Wireless revolution
5123:The Telephone Cases
4980:Hydraulic telegraph
3076:Long range wireless
2864:2012Senso..1211734G
2150:. 20 September 2021
1881:on 8 September 2017
1723:on 7 September 2008
1580:on 8 November 2012.
1365:2012Senso..1211734G
1162:(at a few meters).
1160:programming station
703:Nominal max. range
562:integrated circuits
408:Internet connection
5600:Frequency-division
5577:Telephone exchange
5447:Charles Wheatstone
5377:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5352:Innocenzo Manzetti
5287:Reginald Fessenden
5022:Optical telegraphy
4855:Telecommunications
2873:10.3390/s120911734
2383:Android Developers
2354:msdn.microsoft.com
2284:on 25 January 2021
1942:on 10 January 2018
1825:on 9 December 2018
1487:on 3 February 2015
1413:on 24 October 2014
1374:10.3390/s120911734
1359:(9): 11734–11753.
1288:MIMOSA stands for
1218:IEEE 802.15.4-2006
1110:STMicroelectronics
1094:
1053:of the radio link.
990:Device Information
939:Health Thermometer
863:Primary use cases
841:Power consumption
273:Mesh specification
245:STMicroelectronics
229:
166:
5961:Wireless locating
5913:
5912:
5651:Store and forward
5646:Data transmission
5560:Network switching
5511:Transmission line
5357:Guglielmo Marconi
5322:Internet pioneers
5187:Mohamed M. Atalla
5156:Whistled language
4821:
4820:
4712:
4711:
3479:
3478:
3153:
3152:
2607:. 25 October 2019
2348:wdg-dev-content.
1479:(Press release).
1457:. 1 December 2006
1336:on 10 March 2017.
1122:Texas Instruments
996:document online.
873:
872:
826:Network topology
668:frequency hopping
642:Technical details
595:Windows Phone 8.1
584:Operating systems
440:Proximity sensing
65:Classic Bluetooth
16:(Redirected from
5968:
5903:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5744:Notable networks
5734:Wireless network
5674:Cellular network
5666:Types of network
5641:Computer network
5528:Network topology
5442:Thomas A. Watson
5297:Oliver Heaviside
5282:Philo Farnsworth
5257:Daniel Davis Jr.
5232:Charles Bourseul
5192:John Logie Baird
4901:Data compression
4896:Computer network
4848:
4841:
4834:
4825:
3829:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3483:
3419:Near–far problem
3236:Spread spectrum
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2875:
2823:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2452:. Archived from
2442:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2418:. Archived from
2411:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:. Archived from
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1938:. Archived from
1928:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1877:. Archived from
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:. Archived from
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1793:cnx-software.com
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1700:on 16 June 2007.
1699:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1625:on 4 August 2016
1615:
1609:
1608:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1513:. Archived from
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1376:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1332:. Archived from
1322:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1250:WiMedia Alliance
1152:phase modulation
716:
689:
426:HID connectivity
385:and wheel speed.
21:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5869:
5867:
5859:
5801:
5738:
5660:
5624:
5581:
5530:
5522:
5463:
5456:
5362:Robert Metcalfe
5217:Tim Berners-Lee
5165:
4985:Information Age
4857:
4852:
4822:
4817:
4794:
4748:
4708:
4610:
4358:
4350:
4058:
4050:
3932:
3818:
3515:
3510:
3480:
3475:
3444:
3397:
3351:Cordless phones
3313:
3269:
3231:
3202:Spread spectrum
3190:
3187:Spread spectrum
3184:
3154:
3149:
3071:
3053:
3025:
2932:
2930:Internet access
2927:
2858:: 11734–11753.
2839:
2831:
2814:
2811:
2809:Further reading
2806:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2552:(99): 617–631.
2543:
2542:
2538:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2274:"ENS Wearables"
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2254:. 23 March 2022
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2228:. 23 March 2022
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2202:. 30 March 2021
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2176:. 30 March 2021
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1517:on 24 July 2015
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1185:
1168:
1139:
1082:
1002:
1000:GATT operations
970:
948:of descriptors.
906:
894:
881:
858:<15 mA
855:<30 mA
737:0.7–2.1 Mbit/s
714:
649:
647:Radio interface
644:
586:
578:
558:
553:
544:
532:Main articles:
530:
514:
504:
483:
448:
442:
428:
415:
413:Generic sensors
410:
364:
334:
309:
289:
281:sensor networks
277:home automation
221:
194:
158:
127:
45:Bluetooth Smart
39:, colloquially
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5974:
5972:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5936:Open standards
5933:
5928:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5877:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5595:Space-division
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5432:Camille Tissot
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:Claude Shannon
5404:
5399:
5397:Tivadar Puskás
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Antonio Meucci
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5337:Charles K. Kao
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Harold Hopkins
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5212:Emile Berliner
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Videotelephony
5148:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5047:Radiotelephone
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4933:Internet video
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4499:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:IEEE standards
3511:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3402:Major concepts
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3222:Commercial use
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2837:
2830:
2829:External links
2827:
2826:
2825:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:. EDN Network.
2788:
2769:
2754:
2751:. EDN Network.
2739:
2717:
2691:
2680:on 3 July 2020
2665:
2643:
2631:
2627:Core Bluetooth
2618:
2589:
2536:
2509:
2491:
2480:
2467:
2437:
2406:
2388:
2370:
2359:
2340:
2317:
2295:
2265:
2239:
2213:
2187:
2161:
2135:
2107:
2082:
2056:
2023:
2005:
1994:. 19 June 2013
1979:
1968:. 7 March 2011
1953:
1923:
1904:
1899:Bluetooth SIG
1892:
1862:
1836:
1806:
1795:. 10 June 2016
1780:
1757:
1734:
1703:
1679:
1657:
1636:
1610:
1583:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1498:
1468:
1442:
1424:
1398:
1339:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1239:Ultra-wideband
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1167:
1164:
1138:
1135:
1081:
1080:Battery impact
1078:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1001:
998:
969:
966:
954:Generic Access
950:
949:
945:
942:
935:
932:
929:
928:Characteristic
926:
923:
920:
917:
905:
904:Software model
902:
893:
890:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
832:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
815:Voice capable
812:
811:
808:
807:0.625 ms
805:
801:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
776:
772:
771:
760:
757:
753:
752:
749:
746:
745:Active slaves
742:
741:
738:
735:
724:
723:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
693:
692:Specification
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
633:
627:
624:
614:
608:
602:
596:
593:
585:
582:
577:
574:
566:software radio
557:
554:
552:
551:Implementation
549:
529:
526:
513:
510:
509:
508:
503:
500:
499:
498:
487:
482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
444:Main article:
441:
438:
437:
436:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
389:
386:
371:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
348:
345:
333:
330:
329:
328:
321:
308:
305:
301:Bluetooth mesh
288:
285:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:installed base
208:
205:
193:
190:
185:
184:
177:
157:
154:
126:
123:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5973:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5906:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5855:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5620:Code-division
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Time-division
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:and switching
5529:
5525:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5482:optical fiber
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Coaxial cable
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Radia Perlman
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:Lee de Forest
5275:
5273:
5272:Thomas Edison
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5262:Donald Davies
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:Claude Chappe
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Smoke signals
5089:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:Semiconductor
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:Digital media
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
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4019:
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4009:
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3999:
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3897:
3896:WiMAX · d · e
3894:
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3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Rake receiver
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:(aka IS-2000)
3380:
3377:
3375:(aka cdmaOne)
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3352:
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3347:
3344:
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3329:
3326:
3325:Space Network
3323:
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3307:
3305:
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3300:
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3200:
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3195:Main articles
3193:
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3141:
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2833:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2820:bluetooth.org
2817:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:Mark Hughes.
2758:
2755:
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2727:
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2240:
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2201:
2197:
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2188:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2070:macrumors.com
2067:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2018:bluetooth.org
2015:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1936:bluetooth.com
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1918:bluetooth.com
1915:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1875:bluetooth.com
1872:
1866:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1819:bluetooth.com
1816:
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1598:
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1579:
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1568:
1565:
1560:
1559:bluetooth.com
1556:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1541:bluetooth.com
1538:
1532:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1511:Bluetooth SIG
1508:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1481:Bluetooth SIG
1478:
1472:
1469:
1456:
1455:HowStuffWorks
1452:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1437:bluetooth.com
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
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1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1330:bluetooth.com
1327:
1321:
1318:
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1215:
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1197:
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1187:
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1165:
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1161:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1134:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:notifications
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
913:
911:
903:
901:
898:
891:
889:
885:
878:
876:
868:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
774:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
733:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
691:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
646:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
626:Unison OS 5.2
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
611:BlackBerry OS
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
555:
550:
548:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
522:
520:
511:
506:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
461:
457:
453:
447:
439:
434:
430:
429:
425:
420:
417:
416:
412:
407:
402:
399:
396:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:exercise bike
376:
372:
369:
368:
367:
361:
356:
353:
352:blood glucose
349:
346:
343:
342:
341:
339:
331:
326:
322:
319:
315:
314:
313:
307:Mesh profiles
306:
304:
302:
296:
294:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
256:
254:
249:
246:
242:
237:
234:
225:
218:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
198:
197:
192:Target market
191:
189:
182:
178:
175:
171:
170:
169:
162:
155:
153:
151:
147:
146:radio antenna
143:
138:
136:
132:
125:Compatibility
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:, as well as
100:
96:
95:Windows Phone
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
5587:Multiplexing
5462:Transmission
5427:Nikola Tesla
5417:Henry Sutton
5372:Samuel Morse
5302:Robert Hooke
5267:Amos Dolbear
5202:John Bardeen
5121:
5101:Telautograph
5005:Mobile phone
4960:Edholm's law
4943:social media
4876:Broadcasting
4802:
4598:
4574:
4540:
4489:
4434:
4198:
4171:
4144:
3430:Process gain
3275:
3237:
3059:Wireless LAN
3049:Wireless USB
3031:Wireless PAN
2851:
2845:
2819:
2791:
2782:
2772:
2757:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2646:
2639:
2634:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2604:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2522:
2512:
2504:the original
2494:
2483:
2478:, April 2011
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2450:rowebots.com
2449:
2440:
2431:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:the original
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2329:. MSDN Blogs
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2173:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2128:21 September
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:AppleInsider
1991:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1935:
1926:
1917:
1907:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1850:Ars Technica
1849:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1818:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1716:
1706:
1695:the original
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1613:
1592:
1586:
1578:the original
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1401:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1334:the original
1329:
1320:
1300:
1289:
1284:
1260:Wireless USB
1177:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1140:
1131:
1118:Silicon Labs
1095:
1089:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1003:
989:
985:
973:
971:
961:
957:
953:
951:
938:
907:
899:
895:
886:
882:
874:
782:, fast
665:
650:
579:
559:
545:
523:
515:
495:network time
464:
449:
365:
335:
318:Mesh Profile
312:smartphone.
310:
297:
290:
287:Applications
270:
264:
257:
250:
238:
230:
195:
186:
181:Smart device
167:
139:
128:
84:
73:
44:
40:
37:Bluetooth LE
36:
32:
31:
29:
18:Bluetooth LE
5787:NPL network
5499:Radio waves
5437:Alfred Vail
5347:Hedy Lamarr
5332:Dawon Kahng
5292:Elisha Gray
5252:Yogen Dalal
5177:Nasir Ahmed
5111:Teleprinter
4975:Heliographs
4375:legacy mode
3217:Hedy Lamarr
2611:18 December
1912:bluetooth.
1855:25 February
1727:9 September
1417:21 November
1214:IEEE 802.15
1143:symbol rate
1063:indications
982:proprietary
968:Identifiers
775:Robustness
719:1–3 Mbit/s
698:Low Energy
592:5 and later
460:iOS devices
381:to measure
325:Mesh models
202:button cell
174:peripherals
5920:Categories
5833:Antarctica
5792:Toasternet
5714:Television
5197:Paul Baran
5129:Television
5113:(teletype)
5106:Telegraphy
5084:transistor
5062:Phryctoria
5032:Photophone
5010:Smartphone
5000:Mass media
4753:Superseded
3824:802 series
3461:Modulation
3123:Muni Wi-Fi
3014:Power-line
2684:11 October
2559:1509.04366
2288:20 January
2119:"LE Audio"
2100:3 February
2075:3 February
2049:3 February
1998:8 November
1972:8 November
1829:8 November
1799:8 November
1773:9 February
1769:. Engadget
1746:. Engadget
1521:31 January
1491:31 January
1312:References
1255:WirelessHD
1074:indication
974:attributes
964:services.
944:Descriptor
835:Scatternet
830:Scatternet
810:3 ms
799:6 ms
393:heart rate
150:modulation
119:Windows 11
115:Windows 10
99:BlackBerry
5926:Bluetooth
5817:Americas
5806:Locations
5777:Internet2
5538:Bandwidth
5242:Vint Cerf
5139:streaming
5117:Telephone
5057:Semaphore
4948:streaming
4628:Bluetooth
3346:Bluetooth
3128:Satellite
3039:Bluetooth
3019:Broadband
2994:IEEE 1901
2882:1424-8220
2732:18 August
2710:7 October
2658:7 October
2629:framework
2576:1536-1233
2523:CodeOcean
2304:"iOS 5.0"
2044:1059-1028
1650:18 August
1629:18 August
1407:"beacons"
1383:1424-8220
1245:UWB Forum
1209:Eddystone
1147:bandwidth
1126:Aislelabs
962:secondary
756:Security
636:Zephyr OS
572:upgrade.
491:time zone
354:monitors.
253:iPhone 4S
111:Windows 8
76:Bluetooth
5946:Tracking
5885:Category
5772:Internet
5762:CYCLADES
5679:Ethernet
5629:Concepts
5553:terminal
5504:wireless
5327:Bob Kahn
5170:Pioneers
4995:Internet
4886:Cable TV
4803:See also
4760:754-1985
4717:Proposed
4061:Ethernet
3547:Revision
3471:Waveform
3452:See also
3388:Qualcomm
3379:CDMA2000
3362:Cellular
3294:TD-SCDMA
3133:UMTS-TDD
2984:HomePlug
2964:Ethernet
2258:28 April
2232:28 April
2206:28 April
2180:28 April
2154:28 April
1946:28 April
1750:17 April
1672:27 April
1461:10 April
1234:MyriaNed
1183:See also
1166:LE Coded
892:Security
768:CCM mode
762:128-bit
653:ISM band
576:Hardware
570:firmware
293:profiles
241:Logitech
156:Branding
152:system.
5905:Commons
5895:Outline
5848:Oceania
5767:FidoNet
5752:ARPANET
5565:circuit
5134:digital
4863:History
4744:P1906.1
4605:Wi-Fi 8
4581:Wi-Fi 7
4547:Wi-Fi 6
4496:Wi-Fi 5
4441:Wi-Fi 4
3520:Current
3393:Verizon
3341:GLONASS
3336:Galileo
3309:MC-CDMA
3304:FH-CDMA
3299:DS-CDMA
3289:TD-CDMA
3276:schemes
3238:methods
3227:More...
3213:History
2989:HomePNA
2949:Dial-up
2891:3478807
2860:Bibcode
2847:Sensors
2584:1954578
2460:11 June
2306:. Apple
1885:20 July
1392:3478807
1361:Bibcode
1353:Sensors
958:primary
934:Service
732:goodput
605:Android
599:Windows
502:Battery
452:iBeacon
383:cadence
375:bicycle
219:History
91:Android
61:beacons
57:fitness
47:) is a
5843:Europe
5813:Africa
5797:Usenet
5757:BITNET
5694:Mobile
5570:packet
5079:MOSFET
5074:device
4871:Beacon
4648:Zigbee
4616:802.15
4356:802.11
3594:1149.1
3369:Mobile
3327:(NASA)
3284:W-CDMA
3266:(THSS)
3254:(FHSS)
3248:(DSSS)
3108:iBurst
2979:Nessum
2954:DOCSIS
2888:
2880:
2582:
2574:
2426:2 June
2333:18 May
2310:2 June
2042:
1389:
1381:
1270:Z-Wave
1265:Zigbee
1137:2M PHY
1090:beacon
1041:handle
922:Server
916:Client
730:, or '
540:, and
431:HOGP (
323:MMDL (
316:MESH (
265:before
5826:South
5821:North
5782:JANET
5719:Telex
5709:Radio
5548:Nodes
5543:Links
5464:media
5042:Radio
5027:Pager
4955:Drums
4921:video
4916:image
4906:audio
4739:P1823
4734:P1699
4729:P1619
4724:P1363
4506:WiGig
4370:-1997
4361:Wi-Fi
4070:-1983
4056:802.3
3938:802.1
3814:42010
3809:29148
3804:16326
3799:16085
3794:14764
3789:12207
3784:11073
3426:(PSD)
3373:IS-95
3367:EV-DO
3274:CDMA
3260:(CSS)
3143:WiBro
3138:WiMAX
3083:5G NR
3067:Wi-Fi
3044:Li-Fi
2944:Cable
2937:Wired
2856:Basel
2854:(9).
2580:S2CID
2554:arXiv
2036:Wired
1698:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1276:Notes
1241:(UWB)
1225:(IPS)
1204:DASH7
1033:write
978:UUIDs
632:10.10
630:macOS
621:BlueZ
617:Linux
512:Audio
456:Apple
233:Nokia
107:Linux
103:macOS
80:Nokia
5838:Asia
5724:UUCP
5684:ISDN
4790:1471
4785:1364
4780:1362
4775:1233
4770:1219
4040:LACP
3779:2050
3774:2030
3769:1905
3764:1904
3759:1902
3754:1901
3749:1900
3744:1855
3739:1850
3734:1849
3729:1815
3724:1801
3719:1800
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3709:1722
3704:1685
3699:1675
3694:1667
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3669:1596
3664:1588
3659:1584
3654:1547
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3644:1516
3639:1497
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3624:1355
3619:1284
3614:1278
3609:1275
3604:1164
3599:1154
3589:1076
3584:1016
3579:1014
3574:1003
3414:Chip
3384:Also
3355:DECT
3118:MMDS
3103:HSPA
3098:GPRS
3093:EVDO
3088:DECT
3004:MoCA
2999:ISDN
2974:G.hn
2969:FTTx
2878:ISSN
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2712:2014
2686:2014
2660:2014
2613:2023
2572:ISSN
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2260:2022
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2208:2022
2182:2022
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2000:2017
1974:2017
1948:2018
1887:2017
1857:2021
1831:2017
1801:2017
1775:2014
1752:2018
1729:2008
1674:2018
1652:2016
1631:2016
1597:IEEE
1523:2016
1493:2016
1463:2020
1419:2014
1379:ISSN
1229:LoRa
1194:ANT+
1120:and
1067:poll
1061:and
1029:read
818:Yes
680:FHSS
676:ETSI
674:and
556:Chip
474:RSSI
117:and
97:and
5729:WAN
5699:NGN
5689:LAN
4970:Fax
4911:DCT
4765:830
4689:.4z
4684:.4g
4679:.4f
4674:.4e
4669:.4d
4664:.4c
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3981:Qbb
3976:Qaz
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3569:896
3564:829
3559:828
3554:854
3542:754
3537:730
3532:693
3527:488
3331:GPS
3113:LTE
3009:PON
2959:DSL
2886:PMC
2868:doi
2564:doi
2527:doi
1601:doi
1387:PMC
1369:doi
1189:ANT
1072:An
1051:MTU
821:No
784:ACK
780:FEC
766:in
764:AES
672:FCC
623:5.0
590:iOS
519:LC3
458:'s
433:HID
377:or
261:IoT
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4699:.6
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4644:.4
4639:.3
4634:.2
4624:.1
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4502:ad
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4321:cz
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