30:
486:
443:
377:
1214:
221:
2515:
200:
357:
2078:
2527:
290:
496:
The rock layers in Malta are relatively flat-lying, with the exception of zones where the rock has been folded close to faults. The faults have two main orientations, with the largest faults being northwest-southeast trending, parallel to the line of islands, although these faults are only locally
433:
age (~10–7 million years old). Yellow-green in colour, it takes on an orange tint when it comes into contact with the air. It is generally very thin, a few tens of centimetres in most areas, with a maximum thickness of 11 m. It is friable and therefore unsuitable for building purposes. Its
404:
in age (~15–10 million years old) measuring up to 65 m thick. It shows major thickness variations and is missing completely from most of the eastern parts of the islands. It was deposited in a deepwater environment. It forms an impermeable layer beneath the
Greensand and Upper Coralline
332:
Since prehistoric times, this limestone has constituted the majority of building material used in Malta. Exposed to the air, the stone takes on a rosy colour, which browns with the formation of a protective patina. Lesser quality rocks can erode easily however, and can show
329:
that give it its name. It is divided into three members, the lower, middle and upper, with the boundaries between them being hardgrounds, representing the effects of further seabed exposure.
497:
exposed, and a second set that are WSW-ENE trending, with generally small displacements that dominate the topography of the islands. The largest of the second set are the
2181:
256:
age (~28–23 million years old) with a maximum thickness of 162 m. The unit is exposed on the lower parts of cliffs in the south-west of the archipelago such as at
2186:
477:. The Coralline Limestone is a hard, pale-grey limestone. It was used frequently in constructions requiring great strength, and in fortifications in particular.
2235:
504:
Overall, the islands of the archipelago are tilted towards the northeast, with cliffs on the southwest coast and descending gradients towards the northeast.
855:
346:
1708:
405:
Limestone formations. It is most visible in the northwest of Malta and the northeast of Gozo. It allows the capture of rainfall and the creation of
2159:
1881:
2452:
176:, which has contributed to the construction of the ancient buildings of the island. These rocks come from marine deposits (essentially from
338:
29:
2213:
2060:
1412:
815:
915:
765:
736:
268:. This is a hard limestone which is pale grey in colour, and comparable to the Upper Coralline Limestone. At the top of this unit a
2228:
1962:
2478:
2193:
1894:
1753:
848:
2023:
2291:
350:
276:, a spectacular coastal rock arch, popular with tourists and film-makers, was composed, prior to its final collapse in 2017.
2055:
1505:
1284:
1156:
935:
1813:
1455:
1440:
974:
945:
756:
Courtin, Jean (1995). "Malte préhistorique, une île de Pâques méditerranéenne?". In
Villain-Gandossi, Christiane (ed.).
2286:
2123:
1915:
1910:
1166:
579:
501:
Fault on northern Malta and the Qala Fault on southern Gozo. The fault is around 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) long.
272:
is generally developed indicating a period during which the seafloor was exposed. It is this formation of which the
2505:
2176:
2013:
1874:
1201:
1069:
1064:
841:
76:
is situated on the mainly shallow water continental platform between Sicily and North Africa that lies beneath the
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2432:
2310:
2118:
2045:
1935:
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2128:
2018:
1974:
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1535:
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1029:
776:
2223:
2203:
2108:
2098:
1996:
1823:
1392:
529:
434:
permeable nature and its position immediately above the Blue Clay allow for the infiltration of rainwater.
409:. Water is extracted through wells or escapes through occasional springs when the topsoil has been eroded.
1397:
1329:
1141:
125:
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2332:
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2154:
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2006:
1984:
1957:
1867:
1565:
1111:
1059:
1039:
1014:
900:
485:
153:
117:
2028:
442:
2342:
2276:
2198:
2001:
1666:
1661:
1324:
1181:
1079:
1034:
334:
294:
269:
193:
465:
age (~7–5 million years old) and is around 140 m thick. It is mainly present on the islands of
316:
age (~23–14 million years old), ranging in thickness from 23 m to 207 m. It contains many
2437:
2337:
2208:
1808:
1763:
1738:
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681:
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137:
85:
73:
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663:
513:
227:
at the top of the Lower
Coralline Limestone Formation with limestone clasts and fossils of the
2357:
2281:
2142:
1991:
1969:
1793:
1646:
1450:
1196:
1146:
1136:
1116:
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1054:
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811:
761:
517:
57:
45:
1681:
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2417:
2380:
2367:
2249:
2103:
1952:
1925:
1902:
1828:
1676:
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1490:
1339:
1314:
1309:
1289:
1279:
1254:
1222:
1176:
1131:
1004:
655:
537:
454:
418:
389:
376:
301:
245:
232:
149:
1803:
2400:
2385:
2271:
1979:
1947:
1703:
1598:
1545:
1510:
1475:
1334:
1319:
1304:
1274:
1239:
1213:
798:
643:
525:
220:
2519:
2487:
2447:
2427:
2352:
2067:
1930:
1758:
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1733:
1603:
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1515:
1430:
1407:
1349:
1299:
1264:
1244:
533:
498:
309:
199:
97:
77:
152:. This uplift dates from the late Miocene to the Pliocene. Malta forms the crest of a
2541:
2412:
2395:
1848:
1788:
1773:
1743:
1718:
1618:
1608:
1525:
1480:
1422:
1387:
667:
381:
93:
53:
356:
2531:
2514:
2492:
2405:
2050:
1942:
1838:
1671:
1530:
1435:
1372:
321:
273:
244:
The oldest exposed rock layer of Malta is the Lower
Coralline Limestone Formation (
189:
17:
1818:
1628:
1623:
1550:
1520:
325:
169:
109:
446:
Cliffs of Upper
Coralline Limestone Formation on islands at the western end of
1798:
1778:
1500:
426:
224:
89:
81:
34:
659:
1920:
1723:
1540:
1445:
462:
430:
401:
337:. This rock has also been exported, and was used in the construction of the
173:
157:
121:
49:
1728:
1651:
778:
Seismic history of the
Maltese islands and considerations on seismic risk
397:
313:
253:
228:
160:
is made up of an identical structure on the southwest side of this rift.
61:
33:
Cliffs of Upper
Globogerina Limestone Formation at Il-Ħofra l-Kbira near
524:
by which animals have been able to cross, as evinced by the presence of
1843:
1783:
1768:
1656:
1638:
1402:
1231:
542:
521:
406:
361:
238:
145:
520:
of the
Mediterranean, Malta has been connected to Sicily by a surface
289:
470:
447:
345:. The Maltese Lower Globigerina Limestone has been designated by the
317:
265:
257:
203:
177:
141:
113:
105:
833:
2077:
1890:
466:
355:
342:
288:
261:
1859:
489:
SW-dipping minor fault on the southwest coast of Malta, near the
380:
Blue Clay
Formation exposed in the cliffs at the northern end of
2266:
1377:
474:
101:
1863:
837:
206:
cliffs showing stratification in the Lower
Coralline Limestone
644:"Stratigraphy and structure of the Maltese graben system"
88:. The islands lie around 200 km to the south of the
116:. The faults bounding these grabens are associated with
384:
overlying yellow-weathering Upper Globigerina Limestone
196:, ranging in age from late Oligocene to late Miocene.
2503:
516:
of depths of less than 100 m. During different
2366:
2309:
2248:
2141:
2085:
1901:
1694:
1637:
1574:
1464:
1421:
1348:
1230:
1221:
871:
118:
most of the earthquakes that affect the archipelago
512:The Maltese archipelago is linked to Sicily by an
180:) dating from between 25 and 5 million years ago.
637:
635:
124:in Sicily may have damaging effects, such as the
642:Dart C.J.; Bosence D.W.J.; McClay K.R. (1993).
453:The top layer, the Upper Coralline Limestone (
1875:
849:
156:on the edge of the Malta Graben. The isle of
8:
2315:
2254:
2147:
2091:
1882:
1868:
1860:
1227:
856:
842:
834:
347:International Union of Geological Sciences
260:, and also along rifts, particularly near
2182:Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs
540:(fossils of the Maltese Giant Dormouse,
484:
441:
375:
308:) is a soft, gold-coloured limestone of
219:
198:
192:of the Maltese islands consists of five
28:
2510:
580:"Geological Map of the Maltese Islands"
555:
794:
784:
704:
702:
616:
614:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
7:
829:. Environment Protection Department.
216:Lower Coralline Limestone Formation
148:, was created through the uplift of
686:IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones
438:Upper Coralline Limestone Formation
112:graben, that of Malta, and that of
364:, built from Globigerina Limestone
25:
808:Malta, its Archeology and History
781:. Vol. 50. pp. 725–740.
648:Journal of the Geological Society
120:, although some earthquakes with
2525:
2513:
2076:
1212:
806:Samut Tagliaferro, John (1991).
461:), is the youngest formation of
827:Wildlife of the Maltese Islands
737:"CENNI SUL MEDITERRANEO MARINO"
285:Globigerina Limestone Formation
100:. The platform is crossed by a
825:Sultana, Joe; Falzon, Victor.
578:Continental Shelf Department.
351:Global Heritage Stone Resource
1:
1506:European Cenozoic Rift System
730:. Progress Press Publication.
396:) is a blue-gray mudstone of
2187:Minister for Foreign Affairs
56:age cut through by a set of
1696:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
300:The Globigerina Limestone (
2564:
530:Maltese dwarf hippopotamus
320:, especially those of the
168:The rocks are exclusively
44:consists of a sequence of
2465:
2318:
2257:
2150:
2094:
2074:
2061:Award of the George Cross
1210:
810:. Casa Editrice Perseus.
508:Recent geological history
1614:Jan Mayen Microcontinent
660:10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1153
132:Formation of the islands
1556:Peri-Caspian Depression
1285:Hallandian-Danopolonian
775:Galea, Pauline (2007).
620:Samut Tagliaferro, John
293:Limestone wall showing
1398:Scandinavian Mountains
916:Bosnia and Herzegovina
726:Blouet, Brian (1989).
493:
458:
450:
429:-bearing sandstone of
422:
393:
385:
365:
305:
297:
249:
241:
207:
164:Nature of the sub-soil
126:1693 Sicily earthquake
37:
2007:Rising of the Priests
1566:White Sea Rift System
682:"Designation of GHSR"
582:. Government of Malta
536:fossils), as well as
488:
445:
379:
359:
292:
223:
202:
194:geological formations
184:The geological strata
92:boundary between the
32:
2453:World Heritage Sites
2036:British Protectorate
1672:Fennoscandian Craton
1667:East European Craton
758:Le Carrefour Maltais
735:Catalano, Raimondo.
599:Galea, P. pp.725–740
335:honeycomb weathering
295:honeycomb weathering
172:. There is a lot of
1926:Carthaginian Empire
1561:Timan-Pechora Basin
1496:Dnieper–Donets Rift
1413:Western Carpathians
629:Sultana, J., et al.
473:and in the east of
413:Greensand Formation
372:Blue Clay Formation
140:, situated between
138:Maltese archipelago
86:Mediterranean Basin
74:Maltese archipelago
18:Blue Clay Formation
2287:Telecommunications
1963:Byzantine invasion
1916:Megalithic Temples
1714:Calanques de Piana
1468:basins and grabens
728:The Story of Malta
543:Leithia melitensis
518:marine regressions
514:underwater plateau
494:
451:
386:
366:
360:Gardjola Tower at
298:
242:
208:
58:extensional faults
38:
2501:
2500:
2461:
2460:
2305:
2304:
2244:
2243:
2214:Political parties
2177:Foreign relations
2137:
2136:
2046:Language Question
2014:French occupation
1970:Kingdom of Sicily
1958:Aghlabid invasion
1857:
1856:
1794:Monte San Giorgio
1690:
1689:
1647:Armorican terrane
1451:Mediterranean Sea
865:Geology of Europe
339:government palace
150:sedimentary rocks
84:from the western
80:, separating the
46:sedimentary rocks
16:(Redirected from
2555:
2548:Geology of Malta
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2481:
2474:
2433:National symbols
2316:
2255:
2148:
2092:
2080:
2029:Independent Gozo
1997:Invasion of Gozo
1992:Hospitaller rule
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1754:Jungfrau-Aletsch
1739:Giant's Causeway
1677:Sarmatian Craton
1594:Aegean Sea Plate
1491:Central Lowlands
1486:Baltic Sea Basin
1466:Intracontinental
1228:
1223:Geologic regions
1216:
1167:Northern Ireland
858:
851:
844:
835:
830:
821:
802:
796:
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782:
771:
752:
750:
748:
731:
718:
715:
709:
706:
697:
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692:
678:
672:
671:
654:(6): 1153–1166.
639:
630:
627:
621:
618:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
590:
588:
587:
575:
538:island gigantism
104:formed of three
42:Geology of Malta
21:
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2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2457:
2443:Public holidays
2362:
2301:
2240:
2133:
2081:
2072:
1985:Hafsid invasion
1980:Battle of Malta
1975:Norman invasion
1897:
1888:
1858:
1853:
1704:Aeolian Islands
1686:
1633:
1599:Anatolian Plate
1581:microcontinents
1579:
1576:Tectonic plates
1570:
1546:Pannonian Basin
1536:North Sea Basin
1511:Hellenic Trench
1476:Aquitaine Basin
1467:
1460:
1417:
1350:Mountain ranges
1344:
1217:
1208:
1070:North Macedonia
867:
862:
824:
818:
805:
793:
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774:
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594:
585:
583:
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576:
557:
552:
526:island dwarfism
510:
483:
440:
417:The Greensand (
415:
388:The Blue Clay (
374:
287:
282:
252:), which is of
218:
213:
186:
166:
134:
70:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2300:
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2279:
2277:Stock exchange
2274:
2269:
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2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2236:Chief of Staff
2233:
2232:
2231:
2224:Prime Minister
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Local councils
2201:
2196:
2194:Heads of state
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2190:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
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2145:
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2138:
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2132:
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2126:
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2111:
2109:Fortifications
2106:
2101:
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2082:
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2071:
2070:
2068:State of Malta
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2064:
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2048:
2041:British Colony
2038:
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2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1948:Byzantine rule
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1931:Roman Republic
1928:
1923:
1918:
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1907:
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1898:
1889:
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1759:Jurassic Coast
1756:
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1734:Geirangerfjord
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1601:
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1589:Adriatic Plate
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1568:
1563:
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1543:
1538:
1533:
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1516:Limagne Graben
1513:
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1472:
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1431:Atlantic Ocean
1427:
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1423:Oceanic basins
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1418:
1416:
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1400:
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1383:Massif Central
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1157:United Kingdom
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936:Czech Republic
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817:978-8872807040
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551:
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534:dwarf elephant
509:
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499:Victoria Lines
482:
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411:
373:
370:
286:
283:
281:
278:
217:
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209:
185:
182:
165:
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133:
130:
98:Eurasian Plate
78:Sicily Channel
69:
66:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2560:
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2396:Maltese cross
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2022:
2020:
2017:
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2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
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1789:Monte Perdido
1787:
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1719:Curonian Spit
1717:
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1648:
1645:
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1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Moesian Plate
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Iberian Plate
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
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1552:
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1529:
1527:
1526:Molasse Basin
1524:
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1519:
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1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
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1482:
1481:Barents Basin
1479:
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1471:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:Norwegian Sea
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
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1441:Bay of Biscay
1439:
1437:
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1414:
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1409:
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1399:
1396:
1394:
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1389:
1388:Ore Mountains
1386:
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1030:Liechtenstein
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963:Ă…land Islands
961:
960:
959:
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954:
951:
947:
946:Faroe Islands
944:
943:
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769:
767:2-85744-801-5
763:
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487:
480:
478:
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472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Qawwi ta' Fuq
456:
449:
444:
437:
435:
432:
428:
424:
423:Ä ebla s-Safra
420:
412:
410:
408:
403:
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395:
391:
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378:
371:
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363:
358:
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323:
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311:
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296:
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251:
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240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
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215:
210:
205:
201:
197:
195:
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183:
181:
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171:
163:
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159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:African Plate
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2391:Coat of arms
2376:Architecture
2323:Demographics
2292:Trade unions
2262:Central Bank
2167:Constitution
2155:Armed Forces
2113:
2056:World War II
1943:Roman Empire
1839:Stevns Klint
1682:Volgo–Uralia
1531:Moscow Basin
1436:Arctic Ocean
1373:Dinaric Alps
1325:Svecofennian
1044:
826:
807:
777:
757:
745:. Retrieved
743:(in Italian)
740:
727:
713:
689:. Retrieved
685:
676:
651:
647:
625:
608:Catalano, R.
604:
595:
584:. Retrieved
541:
511:
503:
495:
452:
416:
387:
367:
331:
324:
322:foraminifera
299:
274:Azure Window
243:
231:
190:stratigraphy
187:
167:
154:tilted block
135:
82:Ionian Basin
71:
54:late Miocene
41:
39:
26:
2343:Immigration
2199:LGBT rights
2002:Great Siege
1953:Arab Period
1921:Phoenicians
1849:Thingvellir
1819:Rhine Gorge
1629:Tisza Plate
1624:Pelso Plate
1551:Paris Basin
1521:Mezen Basin
1270:Dalslandian
1202:Isle of Man
1142:Switzerland
1065:Netherlands
717:Courtin, J.
691:24 February
491:Blue Grotto
326:Globigerina
170:sedimentary
110:Pantelleria
2438:Philosophy
2423:Literature
2338:Healthcare
2333:Emigration
2209:Parliament
2124:Localities
1804:Nærøyfjord
1799:Mount Etna
1779:Messel Pit
1749:High Coast
1501:Ebro Basin
1295:Laxfordian
1265:Carpathian
1260:Caledonian
1250:Belomorian
1112:San Marino
1060:Montenegro
1040:Luxembourg
1015:Kazakhstan
901:Azerbaijan
760:. Edisud.
747:26 January
708:Blouet, B.
586:2018-02-22
550:References
427:glauconite
382:Ä nejna Bay
310:Aquitanian
270:hardground
235:subrotunda
225:Hardground
122:epicentres
90:subduction
35:Marsaxlokk
2348:Languages
2328:Education
2297:Transport
2219:President
2172:Elections
2160:Commander
2087:Geography
1724:Dolomites
1541:Oslo Rift
1446:Black Sea
1363:Apennines
1182:Gibraltar
1080:Jan Mayen
1035:Lithuania
873:Countries
797:ignored (
787:cite book
668:131447222
463:Messinian
431:Tortonian
402:Tortonian
211:Oligocene
174:limestone
158:Lampedusa
102:rift zone
68:Tectonics
50:Oligocene
2542:Category
2488:Category
2418:Folklore
2381:Carnival
2358:Religion
2282:Taxation
2267:Currency
2143:Politics
2024:Blockade
2019:Invasion
1936:Invasion
1911:Timeline
1895:articles
1834:St Kilda
1824:Scandola
1814:Plitvice
1729:Durmitor
1709:Aggtelek
1662:Cimmeria
1652:Avalonia
1639:Terranes
1393:Pyrenees
1368:Caucasus
1340:Variscan
1320:Timanide
1315:Scourian
1310:Scandian
1290:Hellenic
1280:Grampian
1255:Cadomian
1192:Guernsey
1187:Alderney
1172:Scotland
1127:Slovenia
1122:Slovakia
1097:Portugal
1085:Svalbard
921:Bulgaria
407:aquifers
398:Langhian
314:Langhian
254:Chattian
239:bivalves
233:Scutella
229:echinoid
96:and the
62:Pliocene
48:of late
2520:Geology
2506:Portals
2472:Outline
2401:Cuisine
2368:Culture
2311:Society
2250:Economy
2119:Islands
2114:Geology
2104:Climate
1903:History
1844:Surtsey
1829:Ĺ kocjan
1784:Meteora
1774:Laponia
1769:Kvarken
1657:Baltica
1403:Sudetes
1335:Uralian
1305:Saamian
1275:Gothian
1240:Acadian
1232:Orogens
1162:England
1152:Ukraine
1102:Romania
1050:Moldova
1000:Ireland
995:Iceland
990:Hungary
980:Germany
975:Georgia
958:Finland
953:Estonia
941:Denmark
926:Croatia
911:Belgium
906:Belarus
896:Austria
891:Armenia
886:Andorra
881:Albania
741:Siripro
522:isthmus
455:Maltese
425:) is a
419:Maltese
390:Maltese
362:Senglea
318:fossils
302:Maltese
280:Miocene
246:Maltese
178:lagoons
146:Tunisia
106:grabens
2493:Portal
2386:Cinema
2353:People
2272:Energy
2051:Exiles
1893:
1744:Glarus
1300:Lopian
1245:Alpine
1197:Jersey
1147:Turkey
1137:Sweden
1117:Serbia
1107:Russia
1092:Poland
1075:Norway
1055:Monaco
1025:Latvia
1020:Kosovo
1009:Sicily
985:Greece
970:France
931:Cyprus
814:
764:
666:
481:Faults
471:Comino
448:Comino
306:Franka
266:Naxxar
258:Dingli
250:Żonqor
204:Dingli
142:Sicily
114:Linosa
108:: the
2532:Malta
2479:Index
2448:Sport
2428:Music
2099:Caves
1891:Malta
1809:Pirin
1408:Urals
1177:Wales
1132:Spain
1045:Malta
1005:Italy
664:S2CID
467:Malta
394:Tafal
349:as a
343:Corfu
262:Mosta
64:age.
2413:Flag
2406:Wine
2229:List
2129:Maps
1764:Komi
1378:Harz
1358:Alps
812:ISBN
799:help
762:ISBN
749:2015
693:2019
532:and
475:Gozo
264:and
237:and
188:The
144:and
136:The
72:The
40:The
1578:and
656:doi
652:150
546:).
400:to
341:of
312:to
60:of
52:to
2544::
791::
789:}}
785:{{
739:.
701:^
684:.
662:.
650:.
646:.
634:^
613:^
558:^
469:,
457::
421::
392::
368:.
353:.
304::
248::
128:.
2508::
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1011:)
1007:(
857:e
850:t
843:v
820:.
801:)
770:.
751:.
695:.
670:.
658::
589:.
528:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
