1286:“While the current spotlight on COVID-19 is necessary and urgent, it would be a costly mistake to focus solely on this pandemic to the exclusion of all other biological threats,” said Commission Co-Chair, former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge. “Nation-states such as China, Iran, North Korea, and Russia continue to invest heavily in advancing biotechnology and could produce biological agents and weapons. Terrorist organizations also remain interested in learning how to attack enemies with biological agents. National biodefense must begin and end with strong national leadership. The efforts of all federal departments and agencies with responsibilities for biodefense need to be coordinated, and they must be held accountable, by the White House.”
713:
Biological attribution refers to the process of determining who and what was responsible for a biological attack. Perpetrators could be criminals, terrorists, or state actors. During this meeting, the
Commission learned about the federal government's existing capabilities to determine the sources and characteristics of deadly pathogens. The Commission has taken a particular interest in the National Bioforensics Analysis Center (NBFAC). In fiscal year 2013, the NBFAC supported more than 45 investigations of potential biological crimes. Previously run by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Commission recommended that the
1388:
traveling as often as we do today, and well before commerce became globalized. Since then, the world has gotten smaller, but the threat has not. Far more needs to be done to prepare for another catastrophic biological event – whether manmade or from nature. With this in mind, the support we receive today from Open
Philanthropy will allow us to further advance the recommendations the Panel identified in our National Blueprint for Biodefense and subsequent reports. We thank Open Philanthropy for their leadership and support on this critical issue.”
663:), the Commission advises the President to establish a dedicated Deputy National Security Advisor for Biodefense, overseen by the Vice President and supported by NSC staff. The Commission clearly notes that one federal department cannot tell other departments and agencies what to do, especially in a critical area of responsibility like biodefense. A dedicated higher-level leader in the White House without responsibilities for multiple weapons of mass destruction, terrorist avenues, and national disasters is crucial.
808:
67:
750:(OMB) does not know how much the federal government spends on biodefense because "the sad fact is, more than two dozen agencies are working in silos across biodefense; that increases our vulnerabilities. Once we have a strategy and match that strategy with budget reforms...that's the beginning of a much more effective biodefense national strategy." Economic impacts of a catastrophic outbreak could reach $ 1 trillion, Lieberman noted.
1278:“The COVID-19 pandemic was predictable,” said Commission Co-Chair, former Senator Joe Lieberman. “That is what our Commission learned from the experts we have consulted since we began operations in 2014. This global crisis resulted from a foreseeable combination of mutations, lack of immunity, poor preparedness, limited surveillance, and failure to learn from past pandemics. When our Commission released its
598:
1407:
742:, the Commission noted increasing threats to the United States and its interests overseas, and determined that the U.S. government can no longer wait to commit sufficient federal funds to biodefense. Waiting is not in the best interest of the health of Americans nor the country's national security. The Commission released its report to the public and Congress in 2018.
520:. The report described many biological threats, including those posed by the Islamic State and Al Qaeda, as well as nation states, and "mishandling of lethal biological agents by the U.S. government," as reasons for making biodefense a high national priority. This report contained 33 recommendations and 87 specific action items associated with those recommendations.
75:
502:. They concluded that the United States was not prepared to respond to a large scale biological event - naturally occurring, accidentally released, or intentionally introduced. As for the cause of the problem, the report said, "Simply put, the Nation does not afford the biological threat the same level of attention as it does other threats."
632:, Governor Tom Ridge stated that the fast-track process is obsolete. Page 52 of the report reads, "A systemic, risk averse culture has emerged that is stifling innovation. If this continues to evolve, progress on biodefense objectives will be curtained and the still nascent biodefence industry will have little incentive to participate."
754:
budget request, in accordance with one of the
Commission's recommendations. While the report also asks Congress to create a bipartisan, bicameral Biodefense Working Group to come up with budgeting solutions, Congress has yet to establish such a Group. The House of Representatives, however, has established a Biodefense Caucus.
1266:, the Commission noted that as of January 2021 and out of its 87 recommended action items, the federal government had completed 3, took some action to address 54, no action on 24, and emergency or crisis actions (that may or may not result in permanent change) on 6 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
1140:
The Vice
President should develop and implement a security strategy for stored pathogen data and cyber-threat information-sharing mechanisms for the pathogen and advanced biotechnology communities. In turn, Federal departments and agencies should include federally-supported pathogen research projects
770:
on
January 15, 2018, former Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala said that during a large biological event, "I know that the federal government would move resources to affected areas throughout the United States. But those resources are already too few, and the federal government does
687:
and signed
National Security Presidential Memorandum 14 to direct the federal government to execute this strategy. Together, they sought to improve the federal government's readiness and capability to respond to human-generated, naturally-occurring, and accidentally-released biological threats to the
675:
that in order for the government's defense against a biological attack to be sufficient, a new comprehensive program needs to be developed. The programs and activities under a new approach would need to be "coordinated, collaborative and innovative." The report recommends that all types of biological
1297:
program. Current BioWatch technology performs poorly and is far from the deterrence mechanism it was originally intended to be. It uses limited, decades-old collection equipment that only provides data hours or days after a biological event. Congressional appropriators should deny further funding to
1023:
Congress should increase opportunities for animal health data collection and optimize funding for the
National Animal Health Laboratory Network. The CDC and FEMA should then develop guidance for states, localities, territories, and tribes to handle companion animal infections in the event of a major
953:
The Vice
President should ensure that Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) priorities guide NIH biodefense research investments. The Vice President should also ensure funding allocations that address biological agents are met and require a biodefense spending plan from
762:
Commissioners and experts agreed during a public
Commission meeting held in Miami, FL in January 2018 that in order to respond effectively during a large-scale biological event due to a terrorist attack or natural disaster, the public and private sectors need to coordinate. The Commission also noted
1383:
In
September 2016, the Open Philanthropy Project gave the Commission a $ 1.3 million grant in support of the panel's influential leadership role in the evaluation of the nation's biodefense systems. Tom Ridge said, "It is troubling that we still do not have a comprehensive approach to preparing for
1269:
This new analysis from the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense reveals that the United States remains at catastrophic biological risk. The Commission urges the Administration and Congress to take more actions now to avoid another pandemic or biological attack. The report closely examines the extent
1200:
Contracting authority should be the exclusive responsibility of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). In addition, BARDA should prioritize the use of OTA and consider any other appropriate flexible contracting authorities for BioShield. Congress should then eliminate
699:
said, "The Biodefense Steering Committee will monitor and coordinate implementation of the National Biodefense Strategy across 15 federal agencies and the Intelligence Community." The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense commended the Trump Administration for creating the strategy in accordance with
635:
Another example is the practice of stockpiling vaccines against a biological agent. This practice is considered obsolete by some. Nation states and terrorist organizations are already able to "merge the toxic attributes of more than one agent." To replace vaccine stockpiles, the Panel recommended a
1387:
In February 2018, the Open Philanthropy Project gave the Commission a grant for $ 2.5 million to advance biodefense leadership and reduce catastrophic biological risk. “Estimates show that as many as 100 million people died in 1918 from pandemic influenza,” Lieberman said. “That was before we were
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in 2015, we concluded that our recommendations could and should be implemented by the Executive and Legislative Branches within five years. However, out of our 87 recommended action items, the government has completed just 3, took some action to address 54, no action on 24, and emergency or crisis
1164:
The government should conduct a review of military-civilian collaborative efforts, mandate military-civilian collaboration on biodefense (including research regarding force protection), clarify parameters for military support to civilian authorities in response to a domestic biological attack, and
977:
The Vice President should ensure the Federal Emergency Management Agency is included in interagency efforts to determine policy on biological attacks. Congress should place the EPA in charge of environmental decontamination and remediation efforts after accidental releases and biological attacks.
753:
The report recommends that the OMB each year submit "an integrated budget request to Congress that outlines federal-wide biodefense spending, and how it is tied to mission objectives." In 2019, congressional Appropriations directed OMB to conduct a biodefense budget cross-cut that would inform the
727:
Myriad federal departments and agencies are responsible for defending against these threats. Referring to their activities as a federal biodefense enterprise suggests a coordinated interagency endeavor unified in achieving common goals, but this is not the reality that exists currently. America is
1188:
The government should fund the medical countermeasure enterprise to no less than authorized levels, re-establish multi-year biodefense funding for medical countermeasure procurement, address prioritization and funding for influenza preparedness, and improve the plan for incentivizing the private
1035:
The Secretary of Homeland Security must ensure that emergency service providers have access to anthrax vaccines and extend the program to meet other threats. The CDC, FDA and ASPR should preposition medkits with emergency service providers and their families. And the Secretary of Health and Human
1011:
The National Security Council should immediately examine NBIS to determine whether expenditures have yielded sufficient amounts of useful information to decision makers beyond the Department of Homeland Security. The NSC should also convene data owners and other stakeholders to evaluate incentive
1289:
Among the eleven new recommendations in the report, the Commission advises the President to establish a dedicated Deputy National Security Advisor for Biodefense, overseen by the Vice President and supported by NSC staff. The Commission clearly notes that one federal department cannot tell other
1070:
Congress should standardize the development of clinical infection control guidelines before biological events occur. The Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Labor should also Institute a process for obtaining and incorporating feedback regarding clinical infection control
941:
The White House should lead all relevant agencies to a new level of understanding, planning, and operating with respect to biodefense that includes an animal health and, more broadly, a One Health mindset. The executive branch should also develop a nationally notifiable animal disease system and
820:
In December 2018, President Trump signed the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (H.R. 2), also known as The Farm Bill. The legislation addressed Commission recommendations to defend U.S. food and agriculture. The new law creates a National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program and a
616:
The report stated that the government does not appear to take events related to biodefense seriously enough. One member stated, "The tragic saga of the death of Thomas Eric Duncan from Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) serves as a perfect demonstration of the shambolic state of biodefense in the United
1105:
The Secretary of Health and Human Services should establish a stratified system of hospitals with increasing levels of capability to treat patients affected by bioterrorism and other events involving highly pathogenic infectious diseases. The Administrator of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
929:
The Director of National Intelligence should address the biological threat in the same way that other issues have been handled that cut across multiple intelligence agencies. This includes creating a national intelligence manager for biological threats, making the biological weapons programs a
512:
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense conducted a year-long study of how the U.S. should address biological threats. The study covered human-generated (i.e., terrorism, warfare, accidents) and naturally occurring biological threats. The study culminated in a report to the public and Congress
1391:
On March 16, 2020, the Open Philanthropy Project gave the Commission a grant for $ 2.6 million to help defend America against biological threats. About the timing of the grant, Governor Ridge noted that it, "...comes in the midst of our national response to novel coronavirus and other highly
1176:
The government should prioritize innovation and funding for medical countermeasures at agencies with biodefense responsibilities, identify at least five promising novel technologies that could ultimately be applied to MCM development for material threats, revolutionize development of medical
779:
A "stratified biodefense hospital system would provide the United States with a protective shield in the event the country experiences a manmade or natural biological catastrophe," speakers told members of the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense in a January 2018 public meeting, according to
1152:
The government should continue to strengthen implementation of the BWC where U.S. support is unequivocal, set U.S. goals for the BWC and determine the conditions necessary to achieve them, develop three actionable recommendations for BWC verification, and establish better biological weapons
1093:
The government should adopt a disaster preparedness portfolio that includes the Conditions of Participation, Interpretive Guidance, measures development for inclusion within value-based purchasing, and innovation projects. Congress should also link Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
712:
The Commission held a public meeting on October 3, 2017 about the biological attribution of crime, terrorism, and warfare, and continues to pursue this important topic. The continuing debate and uncertainty surrounding the origins of COVID-19 demonstrate the need for biological attribution.
648:. By doing so, biodefense would have "the ear of the president and the ability to coordinate budgets and plans across agencies." In such a scenario, the White House Biodefense Coordination Council would execute the day-to-day work, Senator Lieberman said during testimony in front of the
1223:
Congress, through its appropriations to DHS and DOD, should fund an advanced environmental detection system capable of rapid agent characterization and confirmation. The Secretary of Homeland Security should also replace BioWatch Generation 1 and 2 detectors within five years.
3390:
1117:
Together with non-federal partners, the ASPR, the Director of the CDC, and the Administrator of FEMA should identify requirements and capacities needed to achieve successful distribution and dispensing of MCM from the Strategic National Stockpile as well as from local caches.
1290:
departments and agencies what to do, especially in a critical area of responsibility like biodefense. A dedicated higher-level leader in the White House without responsibilities for multiple weapons of mass destruction, terrorist avenues, and national disasters is crucial.
965:
The Vice President should direct the Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Homeland Security, the Attorney General, and the DNI to establish and formalize this apparatus. The FBI should also take charge of the national Bioforensics Analysis Center.
1274:
in 2015. Despite warnings from public health professionals, experts, and the Commission, the country was caught unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. The Nation remains dangerously vulnerable to biological threats, despite some gains in preparedness and response.
2906:
3724:
1374:
Previously, the Commission teamed up with the Alliance for Biosecurity, and Trust for America's Health to conduct a survey of Americans' thoughts about biosecurity. According to the Alliance, Americans are concerned about biological threats.
833:, and for ten percent of those funds to be dedicated to building technology that would allow multiple antigens in a countermeasure to be delivered from a single platform. Similarly, the Commission called for ten percent of funds from the
745:
One of the key budgeting issues identified by the Commission is that all federal departments and many federal agencies have some biodefense responsibilities. Despite this multiplicity, there is not enough coordination. Lieberman said the
629:
307:
119:
763:
that obstacles exist that highlight the Nation's vulnerabilities to such an event. The Commission concluded that a comprehensive public health system that is able to respond before a biological disaster strikes is critical.
1384:
and responding to biological events. That is why this grant from Open Philanthropy is so critical. It will allow us to push forward the recommendations detailed in our National Blueprint and seek to put them into action."
652:. By making the Vice President responsible for biodefense, it would "transcend the bureaucratic and budgetary rivalries of various agencies in order to create an effective platform for dealing with biological attacks."
788:(PAHPA), which was due for reauthorization in September 2018. Information sharing across state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments was another large theme during the public meeting. In its December 2016
39:. According to the Commission's mission statement, the organization was formed to "provide for a comprehensive assessment of the state of U.S. biodefense efforts, and to issue recommendations that will foster change."
1923:
430:
1047:
The government should strengthen the Joint Counterterrorism Assessment Team, local police intelligence units and provide technical assistance to fusion centers to provide biological information and intelligence.
1246:
The Secretary of State should convene human and animal health leaders from throughout the world to evaluate current mechanisms and develop a strategy and implementation plan for global public health response.
2553:
3618:
1392:
pathogenic diseases, the development of biological weapons by other nation-states, and the ongoing threat of bioterrorism." Added Senator Lieberman, "The biological threats to our Nation remain all too real."
3697:
3663:
2921:
3680:
771:
not respond quickly to multiple locations in distress." Shalala's comments were prescient and perfectly described the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic as it spread to the United States in 2020.
2873:
717:(FBI) assume management of the NBFAC, as all specimens going into the facility come from the FBI. In 2018, DHS and the FBI signed a memorandum of agreement that transferred NBFAC management to the FBI.
1599:
1082:
Congress should amend the Public Health Service Act to require that no less than 97 percent of appropriated HPP funds go directly to HPP grantees. Congress should also regularly assess the program.
487:
Between 2001 and 2014, the U.S. spent around $ 80 billion on biodefense. Beginning in fall 2014, the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense conducted meetings, interviews, and research. It studied the
918:
At the start of each congressional session, Senate and House leadership should direct each committee with biodefense jurisdiction to convene for an in-depth classified biological threat briefing.
2631:
1000:
The Secretary of Homeland Security should create an interagency biosurveillance planning committee the nexus for active collaboration with non-federal government and non-governmental partners.
2989:
2958:
1848:
676:
threats should be addressed by a single comprehensive strategy. By different types, they meant biological warfare, bioterrorism, naturally occurring deadly disease, and accidental release.
620:
The Commission also noted that the federal government had also failed to update its practices and procedures as they relate to biological threats. For example, there is a system within the
2010:
1258:
On the anniversary of the arrival of COVID-19 in the United States, the Commission released a report in March 2021 describing the status of federal implementation of recommendations from
3441:
800:
The report also suggested that the government merge duplicate processes by including all biological threats, not just those from terrorism, into a national strategy. For example, the "
3243:
2826:
3044:
2972:
834:
536:
2412:
885:
The Vice President should lead the primary designees and the members as a coalition that will prioritize needed activities, designate responsibilities, and ensure accountability.
3038:
3028:
2112:
471:
1212:
The Director of BARDA should determine the suite of rapid diagnostics that are needed for biological agents determined to be material threats and emerging infectious diseases.
617:
States in late 2014." Another estimated that the consequences of inaction on Commission recommendations would be that the report would serve as a "guidebook for placing blame."
2034:
1968:
689:
231:
185:
2161:
792:
report, the Commission recommended that the federal government "redouble its efforts to share information with SLTT governments" and described various action items to do so.
2606:
1930:
649:
271:
2721:
1235:
Congress should direct the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to undertake a systematic, evidence-based assessment and overhaul of the Select Agent Program.
851:
laid out 33 recommendations and 87 associated action items. The primary actions the U.S. government should take, according to the Commission's report, are the following:
425:
Senior Fellow for the Pandemic and Biosecurity Policy Programs at the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, The Bush School of Government & Public Service at
2770:
645:
1795:
688:
Nation. The Strategy was mandated by Congress and has five extensively detailed goals. It established a new cabinet-level Biodefense Steering Committee chaired by the
278:
2063:
3940:
3729:
3685:
2888:
3935:
3641:
3054:
1129:
The Director of the CDC should determine the necessary assessment, logistical, and funding requirements to forward deploy Strategic National Stockpile assets.
1368:
The Commission's bipartisan activities include meetings, research, issuing reports, testifying before Congress, and meeting with officials at the White House.
1873:
2811:
2216:
1698:
135:
3321:
1610:
3646:
3396:
3145:
2388:
989:
The plan must identify information required by decision makers (federal, state, local, territorial, tribal, private sector) to manage a biological event.
3159:
3070:
2882:
2865:
2243:
1954:
804:
approach" is one recommendation made by the Commission that would merge strategies for dealing with human, animal, and plant health biodefense programs.
2639:
1764:
3691:
3165:
1371:
Dr. George said that the Commission would stay engaged with Congress to help it understand and make the improvements that the Commission recommended.
785:
693:
162:
2579:"Survey Results Show Americans Are Concerned About Biosecurity Threats And Believe The Government Should Invest More In Preparedness (Press release)"
3804:
3203:
2927:
2779:
1544:
1450:
1298:
BioWatch activities until proven replacement technology is identified and confirmed to meet the needs of the Biodetection 2021 acquisition program.
1059:
Congress should appropriate the Public Health Emergency Preparedness funding to authorized levels or the President's request, whichever is higher.
3463:
3064:
3556:
3171:
2916:
1600:"The Nation's Medical Countermeasure Stockpile: Opportunities to Improve the Sustainability of the CDC Strategic National Stockpile, A Workshop"
2962:
2831:
1360:. The novel "depicts previous biological warfare events, the possibilities for the future, and the continued need for public health security."
212:
208:
181:
143:
2763:
2524:
1899:
821:
National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank, and increases federal funding to stockpile medical countermeasures for animals.
3248:
3551:
2878:
2854:
367:
345:
613:
report, the Commission said that almost no urgency within the federal government for dealing with the risk of a biological event existed.
2420:
2364:
3818:
3467:
2999:
2441:
3669:
3024:
2803:
628:
that would fast-track the approval of medical countermeasures in the event of a biological attack. However, during a hearing with the
3719:
3363:
3228:
3213:
3060:
2846:
139:
3380:
3218:
1036:
Services should establish reasonable personal protective equipment guidelines and requirements in advance of a biological event.
3849:
3755:
3585:
3477:
3368:
2756:
47:
3904:
3799:
3325:
3119:
2911:
747:
714:
35:, is an organization of former high-ranking government officials that analyzes US capabilities and capacity to defend against
1357:
1353:
1820:
3233:
2554:"Best-Selling Author Max Brooks And Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Provide A 'Very Graphic History' Of Germ Warfare"
3760:
3624:
3507:
3422:
3155:
3020:
2836:
830:
644:
One of the Commission's major recommendations was to place responsibility for biodefense leadership into the hands of the
621:
189:
1520:
1283:
actions on 6 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are still more vulnerable to the next pandemic than we should be.”
1067:
Establish and utilize a standard process to develop and issue clinical infection control guidance for biological events
907:
Congress should mandate the development of a unified budget that defines how the entire biodefense enterprise is funded.
3483:
3384:
3050:
2816:
684:
625:
541:
321:
246:
227:
3925:
3459:
3273:
1573:
51:
2011:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense warns Congress against delaying federal funds tied to comprehensive strategy"
3814:
3034:
2711:
1665:
3329:
811:
Aerial photo of the National Institutes of Health Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center in Bethesda, Maryland
193:
2189:
1725:
3781:
3114:
3098:
2898:
1874:"White House authorizes national biodefense strategy; HHS to take governance lead - Homeland Preparedness News"
451:
433:; Strategic Advisor for the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases (IIAD) at Texas A&M AgriLife Research
384:
166:
2035:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Calls for Strategic Budgeting Tied to New National Biodefense Strategy"
1969:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Calls for Strategic Budgeting Tied to New National Biodefense Strategy"
1032:
Provide emergency service providers with the resources they need to keep themselves and their families safe
978:
And both the Vice President and Congress should delegate studies of those exposed to disease-causing agents.
3894:
3471:
3252:
3237:
3208:
2695:
1344:
In early 2019, author Max Brooks partnered with the Commission to author and publish a graphic novel called
1306:
Since the release of its National Blueprint for Biodefense, the Commission has released nine other reports:
426:
2340:
3515:
3263:
2292:
495:
2316:
1982:
1552:
1177:
countermeasures for emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential, and establish an antigen bank.
450:
Director of the Complex Adaptive Systems Institute (CASI), Del E. Webb Professor of Health Innovation at
3930:
3889:
3884:
3770:
3674:
3651:
3004:
2727:
2715:
896:
The Vice President should develop a comprehensive national biodefense strategy and implementation plan.
807:
2578:
1056:
Fund the Public Health Emergency Preparedness cooperative agreement at no less than authorized levels
3283:
3229:
Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
2664:
66:
3765:
3433:
3416:
3340:
2064:"Biodefense panel convenes to address state and local cooperation in midst of major health disasters"
659:(the Commission's second status report describing federal implementation of its recommendations from
488:
158:
115:
17:
1796:"Q&A with co-director of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense - Homeland Preparedness News"
530:
2268:
2162:"Blue Ribbon panel lauds Congress for passage of farm bill with provisions to protect food supply"
2087:
122:, Democratic candidate for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States
3864:
3776:
2704:
2113:"National disaster health care system needed, experts tell Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense"
1440:
1430:
784:. The public hearing occurred during the same week that the Senate began holding hearings on the
363:
275:
176:
2686:
1849:"Posting of the National Security Presidential Memorandum 14, "Support for National Biodefense""
1243:
Lead the way toward establishing a functional and agile global public health response apparatus
494:
In October 2015, the Commission released its recommendations to publicly and submitted them to
3859:
3580:
3451:
3345:
3278:
2530:
2520:
1948:
1425:
1106:
Services should develop new standards to accredit hospitals and provide funding accordingly.
602:
576:
325:
2705:"Holding the Line on Biodefense: State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Reinforcements Needed"
2678:
Biodefense Indicators: One Year Later, Events Outpacing Federal Efforts to Defend the Nation"
874:
Empower the Vice President with jurisdiction and authority over biodefense responsibilities.
3854:
3809:
3546:
3222:
2137:
1308:
Biodefense Indicators: One Year Later, Events Outpacing Federal Efforts to Defend the Nation
950:
Prioritize and align investments in medical countermeasures among all federal stakeholders
404:
43:
2748:
1320:
Holding The Line On Biodefense: State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Reinforcements Needed
1071:
guidelines during biological events as well as require training based on these guidelines.
1044:
Redouble efforts to share information with state, local, territorial, and tribal partners
882:
Establish a Biodefense Coordination Council at the White House, led by the Vice President
500:
A National Blueprint for Biodefense: Leadership and Major Reform Needed to Optimize Efforts
3869:
3612:
3575:
3355:
3335:
1420:
546:
338:
55:
2696:"Budget Reform for Biodefense: Integrated Budget Needed to Increase Return on Investment"
2677:
2244:"On Pandemic Anniversary, Commission Finds U.S. Remains at Catastrophic Biological Risk"
829:
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense also called for the new Innovation Funds at the
491:
and biodefense programs undertaken during the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administrations.
3839:
3567:
2632:"Commission Receives $ 2.62 Million Grant to Defend America Against Biological Threats"
1412:
1316:
Budget Reform for Biodefense: Integrated Budget Needed to Increase Return on Investment
740:
Budget Reform for Biodefense: Integrated Budget Needed to Increase Return on Investment
344:
Director of the Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies and Senior Fellow at the
1471:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense is now the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense"
871:
Institutionalize biodefense in the Office of the Vice President of the United States
523:
The report proposed congressional oversight hearings to address the following issues:
3919:
563:
557:
397:
295:
Deputy Executive Director, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
222:
110:
83:
2217:"Biodefense in Crisis - Immediate Action Needed to Address National Vulnerabilities"
1512:
915:
Determine and establish a clear congressional agenda to ensure national biodefense
3899:
3879:
3874:
2966:
1435:
444:
241:
36:
3725:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
1765:"Biodefense Blue Ribbon Panel Report Sends Strong Messages – Is Anyone Listening?"
1491:
1395:
The Commission has also received grants from Smith Richardson Foundation and NTI.
1090:
Provide the financial incentives hospitals need to prepare for biological events
930:
discrete intelligence topic, addressing bystanders, and distributing assessments.
2489:
2389:"The Apollo Program for Biodefense - Winning the Race Against Biological Threats"
1332:
Biodefense in Crisis: Immediate Action Needed to Address National Vulnerabilities
1264:
Biodefense in Crisis: Immediate Action Needed to Address National Vulnerabilities
1173:
Prioritize innovation over incrementalism in medical countermeasure development
3657:
3541:
3525:
3407:
3288:
696:
470:
President of the American Health Policy Institute, Deputy Secretary of the U.S.
408:
282:
153:
1406:
1185:
Fully prioritize, fund, and incentivize the medical countermeasure enterprise
640:
Need to Strengthen White House Leadership of the National Biodefense Enterprise
597:
3844:
2742:
2738:
2534:
1402:
1328:
The Apollo Program for Biodefense: Winning the Race Against Biological Threats
1012:
options and determine which are most viable for data and information sharing.
801:
203:
1634:
974:
Establish a national environmental decontamination and remediation capacity
938:
Integrate animal health and One Health approaches into biodefense strategies
893:
Develop, implement, and update a comprehensive national biodefense strategy
728:
more vulnerable today than it should be to a biological crisis of any scale.
1445:
1149:
Renew U.S. leadership of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC)
464:
308:
United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
130:
87:
1197:
Reform Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority contracting
1137:
Harden pathogen and advanced biotechnology information from cyber attacks
3204:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
3520:
3374:
2820:
2138:"H.R.2 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018"
1294:
1270:
of progress that has been made since the Commission released its seminal
1114:
Develop and implement a Medical Countermeasure (MCM) Response Framework
1020:
Improve surveillance of and planning for animal and zoonotic outbreaks
82:
The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense is co-chaired by former Senator
1293:
The Commission also continues to recommend eliminating the ineffective
2514:
1201:
the Office of Management and Budget review of BioShield procurements.
997:
Empower non-federal entities to become equal biosurveillance partners
962:
Better support and informed decisions based on biological attribution
431:
Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
74:
2731:
2588:. Alliance for Biosecurity and Trust for America's Health. 2016-04-20
1666:"Improving the Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Biodefense Report"
1574:"Parker appointed to Blue Ribbon Panel on Biodefense - Vital Record"
1470:
1254:
Status of Federal Implementation of the Commission's Recommendations
1126:
Allow for forward deployment of Strategic National Stockpile assets
2739:
Discussion on Bioterrorism, Pandemics, and Preparing for the Future
3619:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
2994:
1900:"Pressing, multiplying biodefense issues plague U.S., experts say"
1079:
Minimize redirection of Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP) funds
683:, on September 18, 2018, President Donald Trump released the 2018
596:
46:
serves as the Commission's fiscal sponsor. Current donors include
3698:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
3664:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
2922:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
2607:"Blue Ribbon Biodefense Study Panel Receives Major Funding Award"
270:
Subcommittee staff director and senior professional staff at the
3681:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
3149:
3139:
3135:
2973:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
2413:"Insidious Scourge - Critical Infrastructure at Biological Risk"
2365:"Diagnostics for Biodefense - Flying Blind with No Plan to Land"
1008:
Optimize the National Biosurveillance Integration System (NBIS)
2874:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2752:
1699:"Blue Ribbon Panel report: United States lacking in biodefense"
942:
prioritize emerging as well as reemerging infectious diseases.
184:, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation,
3136:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
1324:
Diagnostics for Biodefense - Flying Blind with No Plan to Land
816:
Need to Defend Food and Agriculture Against Biological Threats
679:
In accordance with the Commission's third recommendation from
630:
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
120:
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
2465:
2442:"Saving Sisyphus: Advanced Biodetection for the 21st Century"
1336:
Insidious Scourge: Critical Infrastructure at Biological Risk
1220:
Develop a 21st Century-worthy environmental detection system
1094:
incentives and reimbursement to new accreditation standards.
926:
Improve management of the biological intelligence enterprise
1340:
Saving Sisyphus: Advanced Biodetection for the 21st Century.
986:
Implement an integrated national biosurveillance capability
3557:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
3172:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
2990:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
2917:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
1720:
1718:
1209:
Incentivize development of rapid point-of-care diagnostics
954:
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
2959:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
2722:
Defending Against Bioterrorism: How Vulnerable is America?
733:—Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense, February 2018 report
1161:
Implement military-civilian collaboration for biodefense
775:
Need for a Stratified National Biodefense Hospital System
3442:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
1545:"Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Grant | GiveWell"
3244:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
2827:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
1830:. Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense. pp. 64–67
383:
Executive Director of National Research Initiatives at
86:
and former Secretary of Homeland Security and Governor
3249:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
3045:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
835:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
537:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
2724:" House Committee on Homeland Security hearing (2015)
825:
Need to Address Science and Technology for Biodefense
1141:
in the revised procurement model under development.
42:
The Commission is supported by donor organizations.
3832:
3790:
3746:
3739:
3710:
3634:
3605:
3598:
3566:
3534:
3506:
3497:
3450:
3432:
3406:
3354:
3314:
3305:
3262:
3194:
3185:
3128:
3107:
3091:
3084:
3013:
2982:
2949:
2940:
2897:
2864:
2845:
2802:
2793:
2786:
1165:update and implement military biodefense doctrine.
554:
Cyber vulnerabilities to the life sciences industry
362:Executive Vice President for Health and Policy of
272:United States House Committee on Homeland Security
758:Need to Prepare for Large-Scale Biological Events
646:Office of the Vice President of the United States
3670:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
3730:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
3686:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
3322:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
2889:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
725:
3214:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
2819:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
1609:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
655:Among the eleven new recommendations found in
3642:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
3381:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
2764:
2238:
2236:
2211:
2209:
2184:
2182:
1232:Review and overhaul the Select Agent Program
700:the Commission's third recommendation in its
429:; Associate Dean of Global One Health at the
8:
3219:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
2812:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
796:Need for a One Health Approach to Biodefense
62:Commissioners, staff, and ex officio members
3647:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
3146:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
708:Need for a Biological Attribution Apparatus
259:Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration
3743:
3602:
3503:
3311:
3191:
3088:
3071:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
2946:
2799:
2790:
2771:
2757:
2749:
572:Military-civilian biodefense collaboration
3692:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
3166:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
3120:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
2995:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
2907:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
786:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
3805:United States biological weapons program
2928:National Center for Medical Intelligence
2780:United States biological defense program
1451:United States biological defense program
853:
806:
569:Medical countermeasures (MCM) innovation
92:
73:
65:
3464:National Strategy for Homeland Security
1462:
1102:Establish a biodefense hospital system
667:Need for a National Biodefense Strategy
472:Department of Health and Human Services
3941:National security of the United States
2963:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
2832:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
1953:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1946:
690:Secretary of Health and Human Services
232:Secretary of Health and Human Services
213:House Committee on Energy and Commerce
186:House Committee on Energy and Commerce
3936:Public inquiries in the United States
3234:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
2712:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
2190:"A National Blueprint for Biodefense"
2057:
2055:
2039:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
2004:
2002:
1821:"A National Blueprint for Biodefense"
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1726:"A National Blueprint for Biodefense"
1494:. Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1473:. Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
849:The National Blueprint for Biodefense
348:, Professor of international studies
33:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
18:Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
7:
3552:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
2879:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
2857:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
2855:National Counterproliferation Center
2837:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1539:
1537:
1352:and is a non-resident fellow at the
1346:GERM WARFARE: A Very Graphic History
368:World Organisation for Animal Health
346:Potomac Institute for Policy Studies
3000:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
2667:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
2636:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2494:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2446:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2417:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2393:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2369:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2345:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2321:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2297:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2273:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2248:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2221:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2194:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
2092:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1987:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1730:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1697:Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (2015-10-28).
1517:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
1260:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
843:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
681:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
661:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
518:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
507:A National Blueprint for Biodefense
29:Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
3385:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
3051:Homeland Security Research Program
2728:Hearing on Biodefense Preparedness
2136:Conaway, K. Michael (2018-12-20).
1153:sentencing guidelines in statute.
582:PHEMCE coordination of MCM efforts
25:
3720:Global Health Security Initiative
3364:National Biosurveillance Strategy
3061:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1635:"Robert Kadlec M.D. | C-SPAN.org"
1280:National Blueprint for Biodefense
1272:National Blueprint for Biodefense
702:National Blueprint for Biodefense
650:House Homeland Security Committee
577:active pharmaceutical ingredients
3850:Biosecurity in the United States
3756:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
3586:Positive pressure personnel suit
3478:National Disaster Medical System
2341:"Holding the Line on Biodefense"
1405:
3905:Smallpox virus retention debate
3800:United States Army Medical Unit
3326:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2912:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2730:(with witnesses from BRSPB) on
2687:"Defense of Animal Agriculture"
2293:"Defense of Animal Agriculture"
1598:Carlin, Ellen P. (2016-02-05).
1523:from the original on 2022-05-29
1253:
748:Office of Management and Budget
715:Federal Bureau of Investigation
636:"vaccines-on-demand approach."
516:The group's report was titled
2317:"Budget Reform for Biodefense"
1983:"Budget Reform for Biodefense"
1302:Other reports and publications
837:(BARDA) for the same purpose.
513:released on October 28, 2015.
411:for National Security Affairs
136:Secretary of Homeland Security
1:
3761:1989 California medfly attack
3625:Biological Weapons Convention
3423:Personnel Reliability Program
3156:Epidemic Intelligence Service
3021:Galveston National Laboratory
2062:Galford, Chris (2018-01-17).
1312:Defense of Animal Agriculture
831:National Institutes of Health
738:In its February 2018 report,
721:Need to Budget for Biodefense
622:National Institutes of Health
601:The international symbol for
190:Pennsylvania General Assembly
3484:Strategic National Stockpile
3035:Integrated Research Facility
2817:DHS Office of Health Affairs
2638:. 2020-03-16. Archived from
685:National Biodefense Strategy
626:Food and Drug Administration
542:National Biodefense Strategy
322:Future of Humanity Institute
256:Margaret A. (Peggy) Hamburg
247:United States Representative
228:United States Representative
209:United States Representative
182:United States Representative
144:United States Representative
3547:Biological Materials MASINT
3460:National Response Framework
3369:Laboratory Response Network
3330:Biological Threat Reduction
3274:Battelle Memorial Institute
1024:zoonotic disease outbreak.
904:Unify biodefense budgeting
52:Smith Richardson Foundation
3957:
3815:Aeromedical Isolation Team
2166:Homeland Preparedness News
2117:Homeland Preparedness News
2068:Homeland Preparedness News
2015:Homeland Preparedness News
1904:Homeland Preparedness News
1878:Homeland Preparedness News
1800:Homeland Preparedness News
1348:. Brooks is the author of
782:Homeland Preparedness News
673:Homeland Preparedness News
409:Vice President Dick Cheney
306:Professional Staff at the
289:Deputy Executive Director
194:Pennsylvania State Senator
2111:Riley, Kim (2018-01-19).
2009:Riley, Kim (2018-02-28).
1898:Riley, Kim (2017-10-16).
694:National Security Advisor
593:Major Problems Identified
498:in the form of a report,
403:Senior Vice President of
3387:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
3115:State Health Departments
3099:Local Health Departments
611:Blueprint for Biodefense
551:Budgeting for biodefense
527:Major biological threats
452:Arizona State University
427:Texas A&M University
422:Gerald Parker, DVM, PhD
385:Arizona State University
167:Senate Democratic Leader
140:Governor of Pennsylvania
31:, formerly known as the
3895:Isolation (health care)
3865:Biological warfare (BW)
3238:University of Rochester
3209:Henry L. Stimson Center
2611:Homeland Security Today
2269:"Biodefense Indicators"
2088:"Biodefense Indicators"
560:protection and response
2741:- moderated by author
812:
730:
606:
588:Vulnerable populations
163:Senate Majority Leader
79:
71:
3890:Entomological warfare
3791:Defunct organizations
3771:Wood Green ricin plot
3675:Project Bioshield Act
3652:Executive Order 13139
3005:Dugway Proving Ground
1607:Institute of Medicine
1189:sector and academia.
841:Recommendations from
810:
790:Biodefense Indicators
600:
566:security and response
398:Lewis "Scooter" Libby
279:military intelligence
267:Asha M. George, DrPH
159:United States Senator
116:United States Senator
77:
70:Senator Joe Lieberman
69:
3766:2001 anthrax attacks
3434:Medical intelligence
3417:Select Agent Program
3341:Project Clear Vision
1354:Modern War Institute
1314:(October 2017); and
657:Biodefense in Crisis
585:Select Agent Program
489:2001 anthrax attacks
380:Rachel Levinson, MA
359:William Karesh, DVM
1971:. 26 February 2018.
1828:biodefensestudy.org
1513:"Sponsors / Donors"
766:In an op-ed in the
366:, President of the
314:Research Associate
264:Executive Director
3926:Biological warfare
3782:2013 ricin letters
3777:2003 ricin letters
3324:, implemented the
3253:George Mason Univ.
2558:www.prnewswire.com
1441:Pandemic influenza
1431:Biological warfare
1262:. In this report,
813:
607:
364:EcoHealth Alliance
211:, Chairman of the
118:, Chairman of the
80:
78:Governor Tom Ridge
72:
37:biological threats
3913:
3912:
3860:Biological hazard
3828:
3827:
3706:
3705:
3594:
3593:
3581:Biosafety cabinet
3493:
3492:
3452:Disaster response
3346:Project Jefferson
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3279:SRI International
3181:
3180:
3080:
3079:
2936:
2935:
2526:978-0-6556-8908-9
1426:Biological hazard
1326:(November 2020);
1310:(December 2016);
1251:
1250:
603:biological hazard
477:
476:
326:Oxford University
300:Policy Associate
292:Ambika Bumb, PhD
48:Open Philanthropy
16:(Redirected from
3948:
3855:Biological agent
3810:Sunshine Project
3744:
3603:
3504:
3466:(DHS; including
3315:Threat reduction
3312:
3284:Idaho Technology
3223:Brown University
3195:Academic centers
3192:
3089:
2947:
2800:
2791:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2419:. Archived from
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:www.congress.gov
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1929:. Archived from
1928:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:Federal Register
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:Security Debrief
1761:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1551:. Archived from
1541:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1322:(October 2018);
863:Specific Action
854:
734:
671:Dr. George told
447:, DVM, PhD, DSC
405:Hudson Institute
93:
44:Hudson Institute
21:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3885:Decontamination
3870:Biosurveillance
3824:
3792:
3786:
3748:
3747:Past biological
3735:
3712:
3702:
3630:
3613:Geneva Protocol
3590:
3576:Biosafety level
3562:
3530:
3499:
3489:
3446:
3428:
3402:
3356:Biosurveillance
3350:
3336:Project Bacchus
3307:
3293:
3265:
3258:
3197:and think tanks
3196:
3187:
3177:
3124:
3103:
3076:
3009:
2978:
2951:
2942:
2932:
2893:
2860:
2841:
2795:
2782:
2777:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2560:(Press release)
2552:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2490:"Graphic Novel"
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:"Archived copy"
1922:
1921:
1917:
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303:Robert Bradley
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3308:and projects
3188:governmental
2967:Fort Detrick
2952:departmental
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1931:the original
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1880:. 2018-09-18
1877:
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1855:. 2018-10-18
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1672:. 2016-02-25
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1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1606:
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1580:. 2015-01-27
1578:Vital Record
1577:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1548:
1525:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1465:
1436:Bioterrorism
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333:
320:Researcher,
281:officer and
242:Susan Brooks
81:
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28:
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3658:Patriot Act
3635:Legislation
3542:Cell CANARY
3526:Respirators
3408:Biosecurity
3289:Phoenix Air
3266:contractors
2516:World War Z
1350:World War Z
697:John Bolton
558:Food supply
458:Ex Officio
438:Ex Officio
416:Ex Officio
391:Ex Officio
374:Ex Officio
353:Ex Officio
332:Ex Officio
283:paratrooper
154:Tom Daschle
102:Experience
3920:Categories
3845:Biodefense
3508:Protection
3498:Technology
3486:(CDC, DHS)
3410:/Biosurety
3399:(Civilian)
3377:(EPA, CDC)
3332:(DoD) plus
3264:Government
2975:(DHHS/DoD)
2924:(JPEO-CBD)
2743:Max Brooks
2646:2021-04-01
2617:2016-10-03
2592:2016-05-20
2564:2019-09-01
2540:2021-04-01
2535:1197945263
2499:2021-04-01
2475:2021-04-01
2470:Max Brooks
2451:2021-10-22
2427:2021-10-22
2398:2021-04-01
2374:2021-04-01
2350:2021-04-01
2326:2021-04-01
2302:2021-04-01
2278:2021-04-01
2254:2021-04-02
2226:2021-04-01
2199:2021-04-02
2172:2019-01-02
2147:2021-04-02
2122:2018-02-12
2097:2021-04-02
2073:2018-02-12
2045:2018-03-30
2020:2018-03-30
1992:2021-04-02
1940:2017-10-25
1909:2017-10-25
1884:2018-11-30
1859:2021-04-02
1834:2016-06-24
1806:2016-05-20
1774:2016-05-20
1735:2021-04-01
1708:2016-05-20
1676:2016-05-20
1644:2016-06-24
1620:2016-05-20
1584:2016-05-20
1559:2016-05-20
1527:2022-06-20
1498:2019-10-05
1477:2019-10-05
1457:References
1364:Activities
1358:West Point
802:One Health
575:Origin of
483:Background
204:Fred Upton
3749:incidents
3535:Detection
2702:Report -
2693:Report -
2684:Report -
2674:Report -
2663:Report -
1492:"Mission"
1446:Terrorism
533:reporting
479:Sources:
465:Tevi Troy
276:U.S. Army
131:Tom Ridge
127:Co-Chair
107:Co-Chair
88:Tom Ridge
3606:Treaties
3559:(JBAIDS)
3521:NBC suit
3383:(GBTI),
3375:BioWatch
3306:Programs
3251:(NCBID;
3085:Response
3014:Civilian
2983:Military
2943:research
2821:BioWatch
2716:Facebook
1949:cite web
1549:GiveWell
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1399:See also
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2794:Federal
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3666:(2002)
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3480:(DHHS)
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3073:(USDA)
2950:Trans-
2745:(2017)
2737:Panel
2732:C-SPAN
2708:(2018)
2699:(2018)
2690:(2017)
2681:(2016)
2671:(2015)
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1379:Grants
467:, PhD
341:, PhD
165:, and
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3425:(DoD)
3419:(CDC)
3393:(DoD)
3371:(CDC)
3174:(CDC)
3168:(CDC)
3108:State
3092:Local
3057:/DHS)
3047:(HHS)
3039:NIAID
3037:(HHS/
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1934:(PDF)
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